Structure and
Properties of
Materials
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No Course Content Tutorial (Assignment) Lab Quiz/ Report/ Project
Lab 1 (Material
1 Ah Classification of materials. -------
classification)
2 Ad Atomic bonding. Ass 1 (Atomic bonding) -------
Ass 2 (Unit cell and
3 Ad Crystallinity of materials.
theoretical density)
-------
Ass 3 (Directions,
4 Ad Crystallography Planes, Linear & planar -------
density)
Lab 2 (Sample
5 Ah Imperfections and Diffusion ----
preparation)
Ass 4 (Grain size
6 Ah Solidification and Structure I
measurement)
---- Quiz 1
Lab 3 (Cooling
7 Ah Solidification and Structure II -------
curves)
Report on Labs 1 & 2
8 Mid Term ------- -------
9 R Phase diagram I Ass 5 (Phase diagram) -------
10 R Phase diagram II Ass 6 (Phase diagram) ------- Quiz 2
Lab 4 (Polymer
11 R Metals designation Ass 7 (Designation)
identification)
Ass 8 (Polymers Dp and
12 Ah Polymers
crystallinity)
Report on labs 3& 4
As 9 (Ceramic
13 Ah Ceramics
structure)
------- Quiz 3
Ass 10 (Mechanical
14 Ah Mechanical Testing
properties)
---
Oral and Project 2
15 Ah Case study and Review Project ---
discussion
Grading
Practical (Oral +
Student Activities Mid-Term Exam + notes+Project) Final Exam
Exam+ quiz
20% 25% 15% 40%
Assignments 7%
Lab Report 8%
Participation %
References
W.D. Callister “Materials Science and Eng.- an Introduction” , 7th
edition, Wiley.
عالم الكتب، المیتالورجیا الفیزیائیة،• أحمد سالم الصباغ
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History
https://www.scimap.tech/blog-1/materials-age
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Materials Science vs Material
Engineering
• Materials science investigates the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.
• Materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property
correlations, designs or engineers the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
• From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop
or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to
create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop
techniques for processing materials.
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Case : Design/materials selection for a coffee cup
Design specifications for coffee cup:
▪ Avoid burning the user’s hands
▪ Might be re-used
▪ Less danger to environment
Materials properties for coffee cup:
▪ Excellent thermal insulation Reusable
▪ Recyclable
Candidate Materials: Ceramics & Polymers
Both appropriate due to their low thermal conductivity
However:
▪ Polymers cup (polyethylene) should not be re-used (become poisonous)
▪ Disposing polymers cause environmental damage → unrecyclable
▪ Ceramics can be reused and less danger to environment.
Proposed Material: Ceramics 6
Global relation Property-Structure-
Processing-Performance
Structure: Something made up of a number of parts that are held
or put together in a particular way,
A property is a material response to a specific imposed
stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made
independent of material shape and size.
Important properties of solid materials may be grouped
into six different categories: mechanical, electrical,
thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
Action Response
Load Mech Prop (Strength)
Electric field Elec Prop (elec conductivity)
-------- ---- prop (------------)
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Global relation Property-Structure-
Processing-Performance
4-Perfermoance of
3 samples of
Aluminum oxide:
Perfermoance
3-Property Transparent* Translucent Opaque
2-Structure a single crystal Very small single crystals Many small, interconnected
connected together. The crystals, but also of a large
boundaries scatter a portion number of very small pores.
of the light reflected from the These pores scatter the
printed page reflected light and render this
material opaque
1-Processing: These differences in optical properties are a consequence of
differences in structure from the way the materials were processed
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1-Processing 2-Structure
Chemical Thermal Mechanical
Composition Heat Treatment Manufacturing
(Alloying) Processes 9
Is the structure an unchangeable feature?
EXAMPLE: FORGING STRUCTURE
tougher
Before forging
An ingot heated to high
temperature is beaten
After forging
Crystal grains of the
metal are large and
non-uniform
Crystal grains of the metal
are small and uniform
1-Processing 2-Structure 10
Structure
Classification
Macrostructure
Microstructure
affects the
chemical,
physical, thermal, have a larger effect on
electrical, Nanostructure mechanical properties and on
magnetic, and the rate of chemical reaction
optical properties Short- and large range
atomic arrangement ▪ ~ > 100 μm
▪ 10 – 1000 nm
Atomic ▪ 1 – 100 nm
structure ▪ 1-10 Å
▪ Up to 1 Å
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μm = 10-6 m nm = 10-9 m Å = 10-10 m
Classification of structure
Structure
Crystalline
Amorphous
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The fundamental difference between single crystal ,
polycrystalline and amorphous solids is the length scale
over which the atoms are related to one another by
translational symmetry ('periodicity' or 'long-range
order')
Single crystals have infinite periodicity, polycrystals
have local periodicity, and amorphous solids (and
liquids) have no long-range order
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What is a Property?
Stimulus Response
• Property gives the same measurement regardless of the size.
• Density is a property, but mass is not
Physical Chemical
• Color, • pH
• texture,
• shape, • Surface energy
• smell, • Surface tension
• state of matter
(solid, liquid, and • Specific internal
gas), surface area
• sound,
• taste • Reactivity
• Corrosion resistance 14
Electrical Magnetic Optical Thermal
• Electrical • Permeability • Absorptivity •Thermal conductivity
conductivity • Hysteresis • Reflectivity • Thermal diffusivity
• Permittivity • Curie Point • Refractive index • Thermal expansion
• Dielectric • Photosensitivity • Emissivity
constant • Transmittance • Coefficient of thermal
• Dielectric • Luminosity expansion
strength • Scattering • Specific heat
• Piezoelectric •Glass transition temperature
constant • Melting point 15
Mechanical
• Tensile strength
• Ductility
• Elastic modulus
• Fatigue limit
• Hardness
• Poisson’s ratio
• Shear modulus
• Yield strength
• Fracture toughness
16 16
Materials
Non-
Engineering
Engineering
Those used in The chemicals, fuels,
manufacture and lubricants, and other
become parts or materials used in the
products manufacturing process
which do not become
part of the product
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Engineering
Materials
Metals & alloys Polymers Ceramics Composites
An alloy is a homogeneous
mixture of two or more
elements, at least one of
which is a metal, and where
the resulting material has
metallic properties
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General Properties of …
Metals • Polymers Ceramics
•Metallic luster; • Low density, • Hard but brittle; bad
•Opaque; • Low melting point; deformable
•Corrosive; • Bad conductor to • High resistance to
•Relatively dense; heat and electricity; high temp and harsh
•Strong (relatively • Easily affected by environments;
high strength); environmental • Good insulator to
•Deformable; factors; heat and electricity;
•Extremely good • Highly Deformable.
conductors of • Chemically stable;
electricity and heat. • May be transparent,
translucent, or
opaque.
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Composites vs. Alloys
Composites are
mixture in
macroscopic level
Alloys are mixture
in microscopic
10/5/2023
level 20
In your Text book, study:
Chapter 1. Introduction
Lab: Materials identification
visual observation of their finishes, touches, colors,
texture, luster, and fracture appearance.
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