Chapter 3: System Workflow & Results
This chapter details the end-to-end operation of the BPSK communication system, describing
inputs, intermediate outputs, final results, and figure-by-figure analysis. It spans approximately
10–12 pages of explanatory text, tables, and illustrative examples.
3.1 Simulation Parameters
Parameter Description Typical Value
nbits Number of random bits to simulate 1000
sps Samples per symbol (oversampling factor) 8
span Half-length of RRC filter in symbol units 10
alpha RRC roll-off factor (0 < α ≤ 1) 0.35
Array of Eb/N₀ values (dB) for BER
EbN0_dB [0,2,4,...,10]
curve
This table defines the core parameters controlling the simulation.
3.2 Data Flow Diagram and Process Breakdown
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Random Bits → BPSK Mapper → Upsample → RRC Pulse Shaper
→ Transmit Signal (s[n]) + AWGN → Receiver Signal (r[n])
→ Matched Filter → Filtered Output → Symbol Sampler
→ Decision Device → Recovered Bits → BER Computation
1. Bit Generation & Mapping: 0→−1, 1→+1.
2. Upsampling: Insert zero-valued samples to achieve sps samples/symbol.
3. Pulse Shaping: Convolve impulses with RRC taps → spectrally controlled waveform.
4. Channel: Add AWGN scaled by chosen Eb/N₀.
5. Matched Filtering: Convolve with RRC taps → optimizes SNR.
6. Sampling & Decision: Sample at group-delay-corrected indices, apply threshold.
7. BER Loop: Repeat steps 4–6 across Eb/N₀ values.
This breakdown ensures each stage’s input and output is clear for debugging and analysis.
3.3 Intermediate Outputs
Impulse Train: Discrete Kronecker impulses at ±1, length = nbits * sps.
Pulse-Shaped Signal: Lengthened waveform, controlled bandwidth.
Received Waveform: Noisy signal after AWGN addition.
Matched Filter Output: Noisy but SNR-maximized signal.
Symbol Samples: One sample per symbol extracted at precise instants.
Figures 2.1–2.6 correspond to these stages and are discussed in context.
3.4 Final Diagnostic Figures (Figure 1)
Each of the five panels in Figure 1 is discussed in depth:
1. Waveform Plot (Fig. 1.1)
o Description: First 200 samples of tx_signal plotted with markers.
o Insight: Shows pulse shaping effect over symbol boundaries.
o Observations: Highlight marker spacing and amplitude.
2. Eye Diagram (Fig. 1.2)
o Construction details, noise/jitter margin analysis.
o Annotated diagram showing crossing points and optimal sampling instant.
3. PSD Plot (Fig. 1.3)
o Welch’s method parameters: segment length, overlap, window type.
o Bandwidth measurement: verify theoretical (1+α)/2(1+\alpha)/2(1+α)/2.
4. Constellation Diagram (Fig. 1.4)
o Scatter of 500 matched-filter samples at Eb/N₀ = 6 dB.
o Cluster variance analyzed vs. noise variance.
5. BER Curve (Fig. 1.5)
o Empirical BER vs. Eb/N₀, theoretical curve overlay.
o Discussion of deviation at low SNR due to finite sample effects.
3.5 Parameter Sensitivity & Results Discussion
Impact of varying alpha on eye opening and BER.
Effect of sps changes on simulation accuracy vs. computational load.
Discussion of convergence: number of bits vs. BER confidence.
Tables and additional plots provided in appendices.
