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Development and Aging

The document outlines the stages of human development from fertilization to birth, detailing processes such as cleavage, implantation, and organogenesis, as well as the role of extra-embryonic membranes and the placenta. It also defines aging as a natural decline in physiological functions, discusses theories of aging, and highlights the effects and strategies for healthy aging. Key points include the importance of a balanced diet, exercise, and social activity for promoting health in older age.

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37 views6 pages

Development and Aging

The document outlines the stages of human development from fertilization to birth, detailing processes such as cleavage, implantation, and organogenesis, as well as the role of extra-embryonic membranes and the placenta. It also defines aging as a natural decline in physiological functions, discusses theories of aging, and highlights the effects and strategies for healthy aging. Key points include the importance of a balanced diet, exercise, and social activity for promoting health in older age.

Uploaded by

memonsaba373
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter: Development and Aging – Key

Notes

1. Development – Definition
• Development is the sequence of
changes an organism undergoes from
fertilization to maturity.
• Involves growth, differentiation, and
morphogenesis (formation of organs
and body parts).

2. Stages of Human Development

1. Fertilization
• Fusion of male and female gametes
to form a zygote.
• Occurs in the fallopian tube.

2. Cleavage
• Rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote.
• No increase in overall size.
• Forms a morula (solid ball) then
blastula/blastocyst (hollow ball).

3. Implantation
• Blastocyst attaches to the uterine
wall (~6–7 days after fertilization).

4. Gastrulation
• Cells rearrange into three germ
layers:
• Ectoderm → skin, nervous system
• Mesoderm → muscles, bones, blood
• Endoderm → digestive & respiratory
systems

5. Organogenesis
• Formation of organs from germ
layers.
• Most organs form by end of the first
trimester.
3. Extra-Embryonic Membranes (in
humans)

Membrane. Function
Amnion. Protects embryo in
fluid-filled sac

Chorion. Helps form placenta

Allantois. Forms part of umbilical


cord

Yolk sac. Forms early blood cells

4. Placenta
• Temporary organ formed by chorion +
uterine tissue.
• Functions:
• Exchange of gases, nutrients, waste
• Hormone production (like hCG,
estrogen, progesterone)
• Protection against some infections
5. Gestation Period
• Duration of pregnancy (~280 days / 9
months).
• Divided into three trimesters:
• 1st trimester: organ formation
• 2nd trimester: growth and movement
• 3rd trimester: final development and
preparation for birth

6. Birth (Parturition)
• Initiated by hormones (oxytocin &
prostaglandins).
• Stages:
1. Dilation of cervix
2. Delivery of baby
3. Expulsion of placenta

7. Aging – Definition
• Aging is the progressive decline in
physiological functions after maturity.
• A natural and irreversible biological
process.

Theories of aging:

Theory. Description

Genetic theory. Controlled


by“biological clock” genes

Wear and tear theory. Accumulated


damage over time

Free radical theory. Damage from


oxidative stress

Immune theory. Decline in immune


system efficiency

9. Effects of Aging
• Reduced cell division and repair.
• Weaker immune system.
• Decrease in sensory and motor
functions.
• Greater risk of diseases (heart
disease, arthritis, Alzheimer’s).

10. Healthy Aging


• Balanced diet
• Regular exercise
• Mental stimulation
• Avoid smoking/alcohol
• Social activity and medical care

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