Decimal Conversion Process
Assignment 1 _Module 1 and Module 2-1.pdfPDFSOLCCE THIS LIKE CHAT GPT PRO ($200) VERSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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Below is a detailed, step‐by‐step solution for each question in the assignment.
Question 1: Conversions
(a) Convert 452 (decimal) to binary, octal, and hexadecimal
Binary Conversion:
Divide 452 by 2 repeatedly and record the remainders:
Division Quotient Remainder
452 ÷ 2 226 0
226 ÷ 2 113 0
113 ÷ 2 56 1
56 ÷ 2 28 0
28 ÷ 2 14 0
14 ÷ 2 7 0
7÷2 3 1
3÷2 1 1
1÷2 0 1
Reading the remainders from bottom to top gives:
Binary: 111000100₂
Octal Conversion:
Divide 452 by 8:
Division Quotient Remainder
452 ÷ 8 56 4
56 ÷ 8 7 0
7÷8 0 7
Reading the remainders from bottom to top:
Octal: 704₈
Hexadecimal Conversion:
Divide 452 by 16:
Division Quotient Remainder
452 ÷ 16 28 4
28 ÷ 16 1 12
1 ÷ 16 0 1
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Note: 12 in hexadecimal is represented as C.
Reading from last remainder to first:
Hexadecimal: 1C4₁₆
(b) Convert 1101011₂ (binary) to decimal, octal, and hexadecimal
Decimal Conversion:
Break down the binary number 1101011₂:
Bit (from LSB) Weight (2^n) Calculation
1 (2^0) 1 1×1=1
1 (2^1) 2 1×2=2
0 (2^2) 4 0×4=0
1 (2^3) 8 1×8=8
0 (2^4) 16 0 × 16 = 0
1 (2^5) 32 1 × 32 = 32
1 (2^6) 64 1 × 64 = 64
Sum: 64 + 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 107
Decimal: 107₁₀
Octal Conversion:
Convert 107 (decimal) to octal:
Division Quotient Remainder
107 ÷ 8 13 3
13 ÷ 8 1 5
1÷8 0 1
Octal: 153₈
Hexadecimal Conversion:
Convert 107 (decimal) to hexadecimal:
Division Quotient Remainder
107 ÷ 16 6 11
11 in hexadecimal is B. The quotient 6 is less than 16.
Hexadecimal: 6B₁₆
(c) Convert 101101₂ (binary) to decimal, octal, and hexadecimal
Decimal Conversion:
Evaluate 101101₂ by assigning weights:
Bit (from LSB) Weight (2^n) Calculation
1 (2^0) 1 1×1=1
0 (2^1) 2 0×2=0
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Bit (from LSB) Weight (2^n) Calculation
1 (2^2) 4 1×4=4
1 (2^3) 8 1×8=8
0 (2^4) 16 0 × 16 = 0
1 (2^5) 32 1 × 32 = 32
Sum: 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 45
Decimal: 45₁₀
Octal Conversion:
Convert 45 (decimal) to octal:
Division Quotient Remainder
45 ÷ 8 5 5
5÷8 0 5
Octal: 55₈
Hexadecimal Conversion:
Convert 45 (decimal) to hexadecimal:
Division Quotient Remainder
45 ÷ 16 2 13
13 in hexadecimal is D.
Hexadecimal: 2D₁₆
(d) Convert 11110000₂ (binary) to decimal, octal, and hexadecimal
Decimal Conversion:
Evaluate 11110000₂:
1 × 27 = 128
1 × 26 = 64
1 × 25 = 32
1 × 24 = 16
Remaining bits are 0.
Sum: 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 = 240
Decimal: 240₁₀
Octal Conversion:
Convert 240 (decimal) to octal:
Division Quotient Remainder
240 ÷ 8 30 0
30 ÷ 8 3 6
3÷8 0 3
Octal: 360₈
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Hexadecimal Conversion:
Convert 240 (decimal) to hexadecimal:
Division Quotient Remainder
240 ÷ 16 15 0
15 in hexadecimal is F.
Hexadecimal: F0₁₆
Question 2: Binary Arithmetic Operations
(a) Add 1011₂ and 1101₂
Perform binary addition step-by-step:
markdown
1011
+ 1101
------
Rightmost bit:
1 + 1 = 10₂ → write 0, carry 1.
Next bit:
1 + 0 + (carry 1) = 10₂ → write 0, carry 1.
Next bit:
0 + 1 + (carry 1) = 10₂ → write 0, carry 1.
Leftmost bit:
1 + 1 + (carry 1) = 11₂ → write 1, carry 1.
Writing the final carry at the left gives:
Sum: 11000₂
(Verification: 1011₂ = 11₁₀, 1101₂ = 13₁₀, 11 + 13 = 24₁₀, and 11000₂ = 24₁₀.)
(b) Subtract 0110₂ from 1011₂
Perform binary subtraction:
markdown
1011
- 0110
------
You can subtract bit by bit (or convert to decimal to check):
1011₂ = 11₁₀
0110₂ = 6₁₀
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11 - 6 = 5₁₀, which is 0101₂ in binary.
Thus,
Difference: 0101₂
Question 3: BCD and BCD Addition
Explanation of BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)
BCD is a method of representing each decimal digit by its corresponding 4-bit binary equivalent. For
example, the decimal number 25 is split into two digits:
2 is represented as 0010
5 is represented as 0101
This allows each digit to be processed individually while still using binary logic.
BCD Addition for (25)₁₀ and (37)₁₀
1. Represent each number in BCD:
25 → 2: 0010, 5: 0101 → Combined: 0010 0101
37 → 3: 0011, 7: 0111 → Combined: 0011 0111
2. Add the lower nibbles (rightmost 4 bits):
0101 (5) + 0111 (7) = 1100₂ (which is 12 in decimal)
Since 12 > 9, a correction is needed. In BCD addition, if a nibble is greater than 9, add 6 (0110₂):
1100₂ + 0110₂ = 1 0010₂
Here, a carry of 1 is generated and the result for this nibble becomes 0010 (representing 2).
3. Add the upper nibbles (leftmost 4 bits) along with the carry:
0010 (2) + 0011 (3) = 0101₂ (5)
Add the carry from the previous nibble: 0101₂ + 0001₂ = 0110₂ (6)
4. Combine the results:
Upper nibble: 0110
Lower nibble: 0010
Thus, the BCD result is 0110 0010, which represents 62₁₀.
(Verification: 25 + 37 = 62)
Question 4: Weighted vs. Non-Weighted Codes
Weighted Codes
Definition: In weighted codes, each bit position is assigned a specific weight (usually a power of 2
or another predetermined value).
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Example: The most common example is the 8421 BCD code, where the weights are 8, 4, 2, and 1.
For instance, the decimal digit 5 is represented as 0101 (0×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1).
Non-Weighted Codes
Definition: Non-weighted codes do not have a fixed positional weight for each bit. Instead, the
code is structured to meet other design goals such as error minimization or simpler transitions.
Example: Gray Code is a non-weighted code where two successive values differ in only one bit.
This property is useful in error correction and digital communications.
Key Difference:
Weighted codes simplify arithmetic operations because the value is directly calculated using the
positional weights. Non-weighted codes, while not directly lending themselves to standard arithmetic
operations, are designed to reduce errors in data transmission or to simplify certain logical operations.
Question 5: Binary Subtraction Using 1’s and 2’s Complement
For each subtraction, we assume a fixed bit-length (here 4 bits for simplicity).
(a) 1011₂ - 0110₂
Using 1’s Complement:
1. Find the 1’s complement of the subtrahend (0110₂):
0110₂ → 1001₂
2. Add to the minuend:
yaml
1011
+ 1001
------
1 0100
The sum is 10100₂ (a 5-bit result). Discard the extra carry (or add it back as an end-around carry):
End-around carry: 0100₂ + 0001₂ = 0101₂
Result: 0101₂
Using 2’s Complement:
1. Find the 2’s complement of the subtrahend (0110₂):
First, find the 1’s complement: 1001₂
Add 1: 1001₂ + 0001₂ = 1010₂
2. Add to the minuend:
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yaml
1011
+ 1010
------
1 0101
Discard the extra carry (if using fixed-width arithmetic) to obtain:
Result: 0101₂
(b) 1101₂ - 0100₂
Using 1’s Complement:
1. Find the 1’s complement of the subtrahend (0100₂):
0100₂ → 1011₂
2. Add to the minuend:
yaml
1101
+ 1011
------
1 1000
This yields 11000₂. Add the end-around carry (1) to the lower 4 bits:
1000₂ + 0001₂ = 1001₂
Result: 1001₂
Using 2’s Complement:
1. Find the 2’s complement of the subtrahend (0100₂):
1’s complement of 0100₂: 1011₂
Add 1: 1011₂ + 0001₂ = 1100₂
2. Add to the minuend:
yaml
1101
+ 1100
------
1 1001
Discard the extra carry to obtain:
Result: 1001₂
(Verification: 1101₂ = 13₁₀ and 0100₂ = 4₁₀, so 13 – 4 = 9, which is 1001₂.)
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Each solution has been derived using standard techniques in digital number systems and binary
arithmetic. Let me know if you need further clarification or additional details!
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