water eteam Pnahles which Pneroy nrecsre converted

velocity
water) (warning boiler extinguishing
thus hole
to
is

rhe
passes
of
water (condensd) steam
low
the
combine
fire
central through blows stean melts uncovers. level
and
the

of tube
into
and
of
imparted
jet

as
velocity
out
and
the tin
in the
plug
the
steam.
condenses flling-does
water falling submerged,
tn this to
steam
it of

is
the

Some
supply.
and
not
tin
The

with
then melt
water surface pressure
but
is
plug
long
atmospheric injector
as
as

mixes
gases. exposed other while water covered always
of

This
plug

by

the-
to
is
of

on
suction forced
hot
or
if fire
Water pipe. suction vacuun partial damaged heating boiler
is
operation normal water.
up

waterthe
the
the low

is
in

into
pipe
by
that
creates
one
by be
steam velocity velocity. eniergy pressure the'boilerplate screwed
In
converts highest above point
might
point
jet
high
This
is
Plug
which
the

of
some

to

a
nozzle, steam expanding rhrough
end the
which alloy metal
injector enters Steam open. almost
inta,
valve around point melting
a
soft

tin

is
of
atpure
is
having bronze
steam pressure outside thread
450°
steam same against boler tapered
water force filled center
the
when
to

the
the
into
with and
on
plug

in
falls level water
hole
press steam direct Ejector boilers. steam fails control boiler level
feed.water consist operate.
low

and
to

the
into
to
is
to

uses
ejectorFig againt boiler protect
It
It
level. water
melts
Fusible
low
to
used

plug
is
It

The

in

F.with of case

used Steam

4(b)
2)
fine very theFig
plug

ta)
against
closed
valve.
element. non-return contains operate,
pump
cllur
continuous
tofed device automatic bleed
Don't tank.
it

to
the

teed
return to-prevent-the
off
leak
pass
boiler water
the
run
or
incase.
back
economizer heaters, fails
provide protect head. static boiler
used

of
) is

the
it from
valve check
pump
Jate feed
the.

and

To

the
and
order
pump
resištance, system overcome
work, through
valves,
Feed
It6)

to

the

pipe
loss
pumping device
feed
should boiler. water
designed
activate which
for
switch alarm
to
used
It

the
waterfall
in
Pumps. Boiler rises.
be
It
as

should
or
Common audible. clearly
types
feed
level attached float,
is 1)
They

are
algrms
arm,
These
along fitted
operation efficient
be low
and

boiler.
Higt
5)

are

for
the

time

of
the
accessories Boiler
reading. false
ternperatures
might
fig
effect havea
4.:4
meter
and

parts
High

subjected being
cause

also

bad
temperatures,
on
expand would
tubes.
from

to

pressure transmit
high

which
gauge.
prevents
the
spring
tube
delicate other
production
minimum
circulation,
to

the

damage could
Thus

the

gange entering
tube

and
tube.
collected water
steam
steam
condensations
to
not

which
boiler
from

operation.
upset
is

gauge
It

siphon
from

water maintaining
prevent
that
steam
a

off
slowly
blow
is
reduce
valve
The

shock.
isDon't
open.

Blow
in
it
for

when
down
must

seal
blowing removed
to
repairs.
a

to
Open
Precaution
it

blowing
isyour
when take

off
hand
Never
can

if
when
be

off
valve
placed
adjacet connection gauge
gauge
when

off
or

in
be
have for must
cock

the

boiler
the
unless
to
length
10ft. exceeds
point
dificulties
the

to
from
line

experienced.
of
the

directly gauge
pipe

boiler, connected
other
gauge

placed
the

may
added
steam
the

be
where
concentrations
no
is

should
to

solids
may
plain lighted
water
boiler
be operator
valve

below
may

be

to

keep
means
removing
view

in
in
well
be
so-A on IfIt

the
water
and

pressure
of

3
the

safety
system boler valve.
fresh
water
As

of

from
a
accidentally.
of

of the
the

steam
so
pressure
should gauge
that
graduated
least
times
The

permit
lowering
be

boiler
at
to

level column water

set
the

connection steam
11/2

become
to

remove
the
or

of
the
precipitated
2.
sludge Should
if

has
scale. loose directly connected
water
boiler
it

too
point highest
high
space
To To
k
purposes three serve
or
Requirements
on
be

the

of

steam
the
at

They
- -

located
lower
point
boiler. gauge pressre Steam diaphragm Bourdon
It's

the

of
the
43{)_3law-
and
tube

indicate
pressure
steam
FL
boiler.
types
Blow

atdown
used
k's

9)
the
to

in

off
pressure
The
the
of

Cak
E4:3).
main
two

are

Provided
Steam

necessary
4)

observe
gauge

condensate
Sight
glass
to
where
down,
pevuwlscaly
remDVe
t

sedimat
low.
8)
should
suitable
purpose piping
blowung
Clean
have
They

drain

Water
cork

renew scale,
drain

guards glass
with

least
for

should
level water obscure
a

year.
of

and
soot

at
Maintenance
not

a once
--
 d

this
to
ted
to

Waterthe

ates
a

51.
which steam

press
peva
un

the

Phc
covide
feed
:,
ned

in

mage
when
alloy
if
off

Aichar
metal
t
below
atey
water
o

high

dem
b (C)
44
steam
Eiy
glas
dan
Mo
 50.
-J,
atrectt
cdsvictin Jhsard
tuvbe
smalie
utiide
dine
ln,

staek.
to

ibe

hevnaueut
gnet

Aate,
atey
gia)
youyo
ht
LJay SCine
as

coniteel
clv

teheateyD
nouisry
Superha (hutonetialey.
þarts
wetele cotni
Doiler
vcl
7bey

level
Cout

MowbRy
Eas
Cemþacines.
atr

Safle
45.
Fig
check lift
valve
water) (warning boiler extinguishing
enter
boiler.
velocity
and
low
the
the

converted
ot
in
fire
thus
hole

preSsre
energy,
is

Wica
Cnabies to

49
waci
Lae

OL
sai

w
 shpbheab
6
citer.
eau
huhevte
Secoucdavy,
ject
Arstaa
alloy Peatet.
mell
-tetonn
Suft
-atet
drem
FLy44
49.

36
 turbine
before
admission
pressure
turbine.
preserving
purpose
to

low
corrosive.
temperature
i.e.

steam
the
already
pressure
Its

the
moisture
to
is
Reheater conjunction
steam
raise

of

in
sued
sulphur
high
dioxide
in
highly
water
with

6)
the
condense
is
gases
gases.
too
feed

cold
Corrosion
may
boiler
within
am
it
beater.
ste
obstruction.
the
inin

flue
Ifthe

This
due
Unless
isto
carefuly
air
designed
ecogomizer
ratio
greatly
lessen
&
draught
through
transfer.
temp
Fuel

air
limitarion Space
can

the
Formation
Design
factors
considered.
which ubes,
rermoved
of
increase
oD
soot
space
Intensified
combustion
be
permits
must
faster
to
variarion
flucuating.
up
They

heat
take
Economizer
Dcrease installation
chimney
load
losses. expensive.
&&
DisdvaoLages
Lower
grade
successfuily. burned
can

be
fuel
increases
eficiency. boiler
It
requiied
Prebeated coavert
increases water
speed steam
combustion lessened
loads, steaming
Time

capacity
to

air
worik
of
into
Waste
recovery. beat
at
all
thus
dye

etc.

Economizer
Advantages provides
preheaters water,
would
otherwise
laundries
air
hot
easier
pre-hearers
which
clean.
recuperative
regenerative.
be

in
used
to

The

of
of air
Prevention
are
rvpes
scale
and
formarion,
small
combustion. scale
forms
gases economizer,
used

to
which
air
warn
to
of

for
be
recovery heat Waste
used
exchanger
The
the
installed
in
between
the
ilue

up
warm
gases
is

air.
outlet
It
stack Advantages
is

heat
economizer.
a
preheaters.
the
Figa.6
(bher)
and
flue

and

is
of

Air
5)
rube.
suppors. fitting gases
should
contact
entire
heating
surfac
and
fue
The

in

should joints.
come

allowance
with
expansion
the
of
pipes
working
conditions
Tubes
There

for
should should
of
access easy expand
in
without contract
clean. puting
strains
The

to
be
cube

to
There
and
to
able

should
and

arnount
rapid surface heating
ransfer limited
on
termperature final
exist
Steam.
The

be be be
of

resistance
is

passage
hot
from
of
by

oxidation.
gas uniform should
heat
permit
to
velocity constant
flue
at
flow.
Gas

Material
to
be

Should
to

superheating zccumulation prevent

of
should should
easily
cleaned.
srength
for
design
used
principles
of

super
and

economizer Requiremeats
dust

heater.
have
be

temp
high

and

high
Good
provided.
of
of

good

ifregulator
closed. boiüer
Thermal
efficiency
pump
feed
or

the

required
against protect economiser
impröved pressure excessive
greater
exchange
Necessity
can
to to
on

feed

be
only
isthem

control ternperarure
(desuperhearing).
of water
if
boling below raised
valves Relief point.
heat

area
for
requires
temp

is
of

resistant terperahre
is

the

water
pump are
just

material aon-steaming point. boiling

economizer
construction.
It
the

the
of

heat
expensive
to

for
super boiler.
In

heater. economizer There

economizer stearming i.e.
raises which
use
Itis
wo

to
Diadvantages
ere

a
of

pleced
ypes

prehear gases
going before water
path
the

Waste
feed
the
to
of
in

recovery. heat
the
îlue

in

heating device
gases means water feed
boiler.
superheated
for
is
It

rom
a

Economzer.
the
of
by

increases
is
flue

It

overall
efficiency
Use

of
Superheated
plant.
steam
stearn
Fg

higher
the
4d)

content
of
Superheated
work. 'steam
called hester super parts second
heatct. super secondary
heat

thus

do
to
able
¢,motreYed Adyngi
corrosive. moisture
themore
of

has has
no
super prinary called
comes heater.
followed atemperator
)

less
i.e.
Then
part

is

the

steam temperatre
divided superbeat lowered
parts.
absorb
of

radiant
two
is

The

convective
The

causes steam caryng

is

injected water evaporaion

heat.
.classification
or
the
tbe

of
This

includes
and

tbus

radiant water quantity sotme temperaure

around njected
convection
type, raising
depending
pressure.
the
in so into
of

whether
cold

and
steam. superheat degree
is

located temperature coptrol

nearer
combustion
the

on
chamber. device
the

In
orof
of

by frst the pipene

the
to

is
or

4.4C)
they
used
is

general superheat (desuperbeater)

attemperator Steam
the
-stearm
(increase
Fi

is

heater
used

The
temperature)
a
4-6(4c).
without
lt 3)

the
IttoFig
Super
It4)
 tubes. thinning
54,
avoid exeessive
velocity uniform
form
should Nozzle
to
not
and
jet

of
boiler.
parts
accumulations
gases
combustible unburned avoid
of
in

some
to
reasonable
steaming boiler
keep
blowing recommended.
high
the

at

the rate
is

When

to
be

sure
aunosphere
Lagging insulation. cause
shell boiler pipes
lack
the

and
of
is
blowing
of
soot Requirements boiler piping, through
surounding walls
of
the

the
into
the
lost
and heat
This

radiation through
d)

lost
Heat

air.
compressed steam using
tubes
to

or
through soot.-
the
interval,
rear
blowers permanently.
air.
the
The

to
at

blow
installed
are

used
blowers mechanical
brushes removed.
coating enough provide equipment draught Adjust mnoxide. carbon burmt
coal
the

or
by

soot
to
to

trnsfer.
heat restricts insulator
acts surface boiler present carbon combustion oxygen enough isn't there
soot
an
is on
of
the
and
for
when

surface. heating
in
blow maintenance boiler
This

used incomplete
combustion:
A
to

from
in

The coat
are
due

and soot
to
is c)

blowers.
lost
Heat

X
They Soot
accommodate. able
to

removal Methods
flame wide being fuel spray could PF-types,
of
to
of
to

the
for
tog
the
due
be
it

2)
combustion. prevents molten with together freezes grates
In

be or
oil
and
ash
or

cleaning. through falls umbunt

where common this boilers, fuel solid With
the
coal
downs shut between period
the
is

reduced availability
Boiler
fuel unburned through lost Heat
for
due
is

to
transfer. retard
efficiency boilet reduce Solids
b)

ie

heat
operator. boiler (oxic)
harmful Deposit
used). moisture together
to
be
fuel
(dry
the
with

removal Reasons
is
in

hydrogen combustion formed stearn,

oil.

together combustion
1)

may for
the
rom
with

of
gases
200°C. i.e. 175°C
the
from
in

dry
form

removal
then

of

deposits solids Boilers

is

above
heat

temp chimney means

This

This acids.
condensation avoid
the

be
must
lostthat

order 175'C below allowed should

chimney
in

position. closed
fall
not

to
when valves
of temp
gas
The

to
be

gases
chimney through
Heat
in
is
it
relief
valve, blow-down valve, check
sealing efficient
the
a)

lost

and
feed
of
ubes. flues
Test
cleanliness Check
plant. steam
of
losses Heat
all
joints.
&
flange flanges necessary
renew Inspect
in

the

and
all
as
lagging.
repair Inspect
shelliei
boiler closed
firom apartment
difierent place
all
cakes
&&
distortion. cracking
plates furmace Check
of

Combustion
at

that

shell. boiler
distinct
combustion grate
for
for
all

or
the
from

wash. white
or
The

part
fire

boüer fired Externally

coats
applying
brickwork porous cracks
small
of
46)
is Fiq

wo

or
far
or
by,
or

more
Treat
ingess allow would
which cracks. brickwork
Check
of
for

air.
all
drum. boiler
checks
within
available
grate chain
energy. external
the

supply
down
drum. shell
ut
Sb
X2)
if

is
The

control. alarm within

No

embedded
of

shell same
contained
ubes smoke
level gauge. level convection
tank. boiler e.g. procedures
down blow daily
Carry
radiaticn
&
are

in

through water
heating direct
and

shell inside
place takes
out
Combustion
all. function
shows which readings. reading,
of
for

at
47(u) boiler fired Ioteroally
or

no
abnomal Investigating
als. inter regular
gauges pressure
Check
Fig

any
at
all

charts. the
boilers fired externally
indicated Ioternally
These limis. nomal outside
readings Investigate
on
are
any

the
&

hours.
wenty-four every
once recorders charts
)

Change
in
on

all
corrosion
checks. routine Runoing erosion.
blades,
turbine harm
and

would which
to

become
sbould stage
1)

low-pressurt
servicing boler Routine
too

steam rcheater
wet

therTe
trbine
stage
in

low-pressure
due the

auality
if

no
is

the
of

the
in

the

J2.
3
55
gives spols small connection. their
occurs uniform corrosion off blank and valve safety Remove
the
and
but
not

or
is

pits
ent. comes water until waler warn with boiler Fill
that
holes). (small metal
pits formation dry.
rom
manhole, Close
out

in
of
except valves close holes,
also
body
valve.
Its
and

is
in of

This
aliemativcly suface oxidation caused metal occurs
all
hand

of
by
on
Procedure
vent

wet
is
and
the
It
Pitting
major
repairs
boiler.
Upon

the
of
carried
construction.
It

new
shell.
on
out
carried Wben
)
boiler meal stressed strucure crystalline upon acting water alkaline
its

out

of
of
the
cracks minute crysLalline inner result
steel weakening This
boilers
suficient) must shell
of

due
as
is

to
of
a
be
withstand boilers sure
(strength pressure steam
Emb:taimint
can
the

of

the
that
tubes joints welds,
leakage. tight, connections
V)
To To

make all
see

no
are
carrying Reasons
ie
replaced
for
must tubes Blistered ubes.
out

and test

be
the
weakening areas overheated Blisters tubcs. overheating
BOILERS TEST HYDRAULIC
the
form
the

in
of

thus
water trarnsfer preventing tubes settles sludge
OF
causing
the
when

to
in

heat
waterside Solid
thus
happens blisters. cause ubes generating lower
removing
scraper when
rotated.
of
the
in

This
are

is
soot

steaming. boiler
scrappers
tube, closely
Blisters III)
hand
The
is

fit
are

in
to

the
deposits removal
made
surface hearing scraper
the

from
of
is

thusthe
when
by
soot
This

cleaning On-line
elasticity. their stretched,
Shortage
thus
plates resulting water,.
overheated becoming
examined physically
removed deposits loose cieaned
in
of

the
brush.
and
unsupported resulting stays Broken
plates
be

hand
are

in
&

by
completely boilers done This
enable which down shut
resulting again scale, choked spaces Water
overheating
are
the
when
is

the

to

by
unit

of
in
plate Thin
ubes
cleaning
Of-line
bulging Causes
of
tubes. clean since replaced
produced. swelling
not
will

be
it

able

should tube loose become wear start brush when Jength full
is.
in
to to

a
change
it
the
the and
the

flow. direction
eroded weakening though pass must brush nube. each through brush provided, brush Using
there bend
to

of
due

to
Due
occurs
the
be the
The

of
velocity steam
erosion causes
bends
cleaning
high
at
when
This

the
Bulging
at
of of

pipe
Tube

In
canvas. protected
formation tubes
groove
by

metal.
a
of
brickwork surface cold boiler when done This parts. cooled
or

body
the
contraction.
the
of
occurs Grooving
and
and

areas
of
is
is

formation bends
out

lines
water o0ther supports heaters super brickwork, refractory reaching
in in

such
found These
as

on
owing plates
movement thei
non
and
the

of
i.e.
expansion using
from water prevent taken surface. boiler form away break deposits
in
are

to
C

to
is
to

and
Grooves
the

principle causes This nozzle. from

water high-pressure This
I)
of
is

the
use
the

lancing Water
BOILER
DEFECTS
area. cicancd
prcssure. this
to
go

should deposits order

sequence corect work should Blowers
piece
before
position fited
subjected
in
in

not

hydraulic
Each
that

temp. high
pressure withstand sbould blower tube
its
gradually. Nozzle
in
its

is

to
a
&

of

at
test
part.
every reach
setting roate should
Blower
pressure this
areas until
to

examined
release leaks, soft. blowing
before slightly draft
hold
and
increase Always
Using
hydraulic hand
be
can
raise purnp
for
pressure
slowiy
times
a

to

112

the

the save
cleaniny
-ubu

Waty

lanans
37
 es

the
also
is ly

wet

boiler
to
Jue

maintained.
alkalinity
ensure intervals
regular
water
sample take press.
is
to
furnace
leakage
Check
oxygen. against rise sharp upon
protect open
which door.
and
boiler explosion boiler
any
waler
of
Fiting
for
added
soda
caustic
can
alkali
in

of the
with
atmosphere.
the
gases
1o
dissolved
expelling
of
water
Use

an

at tothe
Warm vent.
open
to
flame. window
othervise inspection good-sized
for
water Provide
the
Lop
dearated with
boiler
a
Fill
tO
conditions.
see
freezing ening
or
there when
a
month
least
needed
will
are
boiler
when done using
at
This
a
for
flame. incorrect Correct
be
the not
the
no is
opens
Wet-storage
adjustments. drafi
ratio.
a)
checking
program
maintenance
inspection periodic
storage) Serup
(Boiler boiler
fuel
åir
laying
ie
Methods
and

the
up
of
operational. valves
Check
res1arting.
, before boilers Purge
if

are
the
S
and

clean. equipment allied

burmer
level.
water
Check
and
Keep

the
for
level. right pressure
Keep
valves.
necessary
Close
of
oil
temp

a
&

all

the
pressure.
operating utions
record Preca
Check
&
boiler.
stopping
before
Preparation control.
regulating fuel there
automatic faulty
the
caused
This
atempLed.
ignition
before
by
may

-ends
be

from gases
combustion
purge fails
closed. operalor When
properly down
blow that
box
fre
Check
the
to

is
is the

the
explosion)
(firebox explosion
again. Furnace
lighting before
up
vapour furnace
clear
elapse time enough
allow
oil
the
cause.
to
from blow
to
burmer valve. safery limit
ignite does high-pressure
spray
On

any
if
failure
out
pressure
s

the
or
one
at
the
and

oil
If
excess contain
not
able
boiler when
of
to happens This
due
io
and

iS

not

leakages..
breakages
Check
or
for
2ccidents
pressure Excess
lighting
pressure
temperature
thatfci
are

up
and
d
See
rube.
down
melt
complete
deforming
bulking
of

i.e. ubes
line. darmage
to

boiler
cause
and

This waer.
of

inadequate
fuel
open valves with operating
tank fuel boiler
enough when occurs
thatthere Check This
can

on

the
and
is

are
oil

in
is

air
at
st

properly. accidents
closed
should
doors
bvge
Lea

be
atia
Dry

fire

All
e

e^:
the

advei tank.
feed accidents Types save
water
enough
ir
there
in
of

glass
the
gauge from correct
level water that
Check
is
and
is
O
see
ACCIDENTS
BOILER
boiler
starting when
Precaution
tbe
metal.
rest 'the
than
of

impurities contain away

ealen
which that parts
boiüers metal.
Firing
unifomity lack caused
be

are
may

Pitring
It

appcarance combed boney

the

meal
in
of
by
is
a

KemoVe
sauCL)
va

v
 mater
in
varves
ar
S
emi-opea
following done. should inspection Boiler
checked. areas
are
having
The
be
Test. Hammer
l
d
2.
action ADDual
twC
It

has
Closed
or
water. untreated
action
of
performance.
chemical deformities. accessories drawm, rubes. boilers parts
of

for
the
all
For
should
allocating
optimum achieve loads
data

used

in
be

3
to
form
cfficiency determine
curves
boilers.
test. Visual
CO,
new daa
This Use
then
lõad

1.
for

is
shrou
water steamn
leakage
repair.
TEST. COLD
any

or
Note

air,

and

I's
peller
combustion.
required.
treatment condition
Measure
to
determine
and
its
air'or excess
incomplete
respect judgment inspector allow brickwork Remove
nents
sack

CO,
CO,
gas

to
eietre phit,:
to

his
all
cell..
with
make
clen

te
Calibrate
ihsthnentaion.
pump water. high-pressure spray with tubes
of
d

al
should.be mountings boiles
shell opening after cleaned
action Weekly
All

the
out
wash
istence
o
hose. high-pressure using waterside
imber
cyl
Tunnng
mosteficient
wash
Remove shouá
manholes holes
headers covers
drums
toni

öhe

ts
boer

of
out

many
br

the

ion
hand
all
run:
be

and
and
on
&
Dcating
Drain
and steam water
boilers allow
naurally.
de
le
and
the

to
all

and
Duble
cool
level. checking Perform
ac
acti Dgle
sec
foi
electrical disconnect boiler Shut
mud
down
blow

power.
by

1 npp:
con.

the
off

&
water
through
is
gauges level water
times. three
helps
boler Preparation
inspection. before
two
Blow

to

condesaiE
to
treutent witev
for
valve
the

sutn
thit
Dose

in
residue maintain
recommended within
pressur pressure tolerance.
which
subjected. safely
to

Monitor
auaIftv
can
recipro contintous
be
it
chmca
o
eftghis
determine
boiler Whether
service,
steam
ust
ad
wate

asv

nd
BIow

feed
drive
to
raes

S
done

the
i

is

for
fit

the
and
is
stack
should
normal
opers
NSPECTION. BOILER
temp
Note

be

of
action Daily
displac
externally.
called
Io
valves
should
provide
positive
should BO!LER
All
procatir MAINTENANCE
they

seal

and

not

leak
Bafles
dampers.
corrosion prevent
boilers.
and
in

idle

saturated quicklime days.f

ertical water
replace
storage
packing
t
between placed Trays
with
is

Dry
it.

tubes
to
is

w
boilers down. steam
pump
done

every
Feed
Roto-
are
30air.

one
and

quicklime
in

inside wooden
Open

clean entire Close them.

tight opening
Lwnl
exclude
Awel

F
Fire-bricks,
the
furmace
our
in

tive
refractory
tray

the

blast waterside.
inside.
to

shallow Place
all
and
hot
with

F
Air

the
dry
air

Drain
down: through water
pans

(b)(a)
clean
freside
Positive
Burners
the
all

the

to blow

the
all

on

of and
soat

are
of
s
Dry-storage
linkage. Control
b)

Nuid ing
imp
icei,t
a
is
actan