Network Protection & Automation Guide

Instantaneous overcurrent relays, characteristics of 9.5 9-6 Kirchhoff's first law 15.7 15-7

Instrument transformers: Knee-point voltage of current transformers 6.4.4 6-9

x capacitor voltage 6.3 6-5

x current 6.4 6-7 L

LAN (Local Area Network) 24.2.4 24-6
x electromagnetic voltage 6.2 6-1
Large power swings (SIPS) 20.2 20-3
x non conventional (NCIT) 6.5 6-16
LCD: information and indication 2.10.2 2-9
Insulated networks, earth fault protection of 9.18 9-18
LED: indication 2.10.2 2-9
Insulation tests on protection schemes during 21.9.1 21-15
commissioning Lenticular characteristic of distance relay [Link] 11-9
Interference and noise, effect on protection signalling 8.6 8-4
Line attenuation, power line carrier communications 8.5.3 8-6
Interlocked overcurrent busbar Schemes 15.11 15-19
Line charging current 9.18.2, 9-19, 9-20
Intertripping: 9.19
Line trap 8.5.3 8-6
x blocking scheme, performance 8.5.3 8-3
requirements List of ANSI device numbers Appendix B
x blocking scheme, signalling 8.4.3 8-3
List of IEC protection symbols Appendix B
x by d.c. signal on separate pilots 8.7.1 8-9
Live line reclosing 14.9.1 14-9
x direct tripping, signalling 8.4.1 8-2
Load management; functions within a substation 25.4 25-5
x for multi-terminal lines 13.5 13-11 control system
Lock-out in auto-reclosing schemes 14.6.6, 14-7,
x for transformers 16.17 16-18
14.10.7 14-10
x intertripping, performance requirements 8.5.1 8-3 Logic systems 7.6.6 7-9

x permissive tripping, performance 8.5.2 8-3 Loss of excitation protection for generators 17.16 17-18
requirements
Loss of excitation protection for synchronous motors 19.13.1 19-12
x permissive tripping, signalling 8.4.2 8-3
Loss of life; transformers 16.20.1 16-23
x signalling for 8.4 8-2
Loss of synchronisation (SIPS) 20.2 20-3
x typical applications 8.4 8-2
Loss of vacuum in turbines 17.19.3 17-24
Interturn fault protection for the generator stator 17.3.3 17-3
winding Low forward power protection of generators 17.11.1 17-13
Interturn faults in power transformers 16.2.5 16-3
Low impedance biased differential protection type 15.9.6 15-17
Inverse overcurrent relays: MBCZ
Low impedance differential protection (biased):
x extremely inverse 9.7 9-7

x IDMT 9.4 9-4 x Busbars: 15.9 15-15

x very inverse 9.6 9-7 x check feature 15.9.3 15-16

IP (Internet Protocol) 24.2.4 24-7 x CT supervision 15.9.4 15-16

IRIG (Inter Range Instrumentation Group); timing [Link] 24-15 x effective setting 15.9.2 15-15
Standards
x for generators 17.5.1 17-4
IRIG-B00x demodulated signals [Link] 24-16
x for transformers 16.8 16-7
IRIG-B12x modulated signals [Link] 24-16
x primary operating current 15.9.2 15-15

J x stability 15.9.1 15-14

Junction law 3.5.1 3-8 Low speed (delayed) auto-reclosing 14.9 14-9

K M
Kalman Filters 20.4.1 20-12, MAC (Media Addressing Control) 24.2.4 24-6
20-14
Kennelly's star/delta theorem [Link] 3-9

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 Index

Machine reactances (synchronous machines) 5.4-5.12 5-2, x offset mho 11.7.4 11-9
5-9
Machine reactances, effect of saturation 5.12 5-9 x partially cross-polarised 11.7.6 11-11

Magnetically polarised armature relays 7.2.1 7-2 x self-polarised 11.7.3 11-7

Magnetisation curve of a current transformer 6.4.4 6-9 Microprocessor-based portable test sets 11.7.5 11-10

Magnetising inrush in power transformers 16.3 16-4 Microprocessor-based simulation equipment 11.7.4 11-9

Magneto-optic effect sensor [Link] 6-16, Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) 11.7.4 11-9
24-14
Minimum length of line for distance protection 11.7.6 11-11
Maintenance of protection equipment 21.15 21-25
Minimum voltage at relay terminals 11.7.3 11-7
Maloperation with reverse faults, distance relays, 13.4.4 13-10
MMS (Manufacturing Messaging Specification); 21.10.2 21-19
Manipulation of complex quantities 3.3 3-2
IEC61850
Manual closing of circuit breakers, auto-reclosing 14.10.8 14-11 MODBUS; history 21.7.2 21-13
schemes
Modulating quantity, unit protection schemes 18.5.1 18-4
Margins, grading for overcurrent relays 9.11- 9-9,
9.12 9-11 Motor currents during stall conditions 11.10.2 11-17
Maximum torque angle of relay – see relay 9.14.2, 9-12,
characteristic angle 11.7.3 11-11 Motor currents during starting conditions 11.10.1 11-17
Measurement centres 22.6 22-6
Motor power factor correction 18.11.2 18-13
Measurements:
Motor protection 19.1- 19-1,
x disturbance recorders 22.9 22-10 19.14 19-13
Motor windings, heating of 19.2 19-1
x general characteristics 22.2 22-1
Moulded case circuit breakers (MCCBs) 18.5.2 18-5
x measurement centres 22.6 22-6
MU (Merging Units); definition 24.4.1 24-14
x synchronisers 22.8 22-8
MU (Merging Units); time synchronisation [Link] 24-15
x tariff metering 22.7 22-7
Multi-ended feeders protection of 13.3– 13-5,
x transducer selection 22.5 22-4 13.5 13-11
Multi-shot auto-reclosing 14.10.9 14-11
x using analogue transducers 22.4 22-4
Mutual compensation 13.2.1 13-2
x using digital transducers 22.3 22-3
Mutual coupling, effect of on unit and distance 13.2 13-1
Measuring transformers:
protection schemes
x capacitor voltage 6.3 6-5

x current 6.4 6-7

N
Nature and effect of transformer faults 16.1 16-1
x electromagnetic voltage 6.1.1 6-1
NCIT (Non Conventional Instrument Transformers) 6.5 6-16,
x Non Conventional 6.5 6-16, 24.4 24-14
24-14 NCIT (Non Conventional Instrument Transformers); 24.4 24-14
Measuring transformers: 6.1- 6-1, advantages
6.5 6-5 Negative phase sequence protection of generators 17.12 17-13
Mertz Price principles, multi-zone; busbar 15.7 15-7
Negative phase sequence protection of motors 19.7 19-10
Merz-Price protection systems 10.1 10-1
Negative sequence network 4.3.2 4-5
Mesh corner substations, application of unit protection 10.8.2 10-8
systems Negative sequence reactance:
Mesh law 3.5.1 3-8
x induction motor 19.7 19-11
Mesh substation, four-switch, auto-reclosing applied 14.12.3 14-13
to x synchronous generator 5.9 5-8
Metering, tariff 22.7 22-7 NERC (North American Electric Reliability 24.3.2 24-12
Methods of protection signalling 8.6 8-8 Corporation)
NERC CIP Standards [Link] 24-12
Mho relay:
Network connections for various types of fault 4.4 4-6
x fully cross-polarised 11.7.5 11-10
Network reduction 3.5.3 3-9
x lenticular 11.7.4 11-9

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Network Protection & Automation Guide

Neutral voltage displacement relay (NVD) [Link], 17-8, x earth fault protection 9.16 9-14
[Link] 17-9
Noise and interference in protection signalling systems 8.6 8-4 x extremely inverse 9.7 9-7

Nomenclature; Alstom product terminology and Appendix D x grading margin 9.11- 9-9,
definition 9.12 9-11
Non-linear resistor, use in busbar protection schemes [Link] 15-13 x hi-Z high impedance downed conducer 9.21 9-31
Protection
Non-unit transformer-feeder protection schemes 16.16.1 16-15 x instantaneous 9.5 9-6

Notation, impedance 3.6 3-8 x inverse definite minimum time 9.4 9-4

Number of shots, auto-reclosing schemes 14.4.3, 14-5, x other characteristics 9.8 9-8
14.6.6, 14-7,
14.10.9 14-11 x timing error 9.11.1 9-9
Numeric relays 7.5 7-4
x transient over-reach 9.5.1 9-6
Numerical busbar protection 15.10 15-20
x very inverse 9.6 9-7
Numerical busbar protection, reliability considerations 15.10.1 15-20
Overcurrent starters for distance relays 11.8.1 11-14
Numerical devices, typical standards Appendix C
overfluxing in generators 17.14.1 17-15
Numerical differential protection system 10.8 10-6
Overfluxing in power transformers [Link], 16-4,
Numerical relay considerations 7.7 7-9 [Link],
16.13 16-13
Numerical relay software 7.5.2 7-7 Overhead lines:

x calculation of impedances 5.19- 5-16,

5.20 5-17
O x data 5.24 5-24
Offset mho distance relay 11.7.4 11-9
x equivalent circuits 5.21- 5-18,
Ohm distance relay 11.7.2 11-6 5.22 5-22
x with or without earth wires 5.21 5-18
Oil and gas devices for transformer protection 16.15 16-14
Overheating of generators 17.18 17-23
Oil circuit breakers (OCBs) 18.5.4 18-6
Overheating of power transformers 16.4 16-5
Open line detection (SIPS) [Link] 20-13
Overload protection:
Opening time of circuit breakers [Link] 14-4
x of generators 17.18 17-23
Operating features of auto-reclose schemes 14.10 14-10
x of motors 19.3 19-2
Operation indicators 2.10.2 2-9
x of transformers [Link], 16-4,
Operation of induction motors with unbalanced 19.7 19-10
16.4 16-6
voltages
Over-reach of a distance relay 11.10.4 11-18
Optical fibre channels 8.5.5 8-7
Over-reach, transient, of a relay 9.5.1 9-6
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layers 24.2.1 24-2
Overshoot of overcurrent relays 9.11.3 9-9
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of 24.2.1 24-2
communications Overspeed of generators 17.14.2 17-16
Out-of-step tripping for generators 11.7.8, 11-12,
17.17 17-21 Overvoltage protection of generators 17.9 17-12
Output devices, of relays 2.10 2-8
Overvoltaqes (power quality) 23.3.3 23-4
Overcurrent protection 9.1- 9-1,
9.21 9-31
Overcurrent relay: P
x 90° quadrature connection 9.14.2 9-12 Parallel feeders, distance protection of 13.2.2 13-2

x calculation of settings 9.13, 9-11, Parallel feeders, overcurrent protection of 9.14.3 9-13
9.16 9-14
Parallel feeders, unit protection of 13.2.1 13-2
x definite time 9.9 9-8
Parallel operation with utility network 17.21 17-25
x directional earth fault 9.17 9-17
Partially cross-polarised mho relay 11.7.6 11-11
x directional phase fault 9.14 9-12
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation); protection signalling 8.5.5 8-8

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 Index

Peak voltage developed by current transformers 6.4, 6-7 Power Quality:

[Link] 15-13
Percentage under-reach of distance relays 11.10.3 11-18 x causes 23.3 23-2

Performance of distance relays 11.3 11-2 x classification 23.2 23-1

Periodic maintenance tests 21.15 21-25 x impact of 23.3 23-2

Permanent (semi) fault in auto reclose applications 14.1 14-1 Power swing blocking 11.10.6 11-19

Permissive intertrip over-reaching scheme 12.3.4 12-5 Power system plant 5.1 5-1

Permissive intertrip under-reaching scheme 12.3.2 12-3 Power transformer - see Transformer 6.2 6-1

Permissive under-reaching acceleration 12.3.3 12-4 Power/angle curve 14.5 14-5

Petersen Coil, protection of networks earthed using: 9.19 9-20 Predictive out of step (SIPS) [Link] 20-16

Phase comparison protection schemes 10.10.1, 10-9, Primary injection testing 21.12 21-22
10.11 10-10
Primary protection 2.9 2-7
Phase comparison protection schemes for tee’d 13.3.2 13-6
feeders Prime mover, failure of 17.19.1 17-24
Phase fault impedance measurement using distance 11.9.1 11-15
relays Principles of distance relays 11.2 11-2
Phase fault overcurrent relay settings 9.13 9-11
Principles of time/current grading 9.3 9-2
Phase reversal protection 18.10 18-11
Private pilot wires and channels 8.5.1 8-4
Phase shift due to system (shunt) capacitance 10.11.1 10-10
Production testing of relays 21.8 21-1,
Phase unbalance relays 19.7 19-11 21-15
Programmable scheme logic in numerical relays 7.6.6 7-9
Phase-phase fault analysis 4.4.2 4-7
Protection against:
Phase-phase-earth fault analysis 4.4.3 4-7
x asynchronous operation for generators 17.16 17-18
Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) 20.3.7 20-10
x loss of Utility supply 17.21.1 17-26
Plain impedance relay 11.7.2 11-6
x pole slipping for generators 17.17 17-21
Plain tone signals, protection signalling using 8.7.2 8-9
x power swings –distance relays 11.7.8 11-12
Pole slipping of generators 17.17 17-21
x sudden restoration of supply 19.13.2 19-12
Polyphase systems 3.4.4 3-7
Protection and control numerical devices; typical Appendix C
Positive sequence equivalent circuits: standards
Protection equipment, definition of 2.2 2-3
x auto-transformer 5.16 5-13
Protection of:
x cables 5.23 5-23
x busbars 15.1- 15-1,
x induction motor 19.7 19-10
15.11 15-20
x overhead transmission lines 5.22 5-22 x capacitors 18.11.3 18-13

x synchronous machine 5.8 5-7 x complex transmission circuits 13.1- 13-1,

13.8 13-12
x transformer 5.14 5-10 x generators 17.1- 7-1,
17.21 17-26
Positive sequence network 4.3.1 4-4 x motors 19.1- 19-1,
19.13 19-12
Positive sequence reactance of synchronous machine 5.4, 5.8 5-2, 5-7
x multi-ended feeders – distance protection 13.4, 13-8,
Power conventions 3.4.3 3-7 13.5 13-11
x multi-ended feeders – unit protection 13.3 13-6
Power factor correction 18.11 18-12
x parallel feeders 13.2 13-1
Power frequency interference test 21.3.7 21-5
x phase reversal 18.10 18-11
Power frequency magnetic field tests 21.3.11 21-8
x series compensated lines 13.6 13-12
Power line carrier communications (PLCC) technique 8.5.3 8-5
x synchronous motors 19.13 19-12
Power line carrier unit protection phase comparison 13.3.2 13-7
schemes x transformer-feeders 16.16 16-15

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Network Protection & Automation Guide

x transformers 16.1- 16-1, x synchronous machine 5.4, 5.8- 5-2,

16.10 16-11 5.12 5-9
x voltage transformers 6.2.4 6-3 Reaction, armature, of synchronous machines 5.3 5-2

Protection performance 2.4.6 2-5 Reclaim time in auto-reclosing 14.4.2, 14-4,

14.6.5, 14-7,
Protection requirements for busbars 15.3 15-2 14.10.6 14-11
Reclosing:
Protection reset time, auto-reclose schemes [Link] 14-4

Protection scheme, definition of 2.2 2-3 x delayed 14.9 14-8

Protection signalling: x high speed in EHV networks 14.6 14-5

x high-speed 14.6-14.8 14-6,

x effect of interference 8.6 8-4
14-8
x effect of noise on 8.6 8-4 x of EHV networks 14.5 14-5

x for unit protection schemes 8.2 8-1 x of HV networks 14.3 14-3

x Frequency shift keyed signals, protection 8.7.3 8-9 x of live lines 14.9.1 14-9
signalling
Recommended grading margins 9.12 9-10
x intertripping 8.4 8-2
Recorders, event and disturbance 22.9 22-1,
x methods 8.6 8-8
22-10
x performance requirements 8.5 8-3 Redundant communications; principle [Link] 24-8

x Plain tone signals, protection signalling 8.7.2 8-9 Relay types:

x signalling methods 8.6 8-8 x differential 10.4- 10-2,

10.11 10-10
x transmission media 8.6 8-4 x digital 7.4 7-3
Protection signalling: 8.1-8.7 8-1, x directional 9.14, 9-12,
8-8 9.17 9-18
Protection system, definition of 2.2 2-3 x distance 11.7 11-6
PRP (Parallel Redundancy Protocol) [Link] 24-9 x earth fault 9.16 9-14
Pull-out protection for synchronous motors 19.13.1 19-12 x electromechanical 7.2 7-1

x numeric 7.5 7-4

Q x numerical 7.5, 7.6 7-4,
Quadrature axis machine impedances 5.5, 5.11 5-3, 7-7
5-9 x overcurrent 9.4 9-4
Quadrature connected relays 9.14.2 9-12
x ROCOF 17.21.2 17-27
Quadrilateral relay 11.7.7 11-11
x static 7.3 7-3
Quiescent PLC (Blocking Mode), unit protection 10.11.6 10-14
schemes x voltage vector shift 17.21.3 17-27

Relay:
R x ANSI 9.4 9-4
Radio channels, protection signalling 8.5.4 8-6
x application of directional overcurrent 9.14.3 9-13
RBAC (Role Based Access Control); model for cyber 24.3.1 24-11
security x bias (of differential relays) 10.4.2 10-3
Reactances:
x characteristic angle (RCA) 9.14.2, 9-12,
x auto-transformer 5.16, 5-11, 11.7.3 11-11
5.17 5-14 x connections for directional elements 9.14, 9-12,
x cables 5.18- 5-16, 9.17.1 9-18
5.20, 5-17, x Considerations with numerical relays 7.7 7-9
5.23, 5-22
x contact systems 2.10.1 2-8
x data 5.24 5-24
x current setting 9.10 9-8
x induction motor 19.7 19-10
x custom 9.8 9-8
x overhead transmission lines 5.18- 5-16,
5.22, 5-22, x data management in numerical relays 7.7.2 7-9,
5.24 5-24 7-10

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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.