Horticulture

VitaminB complex
B1- Thiamin =Beri beri cashew
B2-Riboflabin-beal
B3-Nicotinic acid (Niacin)= Pelegra
B5-Penthothenic acid
B6-Pyrodoxin=Anemia(Mushroom)
B12-Cynocobalamin= permesia Anemia (Not found in fruit and vegetables) Cobalt
source.
B7- Biotin
B9- Follic acid.

Vitamin C -Ascorbic acid

Source - Barbados cheery(1400IU)
Aonla(600-800IU)
Vit c helps in producing Antibodies.
Deficiency -Scurvy
Daily requirement -70mg

Which of the following give maximum energy in metabolic process -Fats (9calorie)

An essential constitute diet is -Carbohydrate.

Which vit is called beauty vit- VitE

Maximum Fe found
[Link]-Calcium
[Link]-Fe
3.
[Link]-Vit C
[Link]- Potassium
[Link] - Phosphorus

Vit B2 found in Bael

Which is caused by calcium- Pigeon chest vitD.

Which of the following minerals acts as O2 Carrier- Fe

ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research) located - New Delhi

Flower
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Flower is the condensed shoot.
All 4 parts present is called perfect flower.

Isomary- Flower part is multiple of some number.

5- Pentamerous Ex- Fabaceae,Solanaceae.
4-Tetramerous- Brassicaceae.
[Link] -Liliaceae(Asparagus).

Symmetry
[Link] - Divide into two equal parts . Example-Solanaceae, Brassicaceae.
[Link] (Fabaceae).

Ovary position
[Link] - Ovary at top. This is Hypogynous [Link] - Brassicaceae, Fabaceae,
Solanaceae,Liliaceae.
[Link] -Half superior and half inferior . Example- Rosaceae
( Apple,pear,Rose).
[Link] - ovary [Link]-Compositae(Marigold),Myrtaceae,Cucurbitaceae.
Calyx-Formation unit=Sepal.
Sepal free from each other is called polysepalus.
Joined Sepal is called Gamosepalus.

Corolla-Single unit = Petal

Petals joined or fused - Gamopetalus
Petals free from each other - Polypetalus .

Calyx+Corolla fused together- Perianth

Single unit of Perianth is called Tepal

Androcium

Anther free from each other is called polyandrous.

If anther is fused with Petals-Epipetalous
If anther fused with tepal-Epiphyllous

Gynocium - Single unit of pistil is carpel.

Fruits
Fertilized and ripen ovary .
Wall of fruit is called pericarp.

Fruits are of 3 types

True fruit- Fertilized from ovary
Pseudo fruit or falsefruit - not fertilized from ovary
Parthenocarpy fruit- Partheno is a Greek word meaning Virgin and karpy meaning
fruit.
Fruits without fertilization.

According to morphology
[Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Fleshy fruit
[Link]-Develop from a syncarpous(carpel fused) [Link] stone [Link]
Mango ,Coconut,Palm,Ber. Edible part mesocarp

[Link]-Inferior [Link]- Apple,[Link] part -Thalamus.

[Link]-eg strawbeery,tomato,watermelon,grapes.
[Link]-Eg All citrus fruits. Edible parts juicy hairs(Endocarp).
Leathery rind with oil in pericarp.
[Link] eg Cucurbitaceae
[Link] Eg- Okra.
[Link] capsule-
[Link]-Litchi,Cashewnut.

Aggregate fruits - Eg Annona squamosas.

Sorosis :- Eg- Jackfruit, Pineapple.
Syconium eg Ficus.

Propagation
[Link]-Seed:- Seed propag is the only means of creating diversity. Diversity with
better yield is called chance seedlings. Long lived, productive,adapted to disease
and environment.
Disadvantages

Inferior quality compared to asexual prop.

Viruses like porosis in citrus ,viruses in peach and cheery is transmitted by seeds.
[Link]-Through vegetative parts.(Cloning)
[Link]-vivo(in field)
[Link](leaf,root,stem(Hard wood cutting(Eg:-Fig,Grape, pomegranate),semi hard
wood cutting(eg-Mango) soft wood cutting(Tea),Harbecium cutting(Herbs))
[Link](Patch budding(Aonla),Forkert budding(Rubber),T or Shield
budding(Rose),Ring budding(Ber).)
[Link](Veenear graftingMango,Epicotyl graftingMango,inarching
sapota,Tongue(Apple)
[Link](Simple layering(Raspberry),mould layering(Gauva), Serpentine layering
(mascurdinegrape) and air layering( litchi).
[Link]-Vitro(in lab)

Polyembryony:- More than 1 embryo.

Eg- Mango,Jamun, citrus.
In mango it is developed due to recession gene.

Cutting:-
Leaves- Eg:- Bryfolium
Root- Eg:-Sweet potato,Apple.
Stem cutting:-
[Link] wood cutting- 1 year old branch or previous season, pencil thickness,1-2
buds,1-2 leaves, height 10-45cm.
Cutting done during November-February.
Eg- Grape,Fig, Pomegranate,Rose.
[Link] hardwood Cutting-Length7-20cm,age 5-9 months,pencil shape,2-3 buds,2-3
leaves.
Eg:- Mango,Guava,Aonla,Duranta.
IBA deeping to induce roots.
[Link] wood cutting- age 4-5 months,Height 7-20 cm,pencil width,2-4 buds,leaves 4-
5.
Eg:-Tea.
[Link] or leaf cutting:- age 1-2 months.
Eg:- Edge,hedge.( Alternanthera sp,begonia,etc).

Cutting temperature requires.

Day 21-27degree night 15 degree

Budding
Scion:- propagation part
Rootstock:- when propagation is done
Matrix:- the place for budding.
Spring,summer,rainy (March,April,may june,July and September).
1 year old plant is needed.
a. Patch budding(green budding):- Done in thick plant bark.
Eg:-Aonla,Bael,Rubber.
b.T or Shield budding:- Done in thin [Link] Rose,Ber.
[Link] budding:-Eg:- Ber,peach, mulberry.
Modified ring budding- Flute budding.
[Link] budding-Eg:- Rubber

Layering and Grafting:-

Grafting:-Scoin and rootstock is used.
Double working -Interstock is used.

Tube grafting is used in [Link]:- Tomato,brinjal.

a. Veenear grafting-1-2 year old,Scion 10-15 cm.
In this method other branches are removed for proper nutrients.
Eg:- Mango.
[Link] and tongue grafting:- Apple,Pear and walnut.
[Link] Grafting (Repaired grafting):- Would tissue are repaired.
[Link]/Stone grafting:-used for rapid multiplication. Eg:- Mango.
Micropropogating
Batch culture - Nutrient are added.
Continuous culture - Automatic nutrient are added.
Totipotency- The ability of the ex plants to regenerate.
Passage time- The time between two culturing.
Invitro- lab.
Invivo- field.

Which of the following method suitable for guava propagation-

Stooling.
Asexual propa is also called clonal propagation.

Training and Pruning

1st branch arising from trunk is head.
The branches arising from head is called sccafold branch.
The angle btw primary and secondary branches is called crotch angle.
Best crotch Angle is 45°-60°. Wide angle
Unwanted branches is called Water sprout.
Underground root- Suckers.
From the surface roots arises- off shoot.
Fruiting branches- Spur
Tree in which scaffold branches arises 0.7-0.9 height - lower scaffold branches.
Training :- Grapes,ber,fig,guava.
Types of training
*Harbecious plant:[Link] - Removal of the apical parts.
[Link]-Support with a stick.
Woody plant :[Link] leader system- 1st branch 40-50 cm from gorund. Gap btw
branches 10-15 [Link] frame work [Link] the top branches are active.
Sparying and harvesting cannot be [Link] called closed center system.
[Link] central system(Vase shaped):- Will not grow tall (1m),Width increases,
Sparying easy, thinning easy, Quality fruits. Maximum sunlight,Better fruit,Main frame
is not strong. Can't resist wind, Continuous Pruning required.
[Link] leader system-Mixer of both open centre and closed centre. Height 2-3m
trunk and then cut.
Vine plant:
Kniffen(2-4arm) ,Crodon1arm ,Espalier(more than 4 arm),6 Cane(over head,
Telephone system) system done in grapes.

Tutura/Y tree - Intro from Australia ,v Shaped appear, Main apperance Y. Grapes
training modern system.

Bower system,pergola system,Mandap,pandal roof like str.

Example Espalier system -Apple.
Pergola system popular in Tamil Nadu
.Most widely adopted training method for fruit crop - Modified leader system.
Pruning is done to make plant productive,good quality of fruit,longitivity and good
shape.
Types of Pruning
Heading back:- Removal of branches from the terminal end.
Thinning out:- Removal of branches from the point of its orgin.
Dehorning:- Removal of overlapped branches to avoid crowd or dense.
It is done to induce flower. Eg:- Mango
Thinwood Pruning:-Removals of small or thin branches.
Bulk pruning:- Heavy pruning or more removal of branches. It's done to for good
production.

Types of Pruning on the basis of purpose

[Link] pruning:- Plants whose structure is only maintained. Eg:- Christmas tree.
[Link] Pruning:-Production is maintained. In decidous plants only 1 time
done [Link]:-grape,
[Link] pruning:- renewal of plants production by heavy Pruning.
Seasons of Pruning:-
Dormant pruning:-In winter season. Most of the times it is done.
Summer pruning:-
Special horti practices for inducing fruiting:-
Bending:-Eg:- Guava but inLucknow 49(sardar) var it is not done.
Smudging:- Smoke treatment for early ripening of fruit. It is done to induce off
season flower as well.
Ringing and Girdling:- The removal of the skin or tissue of the branch in order to stop
the backflow of nutrients.
It is used to increase the size of beery and grape.
Making a notch Above bud is called notching.
Making a notch below the bud is called Nickling.
Classification of fruits
Based on Climate
Tropical- 20-30°C temp required .Papaya,
Jackfruit,Sapota,Cashew,Mango,Coconut,ketha,Guava,Banana,
pineapple,Carambola.
Sub tropical
Temperate:-Litchi, Pomegranate,Koranda,marinda,Bael,Annoniaceae,Grape,Date
pulm,Amla,jamun,fig,citrus,Ber. Apple,Pear,Peach,Plum, Strawberry,Walnut, Almond,
Cherry,Kiwifruit,Pecanut,Avacado.
Arid and semi arid- Ber annonaceae, Pomegranate,date palm,Bael,Phalsa,
Jamun,fig.
Based on ripening behaviour:-
[Link]:-Mango, Papaya,Banana,Passion fruit,kiwi,Annona,
Jackfruit,Sapota,Muskmelon,Custurd apple,apple,Guava, Tomato.
[Link] climatic:- Pomegranate, Grape, Pineapple, Citrus,
Watermelon,litchi,Jamun,ber,Castor, Strawberry.

Alternate bearing habitat:- mango,olive,apple,persimmon,plum,pecanut,datepalm.

Heterostyle:-litchi,cashew,walnut,sapota,pomgranaye.

Mango
Magnifera Indica
Bathroom fruit, Symbol of love,pride fruit of Hindusthan, National fruit of India,King of
fruit, Ambassador fruit,Chocist fruit.
Family-Anacardiaceae
Edible part-Mesocarp
Fruit -Drupe
Inflorescence- Panicle
2n=4X=40(x=10)
Indo Burma (S.E Asia)
Growth of fruit March,April,may ,June.
Highest weight of fruit in May.
Soil-All types of soil(best alluvial) but not in black [Link] should not be 7.5 . Ideal pH
6.5-6.8
Kurkuran var can tolerate high pH.
Temp -24-27°C.
Flowering- Jan -feb
Rainfall =25-250cm
Short day plant.
Early var= Gopalbjog,Gulabkhas,Swarnrekha,Bagenpalli(safeda),Alphanso,Sindhuri,
Bombay green, Bombay yellow,Jafrani.

Late var- Tamuriya,Manpasand,Neelum,Chausa, Motia,Fazli.

South India - Neelum,Totapuri,Banglore,Bagenpalli, Alphanso.
North India- Chausa,Langra,BombayG,Dasheri
Poly embroyny rootstock:- Olour,Goa,Mulgao,Bappakai,Chandrakar
an,Valicolambun-chrno 80(Octaploid var)

Sweet var- Chausa

High T.S.S:- Saheb pasand(28),Xavier(24)
VitA:-Mallika(6000IU)
VitC:- BoombayG
Mutant:- Rosica
Apple shaped:-Rumani
Off-Season:-Niranjan,Madhulika
North:-Dasheri
South:-Baganpalli
High density planting:-Ammrapalli
First hybrid:-Mallika
Peak shaped:-Totapari
Terpentine:-Langra
Perfect flower:-Langra
Double cross:-Arka Suprabhat
Pickle:-B.G,Totapari,Ram kela
Wine:-B.G
Seedless:- Sindhu.
Alphanso:- For export and used for canning.

Amrapalli:- DasherixNeelum
Mallika:- NeelumxDasheri
Ratna:- NeelumxAlphanso
Sindhu:-RatnaxAlphanso
Arka Anmol:-AlphansoxJanadhan adyas.
Arka Puneet:-AlphansoxBanganpalli.
Arka Suprabhat(Double cross hybrid var)
Ampralli=2.5x2.5m
Dasheri=3.0x2.5m
Common 10x10m.

Black tip:- Dasheri (Carbon monoxide,SO2,CO2 gas)

Due to Boron deficiency.
Away from brick kiln,Spray of boron.
Spongy tissue:-
Alphanso var
Calcium or potassium deficiency.
Resistant var:- Ratna.
Mango Malformation:-
Bahadur,Alim, Elaichi rest var
Mostly occur :- BombayG,Chausa.

Insect
Mango Stem Hopper(Amritodus Atkinson)

Banana:-
Tree of wisdom,Kalpatru,Adam fig,Tree of heaven,Tree of paradise.
SC :-Musa paradiciaca
Family:- Musaceae
Chrn no :- 22,33,44
Origin:-South east Asia
Edible part:- Meso and Endocarp
Fruit type:- Berry
Inflorescence:- Spadix.

Pmusa
[Link] accuminata (AA)
Origin:- Malasia
[Link] Balbisianana (BB)
Origin:- Indo Burma

Soil :- Laterite,Water loving plant, Tropical pH 6.5-7.5.

Climateric nature,Temp-22-27°C,Day neutral plant.
Phloem fibre in banana- thread like fibre.
Rainfall:-2500mm-7500 mm.
Hydrophytic plant.
Sugar percent:-27%
Banana ripe aroma;Eugenol
Aroma over ripe:- Isopentanol
Cigar leaves :- round leaves in the top.
Banana has pseudostem(Made from leaves).
Monocarpic in nature.
New suckes:- Peppers
Sword sucker
Maidan sucker
Sword sucker(500-750g) used for propagation.

Operations:-
Denalving:-Male part is removed after the completion of female phase.
Desuckering:-Removal of unwanted suckers from the mother plant.
Dehandling:- Removal of false finger ( small banana) from the branches.
Detrashing:- Removal of unwanted parts or diseases parts.
Mettocking:- Removal of the pseudostem from 0.7 m height in order to provie
nutrient to the sword suckers.
Wrapping:-Cover of the branches from the Sunlight using polythene.
Propping:- Support with a Stick to the pseudostem at the time of branch emergence
is called propping.
Panama rest var:-Basari dwarf,Poovan.
Chip var:- Nendron.
Baby powder:- Kunon.

Payapa:-
Melon tree,Backward tree,Common Man fruit,Breakfast fruit
SC:- Carissa Papaya
Mountain papaya:- Carissa Candamarcensis.
Family:- Cariceae
Origin:- Mexico
Chrno:- 18.
:-
Yellow colour(Caricaxathin)
1:10 male female ratio.
Seed rate:-400-500 g per ha
Small fruit
Var:- Pusa Nanha(HDP,Mutant var,Gamma rays,1.2X1.2,6400,Pusa gaint(Tooty
fruity),CO5(Best for papain)
Papain(70-90 days mature Papaya ,with 45-60°C)-72.3 protein,Contraseptic
pills,Meet softness.(Pepsin enzyme)
Gynodiocius:-
Red colour(Lycopene)
1:20 male female ratio.
Seed rate:-250-300g/ha
Big fruit
Var:- Surya,Coorg honey,Thiland,Sunrise solo,Pusa majestry,Pusa
delicious,Taiwan,CO3.
Papaya seed coupling:- Sarcotesta.

Guava:-
Poor man's apple,Apple of tropics.
SC:- psidium guajava.
Family:-Myrtaceae.
Chrn-22
Type of fruit:- Berry
Inflorescence:- Cyme
Edible part:- Pericarp and thalamus.
Origin:- South America (Peru).
Sugar :- Fructose.
3 Bahar
[Link]-Feb-march June- july
[Link] June July oct nov(Best bahar)
[Link] oct nov Feb March .

Elimination the Ambe bahar :- cause better production of mrig bahar is called Bahar
regulation.
Debloosming:- Flowers are eliminated.
Varities:- Lucknow 49 (Sardar),Lalit,Allahabad safed, shweta,Chittidar,Hansi,Arka
mridula,Allahad round, Allahabad surkha,Arka amulya,Sharampur seedless,Pant
prabhat,Hissar sukh,Pusa shreejan.

Ber:-
Poor's man fruit ,Arid king,[Link] :- Zigiphus jujba(Chinese) tropical .
[Link](Indian)Arid.
Family:-
Chrn :- 48
Origin:- Indo china
Fruit:- Drupe
Non climatic
Rajasthan ,salt tolerant.

Varities**-
Banarsi,Kadaka,Najuk,ketli,Mehroom,Rashmi,Sanam,Umran,Elaichi,mundia,Gola,Da
na Dan,seb.
Gola and seb early var.
Umran late var.
Citrus :-
Family:-Rutaceae
Chrn 2n-18

Mosambi(Sweet orange)
SC name:- Citrus sinensis
Prevalent varieties:- Mausami,Jaffa,Malta,Hamlia, Pineapple,Washington,noval

Mandarin
Kenno=King X willow made by( H.B Frost ) 1st brought in Punjab.
Citrus reticulata
Origin:- China
Var:-Nagpuri,Kamla,Ladad.

Pummelo
Citrus maxima
Var:- Tenaka

Grape fruit
Citrus Paradiso
Var :-Marsh,Seedless.

Lime
Citrus arantifolia
Origin- India
Var:- Mexican paramalani,Vikram,Chakradhar.
Lemon
Citrus Limon
Origin-India
Var :- Lucknow seedless
Sweet lime
Citrus Lamatoides
Origin -China
Var:- Sharabti
Kumquat
Family:- Rutaceae

Classification of Vegetables
Types of inflorescence
[Link]:- No flower on the main top axis.

[Link]:- Flower in the main top axis.

Tomato
Solanum lycopersicum
Family :- Solanaceae(Night shade)
Origin:-Peru([Link])
Chrn-24
Edible part:- Fruit (Berry)
Wolf peach

Red colour:- Lycopene(24°C) Above 27°C lycopene production stops.

Tangarin(light red colour)colour in Tomata:- Pro lycopene.
Determinate:-Growth is fixed.
Inflorescence in every internode.
Production is less.
Self topping habbit.

Indeterminate:- Growth is not fixed.

Inflorescence occurs in every third internode.
Production is more.
Used in polyhouse.
Poor man orange- India
love of apple- England
Universally treated as protected fruit**
Pollination-21°C
Lycopene production:-21-24°C
Lycopene destruction-27°C
Fruit set failure at day temp 38°C and night temp below 13°C

Low temp var- Pusa sheetal.

High temp var:-Pusa H1.
For low and high:- Pusa Sadabahar.
Kitchen garden var:- Angur Lata.
Pear shaped var:- Punjab Chuara.
Triple disease resistance:- Arka Rakhashak.
Protected cultivation var:-
Normal:- Pusa Ruby.
Introduction var from USA:-
Marvel
Best of all
Tiptop
Money maker
Sioux
Labonita
Roma
Ageti.
Sowing time
Hill:- March April
Plain:- June -Nov
Kerala:- Feb
Seed rate***
OP:- 400-500 g
Hybrid :- 125-175g
Cracking :- Boron deff
Blotchy ripening- K deff
Puffiness or pocket:- Low or high temp , improper pollination.
Blossom end rot:+ Ca deff+High temp+irregular water s
upply.
Sun scald- excessive exposure to Sunray.
Cat face:- Abnormal growing condition.
Acidity in tomato :- Citric acid .
In seed:- oxalic acid.
Rabi season - Long day
Kharif season crop- Short day.
Day neutral - Tomato,Brinjal,chilli,okra,cowpea,Rajma(French bean), Cucurbitaceae.

Brinjal :-
Poor man's casp
Eggplant
Auber green
Solanum melongena
Family Solanaceae
Chrn-24
Origin:- India
Edible part-Fruit
Inflorescence:- Cyme
Type of fruit:- Berry
Colour - Anthocyanin
Day neutral
Often cross pollination
Heterostyle
[Link] Style:- Maximum flowers and fruits
[Link] short:- less flower or no flower.
Propagation through seed.
Seed rate
OP:- 400-500g
Hybrid- 150-200g
Toxic substance(Alkoloid compound)- Solasodin.
Pentamorous flower.
Contains B+ ,B2.
Tube grafting is done.
Serious weed for brinjal and tobacco :- Orobanche
Transgenic brinjal:- By MAHYCO through Cry 1 ac
14% area is covered by hybrid.
Var:-
IARI:-
Pusa purple long
Pusa purple round
Pusa purple cluster
Pusa Bindu
Pusa shyamla
Pusa bhairav
Pusa anupam
Pusa kranti
Pusa uttam
BH-2 (Bharta marking)
Arka var
[Link]
[Link]
A kesav
A kusumaker
A nidhi
A anand
A navneet
White brinjal :- Good for dietetics.
Summer flowering:- 5:30-6 am
Winter flowering- 11am

Chilli/Capsicum:-
2n=24
Hot pepper,Bell pepper,Sweet
pepper
SC :- Capsicum spp
Origin:- Tropical America
Solanaceae
Highest productivity of chilli- AP.
Chilli can tolerate more temp than brinjal and other Solanaceae crops.
Chilli flower drop:- >35°C
Fruit drop-40°C
Highest pungency part of chilli:- Placenta.

Pusa jawala
[Link]

Capsicum
1st var:- Bharat
**Sweet banana
Pusa Deepti **
Cucumber
Cucumis sativus.
Chr-14
India
97% water
Monocious.
Seed rate -2.5-4 kg
AVG induces Male flower
Agno3 induces Male and bisexual flower
Ethrel induces female flower.
Var:-
1st F1 Hydrid:- Pusa Sanyog
Pillow disorder:- Ca deficiency.

Muskmelon
Wholesome food
Cucumis Melo
Chr-24
Origin-Tropic Africa
Seed rate:- 2-3 kg/ha
Dibbling-1 kg
Immature(Pickling)
Mature(fresh consumption)
Transportation:- Half slip stage
In local market:- Full slip stage.
Edible portion of melons contains 90% water and 10% CHO.
Var
Arka Jeet high tss
Arka Rajhas for transport
Pusa Madhurima
Pusa Sharbati
Kashi madhu
F1 Hydrid
Pusa Rasraj.
Punjab Hybrid
Watermelon
Citrullus lanatus
Food of 22nd century,common man fruit.
2n-22
Origin-Tropical Africa.
93%water.
Seed rate 3-5kg / ha
Seedless var:- Pusa bedana,(Tetra2xPusa rasal) 2n-33 triploid var (Dr Kihara)
White head discord occurs.
Metal sound- immature
Dull sound- Matured.
Var:-
Asahi yomata Japan var
Sugar baby USA
Durgapu mettha
1st hybrid -Arka Jyoti

Round Melon
Citrullus vulgaris var fistulosus
Chr - 24
Origin-India
Called squash melon, Indian squash,Tinda
Used for cough and blood circulation.
Var :-
Pusa Raunak.

Bittergourd
Chr-2n-22
Momordica charantia
Rich source of iron
Cheratin:- Anti dibetic property
Seed protein:- Ricine (anti HIV)
Var:-
Pusa Aushadi
Pusa Purve
Pusa rasdar
Pusa do mausami
Pusa vishesh
Arka Anupama
Arka Harit
White colour vari:-
Priyanka,Preeti, Priya.

Bottle gourd
White flower gourd
Lagenaria siceraria
Chrn-22
Origin- Africa and India.
Pinching in male flower.
Seed rate 6-8 kg

Snake gourd
Cucumber of the southern barbarians
Trichosanthes cucumerina
2n-24
India