Lecture 3:
Electrical Power and Energy
Recall from Lecture 2
E → Voltage
Similar to water pressure
I Unit: Volts (V)
E (V) R I → Current
Similar to water flow
Unit: Amperes (A)
R → Resistance
Similar to water pipe friction
Unit: Ohms ()
Recall from Lecture 2
I + E -
R
Ohm's Law:
E= I R
E
I= Defines the relationship
R
between electric circuit
E
R= current, component
I
resistance, and the voltage
drop across the component
Work
• Book definition: Overcoming resistance through a
distance
• Mechanical:
– If force not constant in space: W =∫ F D dD
– If force constant: W = FD
• Units of measure:
– SI: Joule (J) → 1 N·m, 1 W·s
– Common in US: ft-lbf
– 1 J = 0.7376 foot-pounds (ft-lbf)
Power
• Book definition: Measurement of the rate of doing
work.
dW
• If work performed is not constant with time: P=
dT
• If work performed is constant: P=W /T
• Units of measure:
– SI: Watts (W)
– Common in US: hp (horsepower)
– 1 hp = 746 W
Power (cont'd)
Electrical Power:
I E
Power (cont'd)
Electrical Power:
PIRE wheel
All you REALLY need to remember:
– E= I R
– P= I E
– algebra
Power (cont'd)
Proof 1: Show that 2
P= I R
Proof 2: Show I=
P
R
Power (cont'd)
Proof 1: Show that 2
P= I R
P= I E ← Power equation
E= I R ← Ohms Law
P= I I R ← Sub in Ohms Law for E
P= I 2 R ← Rearrange (associative)
Proof 2: Show
2
I=
P
R
P= I R ← From above proof
2 P
I = ← Rearrange Equation
R
P ← Take square root
I=
R
Power (cont'd)
Example: An electric heater draws 15 A of current. What is the resistance of the
heating element if the electric heater is rated for 2.25 kW?
Power (cont'd)
Example: An electric heater draws 15 A of current. What is the resistance of the
heating element if the electric heater is rated for 2.25 kW?
P
R= 2 ← Equation for resistance, given current and power
I
I =15 A ← Current through heater
P=2.25 kW ← Power rating of heater
2250W
R=
15A 2
R=10 ← Heater element resistance
Energy
• Book definition: Energy is the ability to do work
• Cannot be destroyed or consumed (at least for our
purposes)
• Forms of energy are light, heat, mechanical,
electrical and chemical
• Energy conversion is used to perform work
Energy (cont'd)
• Units of Measure
– SI: Joule (J) – same as work
– Others: BTU, kWh
• BTU → energy required to heat 1 lb water by 1°F
– Often used in power generation
• kWh is standard in electrical distribution systems
– See your electric bill
– 1 BTU = 0.29 Wh
– 1 kWh = 3600 kJ
Energy (cont'd)
• Relationship with Power
– If Power not constant with time Energy=∫ P T dT
– If Power constant Energy=PT
• System Efficiency:
Energy / Power Example
An electric motor has a rated current of 30 A when
powered from a 240 V supply. (a) What is the
power input to the motor? (b) If the motor is run
for 5 hours, what is the total energy input? (c) If
the motor has an efficiency of 80%, what is the
total output energy?
Energy / Power Example
An electric motor has a rated current of 30 A when
powered from a 240 V supply. (a)What is the power
input to the motor? (b)If the motor is run for 5 hours,
what is the total energy input? (c)If the motor has an
efficiency of 80%, what is the total output energy?
(a) (b) (c)
P= I E
P=30A∗240V
P=7.2 kW
Energy / Power Example
An electric motor has a rated current of 30 A when
powered from a 240 V supply. (a)What is the power
input to the motor? (b)If the motor is run for 5 hours,
what is the total energy input? (c)If the motor has an
efficiency of 80%, what is the total output energy?
(a) (b) (c)
P= I E Energy=P T
P=30A∗240V Energy=7.2kW∗5h
P=7.2 kW Energy=36 kWh
Energy / Power Example
An electric motor has a rated current of 30 A when
powered from a 240 V supply. (a)What is the power
input to the motor? (b)If the motor is run for 5 hours,
what is the total energy input? (c)If the motor has an
efficiency of 80%, what is the total output energy?
(a) (b) (c)
P= I E Energy=P T Energy out
P=30A∗240V Eff =
Energy=7.2kW∗5h Energy in
P=7.2 kW Energy=36 kWh Energy out= Eff ∗Energy in
Energy out=80 %∗36kWh
Energy out=28.8 kWh
Mechanical Transmission
of Power
• Driving machine
– Delivers power to the machine being driven
– Examples: gasoline engines, steam turbines, electric
motors
• Driven machine
– Receives power
– Examples: presses, lathes, elevators, pumps and saws
Mechanical Drives
• Connections between driving machines and driven
machines
• Examples: pulleys, chains on sprockets, gear
assemblies, and direct drives
• Speed Requirements
– If speeds of both machines are the same, may use
direct drive
– If not, require a mechanical drive
Mechanical Drives (cont'd)
• Pulleys: Speed of machine determined by size of
pulleys. Diameter motor pulley 2
N 1 D2
Speed machine 1 = Diameter motor pulley 1
Speed machine 2
N 2 D1
• Gears: Speed determined by number of teeth in
gears.
Num. teeth motor gear 2
N1 T2
= Num. teeth motor gear 1
N2 T1
Mechanical Drives (cont'd)
Mechanical Power:
• Equation considering SI units:
Angular speed (radians/s)
P=
Torque (N-m)
Power (W)
• Equation given in book:
Mechanical Drives (cont'd)
Example: What is the torque of an electric motor
rated at 10 hp if the speed of the machine is 1200
RPM?
Mechanical Drives (cont'd)
Example: What is the torque of an electric motor
rated at 10 hp if the speed of the machine is 1200
RPM?
What about using standard equation:
TN
hp=
5252 2
= N =126 rad / s
5252 hp 60
T=
N P=746hp=7.46 kW
5252∗10
T= T = P /
1200
T =43.8 lb ft T =59.2 N −m
Conversion factor:
1 lb ft = 1.35 N-m
Other Mechanical
Considerations
• Starting Torque
– Torque developed at instant motor is energized
• Starting Current
– Current drawn from motor at the instant it is
energized.
• Other Factors:
– Size, weight, efficiency (heat management), shaft
type
Motor Sizing
• Depends on speed, torque, and efficiency
• Downsides to undersizing or oversizing
Homework
Chapter 3:
Answer the multiple choice questions 1
through 10.
Solve problems 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 19.
Due: Week from today. Wednesday
9/11/13
