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 Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Field Crops Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fcr

Long-term effect of different integrated nutrient management on soil organic

carbon and its fractions and sustainability of rice–wheat system in Indo Gangetic
Plains of India
A.K. Nayak a,∗,1 , B. Gangwar a , Arvind K. Shukla b,2 , Sonali P. Mazumdar a , Anjani Kumar b , R. Raja b ,
Anil Kumar a , Vinod Kumar a , P.K. Rai a , Udit Mohan a
a
Project Directorate of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, India
b
Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Orissa, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Rice–wheat rotation is the most important cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and is
Received 21 September 2011 responsible for the food security of the region. The effect of different integrated nutrient management
Accepted 7 November 2011 practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and its fractions, SOC sequestration potential as well as
the sustainability of the rice–wheat system were evaluated in long term experiments at different agro-
Keywords: climatic zones of IGP. Application of NPK either through inorganic fertilizers or through combination
Rice–wheat cropping system
of inorganic fertilizer and organics such as farm yard manure (FYM) or crop residue or green manure
Indo-Gangetic Plains
improved the SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentration and
Yield trends
Soil organic carbon
their sequestration rate. Application of 50% NPK + 50% N through FYM in rice and 100% NPK in wheat,
SOC fractions sequestered 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.62 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 over control (no N–P–K fertilizers or organics),
Sequestration respectively at Ludhiana, Kanpur, Sabour and Kalyani using the mass of SOC in the control treatment
as reference point. Soil carbon sequestration with response to application of fertilizer partially substi-
tuted (50% on N basis) with organics were higher in Kalyani and Sabour lying in humid climate than
Ludhiana and Kanpur lying in semiarid climate. The rice yield recorded a significant declining trend in
Ludhiana and Kanpur where as the yield trend was stable at Sabour and Kalyani under unfertilized con-
trol. The system productivity in N–P–K fertilized plots and NPK along with organics showed either an
increasing trend or remained stable at all locations during last two and half decades of the experiment.
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction tion, thereby reducing soil compaction. Other benefits are related
to the improvement of infiltration rates and the increase in stor-
Following the unprecedented expansion and intensification of age capacity for water. Furthermore, it acts as an energy source for
agriculture in India, there is clear evidence of a decline in the soil soil microorganisms. Irrespective of its potential benefits to pro-
organic carbon (SOC) contents in many soils as a consequence; ductivity and profitability, organic carbon might be sequestered
while on the other hand it has been reported that good farm- by vegetation and soils, as a possible way of reducing the rate of
ing practices such as balanced fertilization and addition of crop CO2 enrichment of atmosphere and moderate the global climate
residues either maintains or results build up or depletion of SOC change. Soils, and managed agricultural soils in particular, repre-
stock (Swarup et al., 2000; Kong et al., 2005). The process of decline sent a potentially significant low-to no cost sink for greenhouse
of soil organic matter is accelerated by the process of nutrient gases (GHGs) (Lal, 2004a; Pacala and Socolow, 2004). The poten-
depletion (Himes, 1998; Lal, 2002), soil erosion and other forces tial of agriculture (excluding bioenergy) to absorb large quantities
of land degradation (Lal, 1999). The benefits of soil organic car- of atmospheric CO2 through soil carbon sequestration which has
bon are linked closely to the fact that it acts as a storehouse for strong synergy with sustainable agriculture is widely being put
nutrients, is a source of soil fertility, and contributes to soil aera- forward as one of the mitigating options for climate change (Lal,
2002; Post et al., 2004). Thus, one of the more promising ways to
reduce the rate of rise in atmospheric CO2 is to encourage man-
agement policies that promote C sequestration in vegetation and
∗ Corresponding author.
ultimately in soils (Idso and Idso, 2002). The SOC concentration of
E-mail address: [email protected] (A.K. Nayak).
1
Present address: Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Orissa, India.
most soils in India is less than 10 g kg−1 , and is generally less than
2
Present address: Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India. 5 g kg−1 . Because of the low clay contents, the SOC concentration

0378-4290/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.011
130 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139

is especially low in alluvial soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP),

coarse-textured soils of southern India, and arid zone soils of north-
western India (Dhir et al., 1991). These soils have been cultivated for
centuries, and often with low off-farm input, based on systems that
involve removal of crop residue and dung for fuel and other pur-
poses. Consequently, SOC concentration of most soils is low. The
prevalent low levels of SOC concentrations are attributed to soil-
mining practices of excessive tillage, imbalance in fertilizer use,
little or no crop residue returned to the soil, and soil degradation
(Lal, 2004b). The most agricultural soils can store more carbon and
even a modest increase in carbon stocks across the large land areas
used for agriculture would represent a significant GHG mitigation
by decreasing the rate of enrichment of atmospheric CO2 . Neverthe-
less there are much uncertainty and debate on the total potential of
soils to store additional carbon, the rate at which soils can store car-
bon, the permanence of this carbon sink, and how best to monitor
changes in soil carbon stocks (Sanderman et al., 2010). Fig. 1. Map of India (not to the scale) showing the Indo-Gangetic Plains and the
In India, the importance of organic matter addition was con- locations of the long-term experiment on rice–wheat system.
sidered so important that numerous studies with organic manures
were conducted. The primary purpose was to determine their nutri- silt and clay (international pipette method), OC (Walkley and Black
ent equivalence in comparison to chemical fertilizers. Despite the method), available N (alkaline KMNO4 method), 0.5 M NaHCO3 (pH
fact that organic manures contain almost all the essential plant 8.5) extractable P and 1 N NH4 OAc–extractable K following Page
nutrients and produce other non-nutrient benefits also, their value et al. (1982) are listed Table 2.
was principally assessed in terms of N only (Katyal, 1993; Tandon,
1997). In long term experiments, it has been observed that intensive 2.2. Cropping practices
rice-based systems is showing symptoms of ‘fatigue’, witnessed
by stagnating or declining yields (Ram, 1998; Dawe et al., 2000; The treatments represented different combinations of inor-
Duxbury et al., 2000; Ladha et al., 2003). One of the major reasons ganic and organic sources of nutrients to rice and wheat. In rice,
put forward for such stagnation in yield is the decline in soil organic the full recommended levels of N, P, and K were supplemented
matter (SOM) quality and quantity (Dawe et al., 2000; Yadav et al., with N through FYM, crop residue (wheat straw in Ludhiana,
2000; Ladha et al., 2003). Long term studies have shown that prac- Kanpur and Sabour and paddy straw in Kalyani), and sesbania
tices like improved fertilizer management, manuring and compost (Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.), a leguminous green manure (GM) so
application, residue incorporation, crop rotation, green manur- that the 100% recommended N dose was available to the rice
ing, reduced tillage, adjusting irrigation method and restoration crop. The wheat did not receive any organic sources of nutri-
of waste land enhanced soil carbon build up and storage (Kimble ents but received N–P–K fertilizer. The experiment included two
et al., 2002). These practices not only promote sustainable agricul- crops per year, rice (July–October) and wheat (November–April),
ture but also mitigate the impact of climate change through both with 12 treatments which were laid out in a randomized design
carbon sequestration and minimized emissions of GHGs. A single and replicated thrice. Of the 12 treatments, five selected for the
land use or management practice will not be effective at sequester- present study were: (i) no N–P–K fertilizers or organics (control),
ing C in all regions (Lal et al., 1998). The cropping systems and the (ii) 100% N–P–K in rice and wheat (NPK), (iii) 50% N–P–K + 50% N
management practices that could provide C input higher than the through FYM in rice, 100% N–P–K in wheat (NPK + FYM), (iv)) 50%
above critical level are likely to sustain the SOC level and maintain N–P–K + 50% N through crop residue (paddy straw in Kalyani and
good soil health in the subtropical regions of the Indian subconti- wheat straw in rest three places) in rice, 100% N–P–K in wheat
nent (Mandal et al., 2007). The present study focuses on long-term (NPK +CR), (v)) 50% N–P–K + 50% N through green manuring in rice,
dynamics of carbon in the rice–wheat cropping system under dif- 100% N–P–K in wheat (NPK + GM). The 100% N–P–K dose used
ferent agro climatic zones of IGP. The objectives of this study are in rice (wheat) was 120:30:30 (120:60:30) kg N:P2 O5 :K2 O ha−1
to assess the long-term impacts of nutrient management practices in Ludhiana, 120:60:60 (80:30:0) kg N:P2 O5 :K2 O ha−1 in Kanpur,
on (i) yield trend of rice, wheat and sustainable yield indices; (ii) 80:40:20 (100:50:25) kg N:P2 O5 :K2 O ha−1 in Sabour and 120:60:40
SOC and SOC fractions, their sequestration rate, and (iii) the rela- (100:60:40) kg N:P2 O5 :K2 O ha−1 in Kalyani, respectively. During
tionship among sustainable yield indices, SOC and its fractions in June and July, the land was plowed, puddled and leveled. Rice crop
rice–wheat cropping system. was transplanted (@ two seedlings hill−1 ) in the puddled lowland
field at 20-cm × 15-cm spacing. For green manuring, an appropri-
ate amount of aboveground biomass of sesbania was chopped into
2. Materials and method 5–10-cm pieces, uniformly spread into the plots and incorporated
into the puddled soil with a power tiller a day before transplant-
2.1. Site descriptions ing of rice. Calculated amounts of well-decomposed FYM and crop
residue (CR) were manually spread uniformly and incorporated
The long-term field experiments were initiated in 1980s at into the moist soil 2 weeks before transplanting of rice. The N
Ludhiana, Kanpur, Sabour and Kalyani falling in Trans Gangetic content (quantity applied) of FYM, CR and GM used in the experi-
Plains (TGP), Upper Gangetic Plains (UGP), Middle Gangetic Plains ments over the years were 0.50–0.82% (7.3–12 t ha−1 ), 0.65–0.68%
(MGP) and Lower Gangetic Plains (LGP), respectively extending (8.8–9.2 t ha−1 ) and 1.7–2.4% (2.5–3.5 t ha−1 ), respectively. After
from 21◦ 45 N to 31◦ 00 N latitude and from 74◦ 15 E to 91◦ 30 E the rice was harvested in the last week of October, land prepa-
longitude representing a total area of 43.7 M ha, i.e. 13% of the ration (plowing and laddering) was done and wheat was sown in
total area of the country (Fig. 1). The details about year of start, the second week of November with a spacing of 20 cm between
geographical coordinates, climatic conditions for the sites were rows, and harvested in April. All P and K and a half dose of N were
presented in Table 1 and basic soil properties analysed for sand, drilled at sowing. The remaining N was top-dressed 21 days after
 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139 131

Table 1
Geographical coordinates and climatological data of experimental sites.

Location Year of start of experiment Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) Precipitation (mm yr−1 ) Mean temperature

June–October November–April

Ludhiana 1983 30◦ 56 N 75◦ 52 E 247 500 28.84 17.27
Kanpur 1984 26◦ 58 N 80◦ 34 E 129 818 29.42 19.95
Sabour 1984 25◦ 14 N 87◦ 04 E 43 1358 29.61 24.14
Kalyani 1986 23◦ 00 N 89◦ 00 E 11 1480 29.01 23.42

Table 2
Basic soil properties and available nutrients at the start of the long term experiment.

Location Soil type Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) pH Organic carbon (g kg−1 ) Available nutrients (mg kg−1 )

N P K

Ludhiana Typic-Ustochrept 54.0 28.0 18.0 8.1 3.1 65 5.1 46

Kanpur Udic-Ustrochrepts 47.0 35.0 18.0 8.0 2.9 83 6.3 82
Sabour Udic-Ustrochepts. 50.0 22.0 28.0 8.1 4.6 n.d.a 4.5 58
Kalyani Aeric-Haplaquept 20.5 29.5 50.0 7.2 9.2 45 7.3 36
a
n.d.: not determined.

sowing. Other recommended practices such as weeding, irrigation screen. All material remaining on the screen, defined as the partic-
and plant protection measures were followed. The wheat crop was ulate organic fraction within a sand matrix, was transferred to a
harvested when 90% of ear-heads were fully matured. The rice and glass beaker and weighed after oven-drying at 60 ◦ C for 24 h. The
wheat yields were reported at 14% grain moisture content. particulate organic carbon in POM was determined following the
method of Snyder and Trofymow (1984).
2.3. Soil sampling
2.7. Soil microbial biomass carbon
Soil samples from each replicated plot were collected randomly
from three spots with the help of a core sampler (10 cm internal Microbial biomass carbon was determined according to the
diameter and 15 cm height) after the harvest of wheat crop in the CHCl3 fumigation–extraction method in field-moist samples
year 2009. The soil cores were collected from 0 to 15, 15 to 30, (Vance et al., 1987). Fumigated and non-fumigated samples were
30 to 45 and 45 to 60 cm soil depth. One composite sample rep- incubated during 24 h at 25 ◦ C at constant moisture content. Micro-
resenting each replication was prepared by mixing two cores of bial C was extracted from both fumigated and non-fumigated
respective soil depth. Immediately after collection, the soil sam- samples with 0.5 M K2 SO4 and digested in the presence of potas-
ples were brought to the laboratory and stored in a refrigerator for sium persulphate (K2 S2 O8 ) and 0.025 M H2 SO4 in a digestion block
measurement of cumulative carbon mineralized (Cmin ) and micro- at 120 ◦ C for 2 h. The amount of CO2 –C thus evolved was estimated
bial biomass carbon (MBC). A subset of soil samples was air dried by following the method of Snyder and Trofymow (1984). Micro-
and passed through a 2 mm sieve for determination of pH, SOC and bial C was calculated by subtracting the extracted C in unfumigated
particulate organic carbon (POC). The third core sample was used samples from that measured in fumigated samples and dividing it
for the estimation of bulk density. by a Kc value of 0.45 (Joergensen, 1996). The values of MBC were
represented in ␮g g−1 dry soil.
2.4. Soil analysis
2.8. Carbon mineralization
The soil pH was measured in soil:water suspension (1:2). The
electrical conductivity (ECe) was determined in soil saturation Aerobic incubation in the laboratory was used to estimate
extract. The bulk density of soil was measured using core sampler potential C mineralization. Samples of 100 g fresh soil at 60% water
method as suggested by Veihmeyer and Hendrickson (1948). holding capacity (WHC) were placed in a 1 L air tight jar along with
a vial containing 0.1 N NaOH to trap evolved CO2 (Zibilski, 1994)
and incubated for 30 days at 28 ◦ C. The alkali was replaced twice a
2.5. Soil organic carbon
week during the first two weeks, followed by once a week for the
rest of the incubation period. The unspent alkali was titrated back
Soil organic carbon was determined by wet digestion with
with standard HCl to estimate the CO2 –C evolved from soil.
potassium dichromate along with 3:2 H2 SO4 :85% H3 PO4 diges-
tion mixture in a digestion block set at 120 ◦ C for 2 h (Snyder and
2.9. Sustainable yield index
Trofymow, 1984). A pre-treatment with 3 ml of 1 N HCl g−1 of soil
was used for removal of carbonate and bicarbonate. By using the
The sustainable yield index (SYI suggested by Singh et al., 1990)
bulk density value the SOC for each soil layer was calculated and
is defined as
expressed as Mg ha−1 .
Y − sd
SYI = (1)
2.6. Particulate organic carbon Ymax
where SYI is sustainable yield index, Y is the average yield of rice and
Particulate organic matter (POM) was separated from 2 mm wheat over years and sd is the standard deviation and Ymax is the
soil following the method described by Camberdella and Elliott observed maximum yield in the experiment over the years of culti-
(1992). Briefly a 10 g sub-sample of soil was dispersed in 100 ml vation. Similarly sustainable yield index of the system (rice–wheat)
0.5% sodium hexa-metaphosphate solution by shaking for 15 h on was worked out using the Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) in place of Y
a reciprocal shaker. The soil suspension was poured over a 0.05 mm and REYmax is the observed maximum REY in the experiment over
132 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139

the years of cultivation. Equivalent yield is calculated in terms rice

using the following formula

Yi · Pi
REY = (2)
P(p)

where REY denotes rice equivalent yield; Yi = yield of different

crops; Pi = price of wheat and P(p) = price of rice (constant base price
of 1990 was used for both the crops).

2.10. Statistical analysis

The significant difference among the means of SOC and their

fractions, sequestration rates of different treatments within and
among the locations were analysed by Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) using SAS v 9.2. Multivariate corre-
lation matrix analysis was performed for the SYI of rice, wheat and
the system, soil organic carbon fractions and bulk density to deter-
mine their strength of relationship. The parametric test was done
to know the presence of linear trend by examining the relationship
between time (experimentation period in years) and the variable of
interest viz., yield of rice, wheat and system productivity (Y) using
a least squares linear regression

Y = a + bt (3)

where Y is the grain yield (t ha−1 )

of rice or wheat or REY, a is the
constant, b is the slope or magnitude of yield trend (percent change Fig. 2. Trends in rice and wheat yield in a long-term rice–wheat system under
in yields per year), and t is the time (experimentation period in various integrated nutrient management treatments at Ludhiana.
years).
manure (Table 3, Figs. 4 and 5). The higher grain yield of rice in
3. Results and discussion combined application of nutrients through inorganic and organic
sources might be due to availability of nutrients throughout the
3.1. Rice and wheat yield trends growth period at Sabour and Kalyani.
The trends in wheat yields of unfertilized (control) plots were
Application of NPK, either through inorganic fertilizers or in negative at Kanpur and Kalyani and positive at Ludhiana and
combination with organic manures/crop residue/green manure, Sabour. However, the trend was significant only at Ludhiana. There
significantly increased the yields of rice and wheat over control was significant increase in wheat yield trends at Sabour in the plots
at all locations. For yields averaged over years, the comparison applied with fertilizer and/or organics while at Ludhiana it was
of treatments revealed that the percent yield increase in treated significant only in NPK + FYM and NPK + GM applied plots. How-
plots over control ranged from 150 to 216, 135 to 180, 202 to ever, at Kalyani and Kanpur the yield trend of wheat under these
229 and 167 to 198% in rice and 220 to 257, 271 to 294, 291 to treatments were not significant. Trend analysis revealed that in
335 and 228 to 271% in wheat at Ludhiana, Kanpur, Sabour and unfertilized plots, system productivity showed a negative trend but
Kalyani, respectively. This clearly indicated the importance of appli-
cation of adequate quantity of nutrients in recommended doses
with or without partial substitution of organics for sustaining the
productivity of rice–wheat system in the IGP. Yadav et al. (2000)
also reported that continuous rice–wheat cropping in IGP with-
out addition of adequate nutrients resulting in yield decline, while
favourable effect of organic manures along with inorganic fertil-
izers have been reported for sustaining rice–wheat productivity
(Hegde and Dwivedi, 1992; Singh et al., 1994).
The yield data used for time series analysis (Figs. 2–5) revealed
that though there was no management change in the long term
experiments during 1994–1997, yield peaks were observed at Kan-
pur and to some extent at Sabour. In order to avoid the influence of
these yield peaks on the trend, the procedure of Dawe et al. (2000)
was followed and yield data from 1998–1999 to 2008–2009 was
used for trend analysis in case of Kanpur and Sabour (Figs. 3 and 4)
while the entire dataset was used in case of Ludhiana and Kalyani
(Figs. 2 and 5). The rice yield recorded a significant declining trend
(P = 0.05) in control and NPK treatments at Kanpur; in control, NPK
and NPK + CR treatments at Ludhiana. However, working on the
yield data in NPK treatment from 1973 to 1998, Yadav et al. (2000)
reported a significant increase in yield trend of rice at Kanpur. Sig-
Fig. 3. Trends in rice and wheat yield in a long-term rice–wheat system under
nificantly increasing trend in rice yield was observed at Saboure and various integrated nutrient management treatments at Kanpur (yield data from
Kalyani in treatments having NPK or NPK + FYM/crop residue/green 1998–1999 to 2008–2009 only used in trend analysis).
 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139 133

Table 3
Long term yield trend parameters of rice, wheat and rice equivalent yield (REY) under different integrated nutrient management system in Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Treatments Ludhiana Kanpur Saboure Kalyani

t-statistic b-value t-statistic b-value t-statistic b-value t-statistic b-value

Rice
Control −4.333** −0.030 −2.738* −0.044 −2.22 −0.018 −0.364 −0.003
NPK −3.292** −0.056 −2.264* −0.075 3.157* 0.063 2.186* 0.031
NPK + FYM −0.074 −0.001 −0.072 −0.002 2.434* 0.078 2.558* 0.036
NPK+ CR −2.522* −0.033 −0.187 −0.006 3.129* 0.088 2.957** 0.047
NPK + GM −1.119 −0.021 −2.247 −0.076 2.647* 0.093 2.55* 0.038

Wheat
Control 2.628* 0.016 −1.166 −0.021 0.160 0.001 −0.444 −0.005
NPK 1.025 0.013 −0.337 −0.015 3.999** 0.092 1.35 0.023
NPK + FYM 2.306* 0.028 0.729 0.032 4.451** 0.120 1.131 0.019
NPK+ CR 1.275 0.015 0.842 0.037 3.585** 0.097 1.035 0.020
NPK + GM 2.124* 0.030 −0.783 −0.038 4.906** 0.123 1.31 0.025

REY
Control −0.453 −0.005 −2.110 −0.044 −0.503 −0.006 −0.330 −0.005
NPK −0.295 −0.009 0.448 0.038 4.359** 0.240 2.779* 0.081
NPK + FYM 2.121* 0.062 2.040 0.169 4.700** 0.301 2.862** 0.080
NPK+ CR 0.511 0.014 2.451* 0.162 4.587** 0.275 3.006** 0.093
NPK + GM 1.29 0.044 0.062 0.005 4.650** 0.312 3.128** 0.091

t-statistic; b-value (slope i.e., percent change in yields per year) were computed from linear regression.
*
Significant at P = 0.05.
**
Significant at P = 0.01.

not significant while in NPK fertilized plots and NPK along with while at Sabour, Kalyani and Ludhiana, SYI for rice was greater than
organics showed either an increasing trend or remained stable at wheat, indicating that rice yields are more sustainable than those
all locations during last two and half decades of the experiment of wheat at these locations. Among various treatments analysed,
(Table 3). The declining yield trend in the unfertilized plots in IGP NPK + FYM and NPK + GM sustained the rice–wheat system yield
may be attributed to a decline in SOC and the associated reduc- more than other treatments at all four locations.
tion in nutrient supply. Thus, the rice–wheat system productivity
can be maintained or increased by application of recommended 3.3. Bulk density
N–P–K or N–P–K partially substituted with organic manures/crop
residues/green manure. Bulk density of soil increased from the surface to the subsur-
face soil layer irrespective of treatments and locations. Among
3.2. Sustainable yield index the treatments, application of N–P–K along with organics has
resulted in significantly lower bulk density compared to control
The SYI for rice and wheat presented in Table 4 revealed that
SYI was greater for wheat than for rice at Kanpur in all treatments

Fig. 4. Trends in rice and wheat yield in a long-term rice–wheat system under
various integrated nutrient management treatments at Sabour (yield data from Fig. 5. Trends in rice and wheat yield in a long-term rice–wheat system under
1998–1999 to 2008–2009 only used in trend analysis). various integrated nutrient management treatments at Kalyani.
134 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139

Table 4
Long sustainable yield indices of rice (Rice SYI), wheat (Wheat SYI) and rice–wheat system (System SYI) under different integrated nutrient management system in Indo-
Gangetic Plains.

Parameters Ludhiana Kanpur Sabour Kalyani

Rice SYI Wheat SYI System SYI Rice SYI Wheat SYI System SYI Rice SYI Wheat SYI System SYI Rice SYI Wheat SYI System SYI

Control 0.23 0.20 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.23 0.11 0.20
NPK 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.79 0.75 0.63 0.62 0.56 0.64 0.50 0.62
NPK + FYM 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.59 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.67 0.63 0.73 0.56 0.69
NPK+ CR 0.62 0.67 0.64 0.57 0.76 0.71 0.64 0.63 0.60 0.65 0.57 0.68
NPK + GM 0.76 0.70 0.72 0.59 0.79 0.75 0.65 0.64 0.60 0.67 0.56 0.68

at 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depth in Sabour while all other locations SOC in surface soil over the initial level at all places except at Kalyani
recorded at par soil bulk density at all soil depths (Table 5). With where a slight reduction was recorded. The higher stubble and root
respect to locations, the control treatment (0–15 cm soil depth) in biomass retention commensurating with higher yield in the N–P–K
Sabour recorded higher bulk density (1.56 Mg m−3 ) than in Lud- fertilized plot might have improved the SOC in surface soil at all
hiana (1.44 Mg m−3 ) and Kalyani (1.42 Mg m−3 ) while in Kanpur it sites except at Kalyani where initial SOC value was comparatively
was 1.47 Mg m−3 . higher than others. However, compared to unmanured/unfertilized
control, the fields receiving recommended N–P–K fertilizer resulted
3.4. Soil organic carbon higher SOC concentration in surface soil at all the places. Similar
trend was observed up to 15–30 cm soil at Ludhiana and up to
Continuous application of NPK for 23–26 yr in rice–wheat sys- 30–45 cm soil at all other places. Results of other long-term experi-
tem has resulted in significantly higher SOC over control in 0–15 cm ments have also shown that with optimum application of inorganic
soil depth at all the four locations. Intensive rice–wheat system in fertilizers, the SOC content has either been increased (Purakayastha
IGP without application of fertilizers (control) resulted in reduc- et al., 2008a; Zhang et al., 2009) or maintained/slightly increased
tion (22 and 35% decrease) of SOC concentration over initial value over the years (Biswas and Benbi, 1997).
at Sabour and Kalyani, respectively whereas at Ludhiana and Kan- Substitution of 50% N through FYM or CR or GM to rice has
pur it has more or less maintained the SOC level (Table 5). As initial improved SOC significantly over NPK treated plots at all the loca-
SOC concentration was comparatively higher at Sabour and Kalyani tions. The addition of FYM, CR, and GM complemented with N–P–K
than other two sites under study, it would be hard to maintain increased the organic carbon content of soil over that achieved
SOC contents without fertilization and/or organic matter addition with N–P–K alone, due to additive effect of N–P–K and organics
in Sabour and Kalyani. However, because of very low initial value, and interaction between them. A similar buildup of SOC due to
the SOC concentration in the control plot was maintained at Lud- cropping with the application of chemical fertilizer combined with
hiana and Kanpur despite declining yield trend. Abrol et al. (2000) manure (Rudrappa et al., 2006), paddy straw (Verma and Bhagat,
have attributed the declining trend in crop productivity of the rice- 1992), and green manure (Yadav et al., 2000) was also reported from
based cropping system in IGP to the declining C stock in soil. The long-term experiments. Bharambe and Tomar (2004) reported an
application of recommended dose of N–P–K resulted in increased increase in organic carbon content in a rice–wheat system when

Table 5
Soil organic carbon (SOC, g kg−1 ) concentration and bulk density (BD, Mg m−3 ) in different integrated nutrient management system under different agro-climatic situation
in Indo-Gangetic Plains. (Means with the same lower case letter are not significantly different in a column in same depth.)

Particulars Ludhiana Kanpur Sabour Kalyani

SOC BD SOC BD SOC BD SOC BD

0–15 cm
Control 3.0d 1.44a 3.7c 1.47a 3.6c 1.56a 6.0d 1.42a
NPK 5.1c 1.41a 5.5b 1.42a 5.6b 1.46ab 8.4c 1.37a
NPK + FYM 6.8a 1.35a 6.3a 1.41a 7.7a 1.38b 9.9a 1.35a
NPK + CR 6.1b 1.38a 6.5a 1.41a 7.5a 1.36b 9.6ab 1.36a
NPK + GM 5.9b 1.39a 6.1a 1.40a 7.4a 1.40b 9.0b 1.38a

15–30 cm
Control 2.5c 1.48a 2.2c 1.58a 2.3d 1.58a 3.2b 1.55a
NPK 3.2b 1.43a 3.2b 1.55a 3.1c 1.50ab 3.2b 1.52a
NPK + FYM 3.5a 1.41a 3.4a 1.54a 3.8a 1.48ab 5.5a 1.5a
NPK+ CR 3.3ab 1.42a 3.6a 1.54a 3.6ab 1.46b 5.4a 1.50a
NPK + GM 3.2b 1.43a 3.1b 1.53a 3.5b 1.46b 5.1a 1.53a

30–45 cm
Control 2.0b 1.54a 1.5d 1.61a 2.0d 1.55a 2.3b 1.56a
NPK 2.0b 1.50a 1.9c 1.62a 2.3c 1.52a 3.0a 1.51a
NPK + FYM 2.2a 1.48a 2.5a 1.61a 2.8a 1.52a 3.1a 1.50a
NPK+ CR 2.2a 1.49a 2.4a 1.58a 2.6b 1.53a 3.1a 1.50a
NPK + GM 2.1ab 1.49a 2.2b 1.63a 2.5b 1.52a 3.1a 1.52a

45–60 cm
Control 1.5c 1.55a 1.0c 1.66a 1.7b 1.57a 2.1b 1.49a
NPK 1.7b 1.54a 1.2b 1.58a 1.7b 1.50a 2.2b 1.49a
NPK + FYM 1.9a 1.50a 1.3a 1.58a 2.0a 1.55a 2.5a 1.46a
NPK+ CR 1.9a 1.51a 1.3a 1.59a 1.7b 1.56a 2.5a 1.47a
NPK + GM 1.5c 1.52a 1.0c 1.57a 1.7b 1.55a 2.1b 1.52a

FYM: farm yard manure; CR: crop residue; GM: green manure.
 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139 135

inorganic fertilizers were applied along with FYM. Many long-term

experiments have shown that both chemical fertilizer and manure
application increased the SOC content in the soil, but the increases
in SOC were much higher with organic manure (Christensen, 1996;
Smith et al., 1997; Aoyama and Kumakura, 2001). In the surface soil
(0–15 cm), NPK + FYM recorded significantly higher concentration
of SOC (6.8 g kg−1 ) over all other treatments at Ludhiana. The SOC
concentration of surface soil in NPK + FYM, NPK + CR and NPK + GM
were at par at Kanpur and Sabour while NPK + FYM and NPK + CR
treatments at Kalyani were at par.
Substitution of 50% N through FYM or CR or GM to rice improved
SOC significantly when compared with initial SOC values at Ludhi-
ana, Kanpur and Sabour. In case of Kalyani, substitution of 50% N
through FYM or CR has improved the SOC over the initial level,
Fig. 6. Soil organic carbon sequestration (Mg ha−1 yr−1 ) in different integrated nutri-
though the magnitude of increase was less compared to other ent management system over the control under different agro-climatic situation in
three sites. Due to high initial SOC and continued application of Indo-Gangetic Plains. (Means with the same lower case letters are not significantly
organic manure at Kalyani, soil carbon accumulation may have different in different treatments at same centre, means with the same uppercase
reached close to saturation point and hence become less responsive letters are not significantly different in a treatment at different centres.)
to increased carbon inputs. This can be explained by the fact that
every soil has its own C carrying capacity, therefore in spite of addi- the N–P and N–P–K fertilization) with or without manure can
tion of large amount of C might not increase soil C proportionately sequester carbon in soils at most of the sites of Northern China. The
(Purakayastha et al., 2008a). Many long-term field experiments soil carbon sequestration rates vary from 0.08 to 0.98 t ha−1 yr−1 in
exhibit a proportional relationship between C inputs and soil C con- IGP under the NPK, NPK + FYM, NPK + CR and NPK + GM treatments,
tent across treatments (Larson et al., 1972; Paustian et al., 1997), which are comparable to those from other studies (Akselsson et al.,
some experiments in high C soils show little or no increase in soil 2005; Causarano et al., 2008; Kundu et al., 2007; Hien et al., 2006;
C content with two to three fold increases in C inputs (Campbell Kroodsma and Field, 2006).
et al., 1991; Paustian et al., 1997; Solberg et al., 1997). The net change in rate of SOC was highest at Kalyani and lowest
Though the average SOC concentration decreased with soil at Ludhiana for all the treatments except NPK, for which Kanpur
depth, the FYM + NPK and NPK + CR treatments resulted in signif- recorded highest net increase in SOC while Ludhiana recorded the
icant increase in SOC even in 45–60 cm soil layer over all other lowest. The soil carbon sequestration with response to application
treatments across the locations, whereas at Sabour FYM + NPK of fertilizer complemented with organics were higher in Kalyani
even resulted significant increase in SOC over NPK + CR treatments, and Sabour lying in humid climate than Ludhiana and Kanpur lying
whereas at other locations they were at par. The decrease in SOC in semiarid climate. Though the magnitude of increase in SOC at
concentration with soil depth is well documented (Liu et al., 2003; Kalyani and Sabour was less compared to Ludhiana and Kanpur, the
Brady and Weil, 2000). increased sequestration rate at the former two places is due to faster
Across the different agro-climatic zones of IGP, higher SOC con- SOC depletion in control plots compared to the latter two places.
tent was observed in Kalyani (LGP) followed by Sabour (MGP), While budgeting C stocks in different eco-regions of Asia, Bronson
Kanpur (UGP) and Ludiana (TGP), respectively. The higher SOC con- et al. (1998) indicated a possible conservation or even increase in C
tent in Kalyani and Sabour over Ludhiana and Kanpur was due to stock in soil in the lowland tropics, despite high temperature preva-
higher clay content in the soil, low land situation, reduced condi- lent throughout the years, which favours rapid mineralization of C.
tions due to incomplete drainage and humid climate in the former They opined that this was due to the relatively slow rate of soil
two places. Organic matter decomposition proceeds faster in sandy C mineralization under anaerobiosis and also the large C inputs
than in clayey soils (Katyal, 2001), while the rate of soil organic from nonvascular plants (photosynthetic algal communities) in the
matter decomposition is lessened in lowland rice fields, apparently soil–flood water ecosystem. Soils rich in clay may have more poten-
due to excessively reduced conditions (Watanabe, 1984). Because tial to sequester carbon than those rich in sandy and silt in the
of the lack of oxygen under submerged conditions even a modest similar climate zone, due to the physical protection of mineral on
oxygen demand for microbial activity cannot be met if large pores SOC (Matus et al., 2008) which also partly explained the higher SOC
are filled with water, resulting in a decreased rate of decomposition sequestration rate at Kalyani having higher clay percent.
(Jenkinson, 1988). Therefore, there is an incomplete decomposition
of organic materials and decreased humification of organic mat- 3.5. Particulate organic carbon
ter under submerged conditions, resulting in net accumulation of
organic matter in soils (Sahrawat, 2004). In absence of initial POC data of the experimental site, we com-
Using the mass of SOC in the control treatment as reference pared the POC data of the treatments with the control alone. Similar
point and number of years of interventions we estimated the to SOC trend, continuous application of N–P–K in rice–wheat sys-
sequestration rate (rate of net SOC increase), which varied from tem resulted significantly higher POC over control at 0–15 cm soil
0.231 to 0.332 t ha−1 yr−1 in N–P–K treated plot under continuous depth in all the four locations. Application of FYM along with N–P–K
rice–wheat cropping system in the different agro-climatic zones (NPK + FYM) resulted in a significant positive built up of POC over
of IGP (Fig. 6). Among the treatments, NPK + FYM recorded signif- NPK at different locations at all soil depths (Table 6). Similarly,
icantly higher sequestration rate over all other treatments across substitution of 50% N through CR or GM to rice also recorded signif-
all the agro-climatic zones except at Kalyani and Kanpur where icantly higher POC concentration over NPK at all locations in 0–15
the sequestration rate between NPK + FYM and NPK + CR were at and 15–30 cm soil depths only. The increase in POC in fertilized
par. Response of SOC to carbon input has been controversial (e.g. plot was mainly being due to increased yield trend in this treat-
Campbell et al., 2007; Purakayastha et al., 2008b). Our study indi- ment over past years. The additional amounts of organic C input
cates that applications of N–P–K fertilizer with or without organics from organics in the treatments received NPK along with organ-
can sequester carbon in soils at all the sites of IGP. Hao et al. (2008) ics further enhanced the POC contents in these treatments. The
reported that applications of combinated inorganic fertilizers (i.e. main source of POC in this study was mainly the left over root
136 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139

Table 6
Particulate organic carbon (POC, ␮g g−1 ) concentration in different integrated nutri-
ent management system under different agro-climatic situation in Indo-Gangetic
plains. (Means with the same lower case letter are not significantly different in a
column in same depth.)

Particulars Particulate organic carbon (␮g g−1 )

Ludhiana Kanpur Sabour Kalyani

0–15 cm
Control 335.5d 399.6d 379.0d 625.0e
NPK 655.4c 698.5c 706.9c 1046.3d
NPK + FYM 1025.3a 938.7a 1116.9a 1434.1a
NPK+ CR 888.9b 916.5a 1063.6ab 1334.4b
NPK + GM 837.8b 854.0b 1038.8b 1243.4c

15–30 cm
Control 240.1d 192.1d 222.7d 304.0c
NPK 330.8c 323.2c 306.0c 330.5c
NPK + FYM 431.3a 432.0a 413.8a 643.1a
NPK+ CR 386.8b 410.4a 381.8b 604.8b
Fig. 7. Particulate organic carbon sequestration (Mg ha−1 yr−1 ) in different inte-
NPK + GM 362.3b 350.3b 329.3c 590.0b
grated nutrient management system over the control under different agro-climatic
30–45 cm situation in Indo-Gangetic Plains. (Means with the same lower case letters are not
Control 173.6d 117.5d 174.2c 201.8b significantly different in different treatments at same centre, means with the same
NPK 188.0c 181.5c 192.0ab 286.1a uppercase letters are not significantly different in a treatment at different centres.)
NPK + FYM 211.2a 242.5a 203.7a 304.8a
NPK+ CR 206.4ab 230.4a 192.0ab 301.7a
NPK + GM 194.8bc 211.2b 185.3bc 292.8a highest MBC contents in surface soil were recorded at Kalyani and
lowest at Ludhiana. The highest MBC content of 515.4 ␮g g−1 at
45–60 cm
Control 126.2c 85.9c 147.1c 176.8d
surface soil (0–15 cm) l was observed in NPK plots at Kalyani. It is
NPK 155.1b 112.8b 164.4b 207.1c known that the microbial fraction of clay soils is often greater than
NPK + FYM 175.8a 124.8a 187.2a 237.7ab it is in sandy soils due to the protective effect of clays on micro-
NPK+ CR 180.5a 123.5a 165.3b 242.5a bial biomass (Jenkinson and Ladd, 1981; Wardle, 1992; Theng and
NPK + GM 180.5a 123.5a 157.7bc 223.3b
Orchard, 1995; Sparling, 1997). This explains the high MBC con-
FYM: farm yard manure; CR: crop residue; GM: green manure. tent at the Kalyani site which had the highest clay content. The soil
MBC content expressed as percent of SOC was highest at Kalyani
biomass and increased microbial biomass debris. It is suggested followed by Kanpur, Sabour and Ludhiana respectively. The rate of
that the greater biochemical recalcitrance of root litter (Puget and change in MBC concentration in NPK + FYM was significantly higher
Drinkwater, 2001) might have also increased the POC contents in across all the locations except at Kanpur, where it was at par with
soil depending upon the root biomass produced. NPK + CR (Fig. 8). With respect to MBC sequestration rate, NPK + CR
The POC content of the soil in all the treatments at Kalyani
was significantly higher over the soils under the same treatment Table 7
at all other locations. In the surface soil (0–15 cm), NPK + FYM Microbial biomass carbon (MBC, ␮g g−1 ) concentration in different integrated nutri-
recorded significantly higher concentration of POC (1025.3 and ent management system under different agro-climatic situation in Indo-Gangetic
plains. (Means with the same lower case letter are not significantly different in a
1434.1 ␮g g−1 ) over all other treatments at Ludhiana and Kalyani
column in same depth.)
while the POC concentration in NPK + FYM and NPK + CR were
at par and significantly higher than NPK and control at Kanpur Particulars Microbial biomass carbon (␮g g−1 )
and Sobour. Across all the agro climatic zones, the sequestra- Ludhiana Kanpur Sabour Kalyani
tion rate of POC in all the four treatments followed the order
0–15 cm
NPK + FYM > NPK + CR > NPK + GM > NPK (Fig. 7). Kalyani recorded Control 100.7d 128.1c 119.1d 288.3c
highest POC sequestration rate in NPK + FYM (0.115 Mg ha−1 yr−1 ) NPK 174.1c 215.8b 199.7c 425.7b
followed by NPK + CR (0.104 Mg ha−1 yr−1 ) and NPK + GM NPK + FYM 264.8a 308.1a 298.4a 515.4a
232.9b 309.1a 284.7ab 486.5a
(0.096 Mg ha−1 yr−1 ). In NPK treated plot, the POC sequestration NPK+ CR
NPK + GM 218.3b 298.0a 274.5b 455.0b
rate was in the order of Kalyani ≈ Kanpur > Ludhiana ≈ Sabour.
15–30 cm
Control 80.9c 67.4d 76.6d 109.6d
3.6. Microbial biomass carbon
NPK 107.1b 113.0c 105.8c 135.0c
NPK + FYM 127.7a 131.8a 145.2a 235.4a
Distinct difference of MBC content was observed among NPK+ CR 120.3a 126.7a 130.2b 225.3ab
different treatments and at different depths in a long term NPK + GM 110.3b 116.0b 122.2b 220.4b
rice–wheat system. Continuous application of FYM along with 30–45 cm
N–P–K (NPK + FYM) resulted in a significantly higher soil MBC over Control 54.6d 44.9e 59.4c 69.2d
NPK at all four locations (Table 7). The MBC content of plots which NPK 60.0c 76.9d 61.0c 102.6c
NPK + FYM 74.8a 108.5a 92.5a 124.0a
received CR along with NPK (NPK + CR) was at par with NPK + FYM
NPK+ CR 71.0ab 100.3b 83.5b 118.0ab
at all places except Ludhiana. However, the MBC content of surface NPK + GM 67.7b 87.3c 80.7b 115.8b
soil in NPK + GM treatments was significantly lower than NPK + FYM
45–60 cm
at Ludhiana, Sabour and Kalyani except Kanpur where it was at par. Control 39.2b 32.2b 48.6b 60.0b
The MBC content of surface soil in NPK + GM plots was at par with NPK 47.9b 40.2a 50.5b 65.4a
NPK + CR at all places except at Kalyani where it was significantly NPK + FYM 59.2a 40.9a 60.1a 72.4a
lower. It is reported that MBC responded to number of manage- NPK+ CR 60.8a 42.1a 54.2ab 72.2a
NPK + GM 57.0a 40.4a 54.9ab 73.1a
ment practices e.g., addition of manures, synthetic fertilizers and
residue incorporation (Schjønning et al., 2002). Across the location FYM: farm yard manure; CR: crop residue; GM: green manure.
 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139 137

Table 8
Mineralizable carbon (Cmin , ␮g g−1 ) concentration in different integrated nutrient
management system under different agroclimatic situation in Indo-Gangetic plains.
(Means with the same lower case letter are not significantly different in a column
in same depth.)

Particulars Mineralizable carbon (␮g g−1 )

Ludhiana Kanpur Sabour Kalyani

0–15 cm
Control 274.5d 344.1d 344.3d 558.9d
NPK 537.6c 578.5c 585.3c 895.6c
NPK + FYM 767.3a 718.2a 853.0a 1127.5a
NPK+ CR 649.8b 721.5a 808.8ab 1065.6a
NPK + GM 607.7b 664.9b 775.4b 982.1b

15–30 cm
Control 210.5c 174.2c 211.3c 281.6d
−1 −1
Fig. 8. Microbial biomass carbon sequestration (Mg ha yr ) in different inte- NPK 308.2b 300.4b 288.3b 314.3c
grated nutrient management system over the control under different agro-climatic NPK + FYM 347.8a 332.9a 339.3a 549.4a
situation in Indo-Gangetic Plains. (Means with the same lower case letters are not NPK+ CR 325.5b 322.8ab 327.4a 529.2ab
significantly different in different treatments at same centre, means with the same NPK + GM 312.5b 303.8b 292.5b 502.7b
uppercase letters are not significantly different in a treatment at different centres.) 30–45 cm
Control 145.5c 100.3c 150.5c 176.3b
NPK 179.5b 173.8b 181.2b 271.2a
performed significantly better than NPK + GM at Ludhiana and Kan- NPK + FYM 202.6a 210.2a 195.7a 286.4a
pur. Hopkins and Shiel (1996) observed that the microbial biomass NPK+ CR 198.4a 201.5a 184.8ab 287.0a
was considerably greater in soils receiving FYM along with NPK NPK + GM 190.2ab 202.4a 181.5b 280.6a

fertilizer than in plots receiving merely NPK fertilizer. Also, Ocio 45–60 cm
et al. (1991) have demonstrated rapid and significant increases in Control 102.5c 71.4c 112.3c 150.6c
NPK 145.5b 103.2b 153.8b 187.5b
microbial biomass following straw inputs in field conditions.
NPK + FYM 169.1a 117.0a 178.6a 220.5a
NPK+ CR 165.5a 113.2a 151.2b 217.8a
3.7. Mineralizable organic carbon NPK + GM 162.8a 111.4a 143.4b 201.4b

Significantly higher Cmin content was recorded in a continu-

ous N–P–K applied plots over control at all soil depths in all the mineralization depend on many factors including climate, appli-
four locations in the IGP (Table 8). The treatments where partial cation rate and microbial activity (Stevenson and Cole, 1999). The
substitution of N were made from organic sources, significantly residue which have high C:N ratios results in low decomposition
higher Cmin was recorded both over NPK treated plots and con- rate and high SOC concentrations in agricultural soils (Martens,
trol at surface soil (0–15 cm). The higher value of Cmin content in 2000; Russell et al., 2005). Other researchers have indicated that
the N–P–K fertilizer with organic amendments treatments may be neither the N concentration in the SOM nor the N availability in
attributed to the good supply of labile C substrate in those treat- the soil directly influences the C decomposition rate (Hobbie and
ments (Majumder et al., 2008). Partial substitution of N through GM Vitousek, 2000), suggesting that C:N ratio is not the only chemical
and CR resulted at par Cmin content at Ludhiana and Sabour. How- property that directly controls C decomposition
ever partial substitution of N through either FYM or CR resulted
at par Cmin content in the surface soil except at Ludhiana (TGP), 3.8. Correlation
where FYM treated plots recorded significantly higher Cmin than
the plots treated with CR. At all the sites NPK + FYM recorded signif- A correlation matrix developed among sustainable yield index
icantly higher Cmin than NPK +GM. The differences in Cmin content of rice (Rice SYI), sustainable yield index of wheat (Wheat SYI) and
among different treatments continually reduced towards lower system sustainable yield index (System SYI), SOC and SOC frac-
depths. The FYM and CR having higher C:N ratio is less resistant to tions and bulk density showed that across the agro-climatic zones
decomposition, in our study addition of inorganic N (50% of recom- of IGP, increase in SOC, POC, Cmin and MBC content was signif-
mended dose) along with these materials reduced the C:N ratio and icantly (P = 0.05) related to increase in Rice SYI and System SYI
enhanced its decomposability. This explain the higher Cmin value while Wheat SYI was positively and significantly related to POC
in FYM treated plots at all the sites and CR treated plots at some and Cmin (Table 9). It has been reported that MBC is regarded as
sites over GM treated plots. The time required for organisms to one of the most sensitive indicators of the sustainability of the man-
lower the C:N ratio of the organic residues to the level for optimum agement systems. There were also significant correlations among

Table 9
Correlation matrix for sustainable yield indices, SOC and its fractions and bulk density.

Parameters Rice SYI Wheat SYI System SYI SOC POC MBC Cmin BD

Rice SYI 1.00

Wheat SYI 0.86* 1.00
System SYI 0.93* 0.96* 1.00
SOC 0.67* 0.40 0.59* 1.00
POC 0.76* 0.53* 0.70* 0.97* 1.00
MBC 0.52* 0.28 0.51* 0.95* 0.91* 1.00
Cmin 0.71* 0.46* 0.65* 0.99* 0.99* 0.95* 1.00
BD −0.74* −0.56* −0.70* −0.77* −0.81* −0.69* −0.78* 1.00

SOC: soil organic carbon; POC: particulate organic carbon; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; Cmin : mineralizable carbon; BD: bulk density.
*
Significant at P = 0.05.
138 A.K. Nayak et al. / Field Crops Research 127 (2012) 129–139

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