Soil Moisture Analysis

Chapter No. 1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the backbone of many economies, and with the growing demand for food and limited water
resources, there is a pressing need to adopt smarter, data-driven approaches to farming. This project
introduces a Smart Soil Moisture Analysis System that leverages IoT (Internet of Things) technology to
enhance precision agriculture practices. The system is built around three ESP32 microcontrollers: two
sensor nodes (Node 1 and Node 2) that measure soil moisture at different eld locations, and a central
Master Node that collects, processes, and uploads this data to a Firebase Realtime Database.

The Master Node also displays real-time soil moisture readings on a 20x2 LCD display, providing local
visibility. Additionally, a Flutter-based mobile application enables remote monitoring through
smartphones, offering exibility and accessibility for both on- eld personnel and farm managers.

This smart system not only reduces the manual effort required to monitor soil conditions but also supports
better irrigation management by providing accurate, real-time data. Its energy-ef cient design, suitable for
battery or solar-powered deployment, and its scalable architecture make it ideal for various agricultural
applications—from small gardens to large farms.

Moreover, the project contributes to the broader vision of smart and sustainable agriculture by enabling
farmers to make informed decisions based on reliable sensor data. By reducing unnecessary water usage
and automating the monitoring process, the system promotes resource optimization and environmental
sustainability. This integration of IoT with traditional farming practices illustrates how modern technology
can empower rural communities and transform agricultural productivity.

In addition to technological innovation, the system also emphasizes user-centric design. With intuitive
interfaces and real-time feedback mechanisms, it caters to users with varying levels of technical knowledge.
This ensures that even non-technical users, such as farmers and eld workers, can operate and bene t from
the system without the need for specialized training. Thus, the project not only improves agricultural
ef ciency but also bridges the digital divide in rural areas.

• Technological Integration:
By integrating IoT (Internet of Things) with traditional soil analysis, this project showcases how
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 1
fi
fl

fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 Soil Moisture Analysis
embedded systems can revolutionize agriculture. The use of ESP32 microcontrollers, Firebase cloud
storage, and Flutter-based UI represents a seamless blend of hardware, cloud computing, and mobile
technology.

• Efficiency and Convenience:

Farmers often face difficulty in manually checking soil moisture in large fields. With this automated
system, real-time soil data is always available through a mobile app and display screen, reducing manual
efforts and allowing for timely irrigation, leading to improved crop health and water conservation.

• Resource Optimization:
This system supports better management of water resources by giving accurate soil moisture data.
Instead of relying on guesswork or fixed irrigation schedules, farmers can now water their fields only
when needed, which helps save water, energy, and labor costs.

• Scalability:
The modular design of the system allows additional sensor nodes to be deployed as needed. Whether it's
a small garden or a large agricultural field, the infrastructure can be scaled by simply adding more
ESP32 and soil moisture sensors without overhauling the system.

• Data Visualization:

Data visualization is essential for understanding sensor outputs. This project provides real-time moisture
readings on both a 20x2 LCD display and a Flutter mobile application.
The LCD enables quick on-site assessment by farmers or technicians, even without internet access.
Meanwhile, the mobile app provides graphical insights and historical trends for better irrigation planning
and long-term analysis.

• Smart Agriculture:

The project supports the broader goal of smart agriculture, where decisions are data-driven. By
continuously monitoring soil moisture, the system helps automate irrigation planning and aligns with
government and industry efforts to modernize agricultural practices with IoT-enabled solutions.
It reduces dependency on guesswork, leading to improved crop yields and optimal water use.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 2


 Soil Moisture Analysis
The system also lays the groundwork for future integration with AI-based forecasting and weather-aware
irrigation systems.

Objectives:

• To design a user-friendly, reliable, and cost-effective soil moisture monitoring system.

• To implement ESP32-based data acquisition for real-time soil moisture tracking.

• To reduce manual errors and efforts in monitoring soil conditions across large fields.

• To offer real-time display through an LCD and mobile alerts via a Flutter-based app.

• To promote efficient water usage and timely irrigation in agriculture.

• To develop a low-power, remotely operable IoT-based soil moisture analysis system.

Problem Statement:

Traditional methods of monitoring soil moisture, such as manual probing or visual inspection, are time-
consuming and prone to human error. These methods often result in inef cient irrigation and poor crop
health. A reliable, autonomous, and energy-ef cient hardware-based IoT solution is needed to provide real-
time soil moisture monitoring and support precision agriculture, especially in rural or remote areas.

Organization of the Project:

• Chapter 1 introduces the concept and goals.

• Chapter 2 outlines similar works and the existing technology landscape.
• Chapter 3 presents the methodology and system design.
• Chapter 4 explains the hardware and software implementation.
• Chapter 5 evaluates the pros, cons, and practical uses.
• Chapter 6 concludes the findings and discusses future improvements.
• Chapter 7 lists references used during development.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 3

fi

fi
 Soil Moisture Analysis
Chapter No. 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

The precise measurement of soil moisture is of critical importance in numerous agricultural and
environmental monitoring applications, as understanding soil water content is essential for optimizing
irrigation practices, predicting plant health, and effectively managing water resources. Traditional methods
of soil moisture analysis are often time-consuming and labor-intensive, which underscores the necessity for
automated and real-time monitoring solutions. This project aims to address this need by developing a cost-
effective and efficient Soil Moisture Analysis system that utilizes the capabilities of the ESP32
microcontroller and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The system employs a distributed sensing
approach, using multiple soil moisture sensors interfaced with ESP32 microcontrollers as sensor nodes to
collect data from various locations. Specifically, two ESP32-based sensor nodes, designated as Node 1 and
Node 2, are deployed to measure soil moisture levels, and these nodes wirelessly transmit the acquired data
to a third ESP32 microcontroller, which functions as the master node. The master ESP32 aggregates the
data received from the sensor nodes and establishes a connection to Firebase, a cloud-based platform,
which serves as the central data repository, enabling secure and real-time storage of the collected soil
moisture information. To provide immediate local feedback, the master ESP32 is also interfaced with a
20x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) to show the current soil moisture readings, and a user-friendly mobile
application developed using the Flutter framework connects to the Firebase database, allowing users to
remotely visualize and monitor the soil moisture data collected by the sensor network. The integration of
low-power ESP32 microcontrollers, wireless communication, cloud data storage with Firebase, and cross-
platform mobile application development with Flutter demonstrates the potential of leveraging modern IoT
technologies to create practical and accessible solutions for environmental monitoring and agricultural
management. This chapter presents a review of relevant literature that provides a foundation for the design
and implementation of the Soil Moisture Analysis Mini Project, and the surveyed resources cover various
aspects, including soil moisture sensing technologies, wireless sensor networks, IoT platforms, and mobile
application development. One section explores different techniques used for measuring soil moisture,
discussing various types of soil moisture sensors, including resistive and capacitive sensors, highlighting
their working principles, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for different applications in real-time
monitoring and IoT integration, and it examines the practical considerations for selecting appropriate
sensors for such projects. Another section examines the application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
in environmental monitoring, discussing relevant communication protocols suitable for connecting

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 4


 Soil Moisture Analysis
distributed sensors, such as Wi-Fi and potentially ESP-NOW, analyzing their power consumption, range,
and data transmission capabilities for the context of sending data from sensor nodes to a central master unit,
and it also explores the challenges and considerations in deploying and managing such wireless
communication for data collection. Furthermore, a section focuses on the integration of Internet of Things
(IoT) platforms for data acquisition and management, exploring the features and benefits of cloud-based
platforms like Firebase, discussing their scalability, real-time data handling capabilities, and ease of
integration with embedded systems like ESP32 for storing and accessing sensor data, and it highlights the
advantages of using such platforms for remote data access and potential analysis. Additionally, a section
discusses the development of low-cost monitoring systems using the ESP32 microcontroller, examining the
typical hardware architecture involving sensor interfacing with the ESP32 and the software development
aspects for data acquisition and wireless transmission between ESP32 units, and it highlights the ESP32's
capabilities for creating efficient and connected sensor networks. Finally, a section explores the
development of mobile applications for visualizing and interacting with data from IoT-based environmental
monitoring systems, discussing the advantages of using cross-platform mobile development frameworks
like Flutter for creating user-friendly interfaces to display real-time sensor data and potentially interact with
the collected information. This literature survey provides a comprehensive understanding of the key
technologies and approaches relevant to the Soil Moisture Analysis Mini Project, including soil moisture
sensing, wireless communication using ESP32, cloud data storage with Firebase, and mobile application
development using Flutter, and the insights gained from these studies have informed the design and
implementation choices made in this project. In summary, Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the project,
its literature survey, and describes the need for the project.

1. Understanding Soil Moisture Sensor Technologies

This section explores different techniques used for measuring soil moisture. It discusses various
types of soil moisture sensors, including resistive and capacitive sensors, highlighting their working
principles, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for different applications in real-time
monitoring and IoT integration. It examines the practical considerations for selecting appropriate
sensors for such projects.
2. Wireless Communication for Environmental Sensor Networks
This section examines the application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in environmental
monitoring. It discusses relevant communication protocols suitable for connecting distributed
sensors, such as Wi-Fi and potentially ESP-NOW, analyzing their power consumption, range, and
data transmission capabilities for the context of sending data from sensor nodes to a central master
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 5

 Soil Moisture Analysis
unit. It also explores the challenges and considerations in deploying and managing such wireless
communication for data collection.
3. Utilizing IoT Platforms for Data Management
This section focuses on the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) platforms for data acquisition and
management. It explores the features and benefits of cloud-based platforms like Firebase, discussing
their scalability, real-time data handling capabilities, and ease of integration with embedded systems
like ESP32 for storing and accessing sensor data. It highlights the advantages of using such
platforms for remote data access and potential analysis.
4. Implementing Low-Cost Monitoring Systems with ESP32
This section discusses the development of low-cost monitoring systems using the ESP32
microcontroller. It examines the typical hardware architecture involving sensor interfacing with the
ESP32 and the software development aspects for data acquisition and wireless transmission between
ESP32 units. It highlights the ESP32's capabilities for creating efficient and connected sensor
networks.
5. Developing Mobile Applications for IoT Data Visualization
This section explores the development of mobile applications for visualizing and interacting with
data from IoT-based environmental monitoring systems. It discusses the advantages of using cross-
platform mobile development frameworks like Flutter for creating user-friendly interfaces to display
real-time sensor data and potentially interact with the collected information.
This literature survey provides a comprehensive understanding of the key technologies and
approaches relevant to the Soil Moisture Analysis Mini Project, including soil moisture sensing,
wireless communication using ESP32, cloud data storage with Firebase, and mobile application
development using Flutter. The insights gained from these studies have informed the design and
implementation choices made in this project.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6


 Soil Moisture Analysis
Chapter No. 3

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

This project addresses the increasing demand for efficient and accessible methods for monitoring soil
moisture, which is critical in sectors like agriculture, horticulture, and ecological research. Traditional
manual data collection is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and lacks real-time insights. To overcome these
limitations, a smart and automated Soil Moisture Analysis System was developed.

This solution uses the ESP32 microcontroller and IoT technologies to create a distributed and easily
accessible soil moisture monitoring network. The core concept involves deploying multiple low-cost soil
moisture sensors interfaced with ESP32 microcontrollers, forming a wireless sensor network.

In this specific implementation, three ESP32 microcontrollers are utilized. Two ESP32 units function as
remote sensor nodes (Node 1 and Node 2), each connected to a soil moisture sensor and strategically placed
to collect data from different locations. The acquired data is then wirelessly transmitted to the third ESP32
microcontroller, which acts as the central master node.

The master ESP32 aggregates the data received from the individual sensor nodes and establishes a
connection to Firebase, a robust and scalable cloud-based platform. This enables secure and real-time
storage of the collected soil moisture data, making it accessible remotely.

For immediate feedback and local visualization, the master ESP32 is interfaced with a 20x2 Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) to provide direct readings of current soil moisture levels at the deployment site.
Complementing this local display, a user-friendly mobile application was developed using the Flutter
framework.

By integrating low-power and versatile ESP32 microcontrollers, a reliable wireless communication

network, the scalable cloud services of Firebase, and a user-centric Flutter mobile application, this project
provides an efficient, cost-effective, and user-friendly solution for real-time and distributed soil moisture
analysis, offering significant advantages over traditional methods.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 7


 Soil Moisture Analysis
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION:

FIG 3.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOIL MOISTURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 8



 Soil Moisture Analysis

Hardware Component
The described system comprises primarily ESP32 microcontrollers and associated software components.
The hardware components include:
1. Soil Moisture Sensors: Two sensors connected to the ESP32 Node 1 and Node 2 to measure soil
moisture levels.

Fig A: Soil Moisture Sensors

2. ESP32 Microcontrollers:
• ESP32 Microcontrollers: Three ESP32 modules are utilized: two as sensor nodes (Node 1 and
Node 2) responsible for data acquisition and wireless transmission, and one as the master node
for data aggregation, Firebase communication, and LCD control.

• ESP32 Firmware (Node 1 & Node 2): Code running on the sensor node ESP32s to read data
from the soil moisture sensors and transmit it wirelessly to the master ESP32.

• ESP32 Firmware (Master Node): Code running on the master ESP32 to receive data from the
sensor nodes, communicate with Firebase for data storage, and control the LCD display.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 9



 Soil Moisture Analysis

Fig B: ESP32 Microcontrollers

3. LCD 20x2 Display: Connected to the master ESP32 for local visualization of the soil moisture data.
The software components consist of:

Fig C: LCD 20x2 Display

PCB Design: Pads and traces are designed to accommodate I2C lines and power supply for stable LCD
operation and mounting.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 10




 Soil Moisture Analysis
SOFTWARE:
Our Soil moisture system uses following softwares
• Arduino IDE (2.3.3)
• MatiGyan APP

2) SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION:
Arduino IDE Software:
Arduino microcontrollers are incredibly popular electronics devices. While programming an Arduino
device is possible with the standard Arduino IDE (integrated development environment) on Linux,
macOS, or Windows, it's also possible to use Android phones and tablets. Controlling an Arduino
with an Android app requires a bit of fiddling, but results in an excellent mobile development
environment. Check out the best Android Arduino IDEs for programming an Arduino board.

Software link: //[Link]/software/ide-v1

Fig D: Arduino IDE Software(2.3.2)

Custom Mobile App: Instead of using Blynk IoT, we developed our own mobile application using Flutter
UI tailored specifically for our soil moisture analysis system.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 11


 Soil Moisture Analysis
Function: The app provides real-time monitoring, graphical data display, and user-friendly controls linked
to Firebase for data retrieval.

FIG E : Mati Gyan APP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 12



 Soil Moisture Analysis
Chapter No. 4

SOFTWARE / HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

1. PCB LAYOUT:

FIG F : LAYOUT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 13




 Soil Moisture Analysis
4.4 Source Code :

• Master ESP 32 Code:

#include <esp_now.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
#define SOIL_SENSOR_PIN 35 // Adjust if using different pin
const int dryValue = 3700; // ADC value for dry soil const int
wetValue = 1500; // ADC value for wet soil // Master MAC address
(replace with your master ESP32 MAC) uint8_t masterAddress[] =
{0x3C, 0x8A, 0x1F, 0xAC, 0x07, 0xB8}; typedef struct
struct_message {
int moisture; char nodeID[10]; } struct_message; struct_message
dataToSend; void setup() {
[Link](115200);
[Link](WIFI_STA); if (esp_now_init() != ESP_OK)
{ [Link]("ESP-NOW init failed"); return;
}
esp_now_pSerial.printlnrInfo = {}; memcpy(peerInfo.peer_addr,
masterAddress, 6); [Link] = 0; [Link] = false;
if (esp_now_add_peer(&peerInfo) != ESP_OK)
{ [Link]("Failed to add master peer"); return;
}
[Link]("Slave 2 ready to send data");
}void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(SOIL_SENSOR_PIN); int moisture
= map(sensorValue, dryValue, wetValue, 0, 100); moisture =
constrain(moisture, 0, 100);
[Link]("Node2 Moisture: %d%%\n", moisture);
[Link] = moisture; strcpy([Link],
"node2");
esp_err_t result = esp_now_send(masterAddress, (uint8_t
*)&dataToSend, sizeof(dataToSend)); if (result == ESP_OK) {
[Link]("Data sent successfully");
} else {
[Link]("Error sending data: %d\n", result);
}
delay(5000); // Send every 5 seconds
}

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 14


 Soil Moisture Analysis
• Node 1& Node 2:
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <HTTPClient.h> // WiFi credentials const char* ssid =
"Tronix365"; const char* password = "Latur@413512";
// Soil moisture sensor pin
#define SOIL_SENSOR_PIN 34 // GPIO34 (ADC1)
/// Calibration values (You should measure these yourself!)
const int dryValue = 3700; // Sensor value when soil is completely
dry const int wetValue = 1500; // Sensor value when soil is very wet
// Firebase URL
const char* firebaseHost = "[Link]
[Link]/[Link]"; void setup()
{ [Link](115200);
pinMode(SOIL_SENSOR_PIN, INPUT);
[Link](ssid, password);
[Link]("Connecting to WiFi..."); while ([Link]() !=
WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
[Link](".");
}
[Link]("\nWiFi connected");
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(SOIL_SENSOR_PIN); // Correct
mapping: lower value = wetter soil
int moisturePercent = map(sensorValue, dryValue, wetValue, 0,
100); moisturePercent = constrain(moisturePercent, 0, 100);
[Link]("Raw Sensor Value: “);
[Link](sensorValue);
[Link](" | Soil Moisture: ");
[Link](moisturePercent); [Link]("%");
if ([Link]() == WL_CONNECTED) { HTTPClient http;
[Link](firebaseHost);
[Link]("Content-Type", "application/json");
String jsonData = "{\"soil_moisture\":" + String(moisturePercent) +
"}"; int httpResponseCode = [Link](jsonData); if
(httpResponseCode > 0) {
[Link]("Data sent to Firebase, response code: ");
[Link](httpResponseCode);
} else {
[Link]("Error sending data: ");
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 15

 Soil Moisture Analysis
[Link](httpResponseCode);
} [Link]();
} else {
[Link]("WiFi not connected");
}
delay(5000); // Delay between readings (5 seconds)
}

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 16


 Soil Moisture Analysis
Chapter No. 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Result:

The IoT-based Soil Moisture Analysis System is presented as a smart, sensor-based solution designed to
transform how we monitor and manage soil conditions. In this project, two ESP32-based nodes collect soil
moisture data and transmit it wirelessly to a third, master ESP32 module. This master ESP32 then sends the
data to Firebase for cloud storage. The collected information is displayed in real-time on a 20x2 LCD for
local monitoring and on a custom mobile application developed using Flutter, offering seamless, remote
access and analysis.

Fig G: Final Project

Discussion
In agricultural and environmental settings, the accurate and timely monitoring of soil moisture is crucial,
yet often presents a signi cant challenge due to the limitations of traditional methods. The increasing
emphasis on precision farming and ef cient resource utilization has ampli ed the need for intelligent soil
monitoring solutions that can overcome the inef ciencies, inconsistencies, and delays associated with
manual checks. The IoT-based Soil Moisture Analysis System addresses these challenges by offering a
smart, sensor-driven approach to soil condition monitoring and management. This system leverages ESP32-
based nodes to collect soil moisture data, which is then wirelessly transmitted to a master ESP32 module
and subsequently stored in Firebase. The real-time display of this information on both a local LCD and a
remote mobile application developed with Flutter provides users with seamless access to soil moisture
levels, enabling more informed and responsive management practices.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 17

fi
fi

fi
fi
 Soil Moisture Analysis

Chapter No. 6

CONCLUSION

1. CONCLUSION:

The Soil Moisture Analysis System using ESP32 microcontrollers presents a practical and efficient solution
for modern agriculture and environmental monitoring. By leveraging IoT technology, the system enables
real-time soil data collection, cloud-based storage through Firebase, and intuitive visualization via both an
LCD display and a custom Flutter mobile application. This approach enhances decision-making, promotes
water conservation, and supports sustainable farming practices.

Despite challenges such as initial hardware costs, connectivity issues, and environmental variability, the
system holds strong potential for scalability and future development. It can be adapted for use in large-
scale farms, smart irrigation systems, research institutions, and environmental conservation efforts. The
integration of cloud technology and custom mobile interfaces ensures ease of access, remote monitoring,
and reliable data analytics, paving the way for intelligent agricultural systems and data-driven land
management.

Furthermore, the project's modular and open-source nature allows for seamless upgrades and customization
based on specific agricultural needs. With the potential to incorporate features like automated irrigation
control, weather prediction integration, and AI-based crop advisory systems, this solution can evolve into a
comprehensive smart farming assistant. By bridging the gap between traditional farming practices and
modern technology, the Soil Moisture Analysis System serves as a stepping stone toward a more data-
driven, efficient, and sustainable agricultural future.

Looking ahead, the adaptability and expandability of this ESP32-based Soil Moisture Analysis System pave
the way for integration with other smart agriculture technologies. The capability to incorporate data from
additional environmental sensors, such as those monitoring temperature, humidity, and light intensity, could
provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors in uencing soil conditions and plant health.
Furthermore, the application of advanced data analytics and machine learning algorithms to the collected
data opens opportunities for predictive modeling of soil moisture, enabling proactive irrigation strategies
and optimizing resource allocation.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 18


fl
 Soil Moisture Analysis

2. FUTURE SCOPE:

The Soil Moisture Analysis Mini Project provides a solid foundation for further development and
expansion. Several avenues can be explored to enhance its functionality, applicability, and impact:

• Increased Sensor Density and Spatial Coverage: The current system utilizes two sensor nodes.
Expanding the number of sensor nodes and strategically deploying them across a larger area would
provide a more granular and comprehensive understanding of soil moisture variations within a field,
garden, or other area of interest.

• Integration with Other Environmental Sensors: The system can be enhanced by incorporating
additional sensors to monitor other crucial environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity,
light intensity, and soil pH. This would provide a more holistic view of the environmental conditions
and enable more informed analysis and decision-making.

• Advanced Data Analysis and Machine Learning: The collected soil moisture data, along with other
environmental parameters, can be subjected to advanced data analysis techniques and machine
learning algorithms. This could enable predictive modeling of soil moisture levels, identification of
patterns and anomalies, and the development of intelligent irrigation recommendations.

• Real-time Alerts and Notifications: Implementing a system for real-time alerts and notifications
within the Flutter application would enhance its practicality. Users could receive alerts when soil
moisture levels fall below or exceed predefined thresholds, enabling timely intervention (e.g.,
initiating irrigation).

• Actuator Integration for Automated Control: To create a fully automated system, actuators such as
water pumps or valves could be integrated. Based on the real-time soil moisture data and predefined
thresholds, the system could automatically trigger irrigation, optimizing water usage and reducing
manual intervention.

• Improved Power Management for Remote Deployment: For long-term and remote deployments,
optimizing the power consumption of the sensor nodes is crucial.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 19


 Soil Moisture Analysis
3. APPLICATION:
The Soil Moisture Analysis Mini Project has significant potential for application in various fields,
including:

• Precision Agriculture: Farmers can utilize this system to monitor soil moisture levels in their fields
in real-time, enabling them to optimize irrigation schedules, reduce water wastage, and improve crop
yields. The distributed sensing capability allows for understanding moisture variations across different
zones of a farm.

• Home Gardening and Horticulture: Enthusiasts can deploy this system in their gardens or
greenhouses to ensure optimal watering of plants, leading to healthier growth and reduced water
consumption. The mobile application provides convenient remote monitoring.

• Environmental Monitoring: Researchers and environmental agencies can use this system to monitor
soil moisture in forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems to study the impact of climate change, track
drought conditions, and manage water resources effectively.

• Smart Homes and Automation: Integration with smart home systems can automate watering based
on real-time soil moisture data, creating intelligent and water-efficient home gardens.

• Educational Purposes: This project serves as an excellent educational tool for students learning
about IoT, sensor networks, data acquisition, cloud computing, and mobile application development. It
provides a hands-on experience in building a complete IoT system.

• Research and Development: The modular design allows for easy experimentation with different
types of soil moisture sensors, communication protocols, and data analysis techniques, making it a
valuable platform for research and development in the field of environmental sensing.

• Golf Course and Sports Turf Management: Maintaining optimal soil moisture is crucial for the
health and performance of golf courses and sports turfs. This system can provide precise data to guide
irrigation practices.

4. ADVANTAGES:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 20

 Soil Moisture Analysis
The Soil Moisture Analysis Mini Project, developed using ESP32 sensors, Firebase, an LCD display, and a
Flutter mobile application, demonstrates significant potential for application in various fields:

• Precision Agriculture: Farmers can utilize the distributed network of ESP32 sensor nodes to monitor
soil moisture levels across different areas of their fields in real-time. This granular data, accessible via
the Flutter app, enables optimized irrigation scheduling, reduced water wastage, and potentially
improved crop yields based on specific localized conditions.

• Home Gardening and Horticulture: Home gardeners and horticulture enthusiasts can deploy the
ESP32 sensor nodes in their gardens or greenhouses. The real-time moisture data, displayed on the
local LCD and remotely accessible through the Flutter app, allows for informed watering decisions,
leading to healthier plant growth and efficient water management.

• Educational Purposes: This project serves as an excellent hands-on learning tool for students
exploring IoT concepts. It demonstrates the integration of embedded systems (ESP32), wireless
communication between sensor nodes, cloud data storage (Firebase), local data display (LCD), and
remote user interface development (Flutter).

• Research and Development: The modular design of the system allows for easy experimentation with
different types of soil moisture sensors connected to the ESP32 nodes. Researchers can leverage the
Firebase data logging and the Flutter app for data visualization and analysis in various soil science and
environmental studies.

• Small-Scale Environmental Monitoring: The low-cost and wireless nature of the ESP32 sensor
network makes it suitable for small-scale environmental monitoring applications, such as tracking
moisture levels in specific ecological niches or monitoring the effectiveness of soil conservation
efforts.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 21


 Soil Moisture Analysis

Chapter No. 7

REFERENCES

1. Maiwald, M., Sowoidnich, K., & Sumpf, B. (2022). Portable shifted excitation difference
spectroscopy for on-site soil analysis. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 53(9), 1560-1570.
2. Liu, J., Cai, H., Chen, S., Pi, J., & Zhao, L. (2023). A review on soil nitrogen sensing technologies:
challenges, progress and perspectives. Agriculture, 13(4), 743.
3. Lloret, J., Sendra, S., Garcia, L., & Jimenez, J. M. (2021). A wireless sensor network deployment
for soil moisture monitoring in precision agriculture.
Sensors, 21(21), 7243
4. Singh, P. SOIL ANALYSIS IN STRAWBERRY FARM AT HOLLETA, ETHIOPIA.[5] Aarthi, R.,
Sivakumar, D., & Mariappan, V. (2023). Smart soil property analysis using IoT: A case study
implementation in backyard gardening.
Procedia ComputerScience, 218, 2842-2851.

5. Camilli, A., Ferrantelli, A., & Culicchia, C. (2021). A low-cost IoT system for soil moisture
monitoring in agriculture. Sensors, 21(3), 818.
6. Gutierrez, J., Villa-Medina, J. F., Nieto-Garibay, A., & Porta-Gandara, M. A. (2014). Automated
irrigation system using a wireless sensor network and GPRS module. IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, 63(1), 166-176. [7] Kim, Y., Evans, R. G., & Iversen, W. M.
(2008). Remote sensing and GIS application for site-specific irrigation management. Agricultural
Water Management, 95(1), 79-89.
8. Morari, F., Castrignanò, A., & Pagliarin, C. (2009). An integrated approach for mapping soil
variability and delineating management zones for precision viticulture.
Precision Agriculture, 10(1), 63-79.
9. Senthilkumar, G., & Sundarambal, M. (2020). IoT based smart agriculture for real time monitoring
and control. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11(11), 5161-5170. [10]
Ray, P. P., Dash, D., & Kumar, N. (2017).
Internet of Things for smart agriculture: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of
Network and Computer Applications, 79, 69-79.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 22


 Soil Moisture Analysis

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 23