Experiment 1: Mitosis Stages Aim: To study the different stages of mitosis using permanent slides.
Materials Required: Permanent slides of
mitosis, microscope. Procedure: Focus permanent slides showing different stages under 10X. Observations: Prophase – chromosomes coil,
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, spindle forms; Metaphase – chromosomes align, spindle attaches; Anaphase – centromeres split,
chromatids move; Telophase – uncoiling, nuclear structures reappear; Cytokinesis – furrow in animal cell, cell plate in plant cell. Inference:
Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. Precautions: Handle slides with care, focus under low power, slides should be clean and dry.
Experiment 2: Diffusion in Liquids Aim: To study diffusion in liquids. Materials Required: KMnO water,
, beaker. Procedure: Add KMnO crystal
to water without stirring. Observations: Water turns purple slowly as KMnO diffuses. Inference: Diffusion moves molecules from higher to
lower concentration. Precautions: Use clean water, avoid stirring, add crystal carefully.
Experiment 3: Osmosis (Thistle Funnel) Aim: To demonstrate osmosis using thistle funnel. Materials Required: Thistle funnel, sucrose, beaker,
cellophane, water. Procedure: Seal funnel with cellophane, fill with sucrose, invert in water. Observations: Liquid level rises in funnel. Inference:
Water enters the funnel by osmosis. Precautions: No air bubbles in sealing, mark initial level, setup must be airtight.
Experiment 4: Osmosis (Potato Osmoscope) Aim: To show osmosis using potato osmoscope. Materials Required: Potato, scalpel, sucrose,
petri dish, water. Procedure: Scoop cavity, fill with sucrose, place in water. Observations: Liquid level in cavity rises. Inference: Water enters
cavity by osmosis. Precautions: Peel potato, base should be thin, cavity scooped properly.
Experiment 5: Water Absorption by Roots Aim: To show water is absorbed by roots. Materials Required: Balsam plant, 2 test tubes, oil.
Procedure: Place plant in tube A, seal both with oil. Observations: Water level falls in A, unchanged in B. Inference: Roots absorb water from
surroundings. Precautions: Use healthy plant, seal with oil, do not disturb setup.
Experiment 6: Transpiration (Bell Jar Method) Aim: To study transpiration using bell jar. Materials Required: Potted plant, bell jar, polythene,
grease, cobalt paper. Procedure: Cover pot with polythene, seal bell jar, observe. Observations: Droplets inside jar, cobalt paper turns pink.
Inference: Water vapour is released from leaves by transpiration. Precautions: Polythene should cover pot, seal edges well, avoid sun and wind.
Experiment 7: Stomatal vs Cuticular Transpiration Aim: To compare transpiration from both leaf surfaces. Materials Required: Potted plant,
cobalt paper, clips, slides. Procedure: Attach cobalt paper to both sides of leaf. Observations: Ventral side turns pink faster. Inference: Lower
side transpires more due to more stomata. Precautions: Use dry cobalt paper, handle with forceps, fix properly.
Experiment 8: Ganong’s Potometer Aim: To measure water uptake using potometer. Materials Required: Potometer, leafy shoot, water, oil, cork.
Procedure: Fill potometer, insert shoot under water, trap air bubble, observe movement. Observations: Bubble moves toward shoot. Inference:
Water absorbed due to transpiration is shown by bubble movement. Precautions: Cut shoot under water, ensure airtight setup, avoid air
bubbles.
