GE STS Ms.
Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
★ WHAT IS SOCIETY? - Refers to a
M 1: Intellectual Revolution
group of individuals who share a
common geographic territory and are
★ WHAT IS SCIENCE? - comes from the connected by social relationships,
latin word "Scientia" (KNOWLEDGE) interactions, and shared cultural
★ The systematic study or practice. elements.
★ A system of acquiring knowledge ★ SCIENCE - study of something
based on the scientific method. ★ TECHNOLOGY - usage of tools
★ SOCIETY - a community of people
with a common goal
★ WHAT IS STS? - · It represents an
interdisciplinary field of study that
examines then relationship and
interactions between science,
technology, and broader societal
context.
★ ·STS explores how scientific and
technological advancements impact
society and how societal values,
norms, and institutions, in turn,
influence then direction and
consequences of scientific and
technological developments.
★ EFFECTS OF S&T TO THE SOCIETY
○ ·Mutual Influence: Science and
Technology influence society,
★
and society, in turn, shaped the
★ the human attempt to understand the
direction of scientific and
natural world, with or without concern
technological advancements.
for practical uses of that knowledge.
○ Innovation and Progress:
★ WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? - comes
from two Greek words,"techne" (skill Advances in science and
in the art, craftsmanship, practical technology drive societal
process)"logos" (word, reason) progress and innovation.
★ Tools - to perform specific tasks or ○ Social Impacts: The introduction
functions of new technologies can have
★ Techniques - methods or approaches profound social impacts. changes
used to apply tools effectively in employment patterns,
★ Procedure - putting the findings of
communication methods, and
science to practical use
lifestyle are often influenced by
technological advancements.
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
★ Science, Technology, and Society ★ Ancient Technology - In the course of the
(STS) is an interdisciplinary field of evolution of ancient civilizations,
study that is based on the history, engineering advances resulted in the
philosophy, and sociology of science creation of ancient technology. Society
and technology, among other things. It was forced to adapt to new ways of living
investigates the fundamental cultural and government as a result of these
foundation of our technoscientific technical developments.
civilization and considers current ★ Several new concepts, ideas, and
public policy issues of great technologies were brought by ancient
importance. civilizations during the dawn of civilization,
★ Recognizing that historical forces which are being used today.
affect discoveries and developments, ★ In the early stages of technological
which in turn influence values, events, progress and invention, interactions
and institutions, therefore influencing between individuals and their
the course of history. surroundings aided in the promotion of
★ Human Successes in the Field of trade and economic growth.
Science and Technology - Humans ★ Technological Advances in the Ancient
are a creative species. Humans are not Times:
the strongest of the species nor the ○ Egypt: (3000 BC) – Invention of
most intelligent but were able to Paper.
developed and built some incredible ■ Egyptians began using the plant
far-fetched inventions. Technology as Papyrus as paper.
a tool. ○ China: (3000 BC) – Invention of
★ Many significant advancements have Silk.
been regarded as particularly ■ Once discovered, silk was
revolutionary, beginning with the day exclusively for China- it was to
someone bashed a rock against the remain a secret from the rest of
ground to form the world's first the world and any individual who
sharp-edged tool, progressing through exposed the secret would be
the development of the wheel, and harshly punished.
ultimately resulting in the invention of ○ Sumer: (1300 BC) – Invention of
the printing press and the Internet. Sailboats
★ If I have seen further,” Isaac Newton ■ Sumerians created the sailboat,,
wrote in a 1675 letter to fellow a way to move goods through
scientist Robert Hooke, “it is by trade.
standing on the shoulders of giants.” ○ Greece: (460 BC) – Hippocrates,
The Father of Medicine
■ Changed beliefs that bad health
and illnesses were caused by evil
spirits or unhappy gods.
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
○ Middelburg: (1590) – The Microscope
○ Rome: (312 BC) – Roman Aqueducts ■ The microscope was crucial in the
■ The Romans developed a water system discovery of methods for preventing
using aqueducts to transport water and treating numerous illness.
throughout the empire. ○ Europe: (11th century) – Water and
○ Rome: (300 BC) – Concrete Wind Mills
■ The use of this strong material ■ Allowed people to harness the energy
positively impacted Rome's success by from natural forces like rivers and wind.
enhancing the infrastructure. ○ Western Europe: (13th century) –
○ China: (206 BC) – Invention of the Eyeglasses
Compass ■ Its ability to correct vision problems
■ Compass was used in fortune telling but makes it a much it one of the most
a time progressed, it took on the role of useful medieval inventions.
a navigation tool ○ Europe: (14th century) – Mechanical
○ Sub-Saharan Desert: (200 BC) – Clocks
Invention of Camel Saddle ■ The knowledge of not only what hour it
■ Utilizing the camel to its full benefit as was, but even what minute and second
an essential component of trade. it was, would change the way people
○ China: (904 AD) – Use of Gunpowder scheduled their days and work patterns.
■ Chinese scientists learned gunpowder ○ War Weapons
could be used a weapon, their methods ■ Swords and Axes
of combat changed in their favor. ■ Firearms (handguns and arquebuses)
★ Medieval Age - During this period, ■ Bows and Crossbows
where wars were prevalent, there was a ■ Spears and Polearms
considerable need for technology in the ■ Trebuchets (catapults) and Cannons
realms of weaponry, navigation, mass ■ Greek Fire
food and farm production, and health. ■ War Ships
★ The trade and commerce between ★ Modern Times - To establish
nations grew, so the demand for connections between and among
transportation technologies was also nations, faster and easier ways to
evident. communicate and compute were
★ Technological Advances in the developed.
Medieval Age: ★ People required effective transportation
○ Germany: (1440) – The Printing Press in order to sell more things and travel
by Johannes Gutenberg longer distances.
■ The printing press was invented to
address the need for publishing books
that would spread information to many
people at a faster rate.
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
★ Technological Advances in the
Modern Time: ★ Some Filipino Inventions and
○ USA: (1876) – The Telephone Discoveries:
■ It simply lets us communicate with any ○ Visayas and Mindanao (16th century)
other person in the world that also has a – Kampilan
telephone. ■ Is a type of single-edged long sword,
○ London: (1928) – Penicillin with the tapered blade being much
■ The invention of antibiotics saves and is broader and thinner at the point than at
still saving countless lives by preventing its base. A notable wielder of the
the growth of harmful bacteria. kampilan was Lapulapu.
○ Germany: (1885) – The Automobile ○ Luzon (17th century) – Lantaka
■ This invention has changed the looks of (Swivel Cannon)
cities around the world, as every road ■ A type of bronze portable cannon or
and street is designed to be perfect for swivel gun, sometimes mounted on
driving a car. merchant vessels and warships.
○ USA: (1882) – The Electricity ○ Batangas (1905) – Balisong (Butterfly
■ If there is one thing that people can’t Knife)
live without today – it is electricity. ■ Is a folding pocket knife with two
○ USA: (1888) – The Computer handles counter-rotating around the
■ It is to perform calculations, store tang such that, when closed, the blade
information, retrieve data and process is concealed within grooves in the
information. A computer has handles.
programmed data or computer ○ Luzon (1946) – Jeepney
language that tells the computer how to ■ A modified military jeep, is the most
fulfill its purpose. common form of transportation in the
○ USA: (1983) – The Internet country today.
■ The Internet was first invented for ○ Ilo-ilo (1940) – Erythromycin,
military purposes, and then expanded discovered by Dr. Abelardo Aguilar
to the purpose of communication ■ The new drug was capable of treating
among scientists. The internet is the several kinds of infections minus the
one thing that enabled us to be common side-effects of antibiotics
connected to the whole world, no ○ Manila (1941) – Bamboo Incubator,
matter where we are. invented by Dr. Fe del Mundo
○ USA: (1994) – The Smartphone ■ It was created to address the needs of
■ A smartphone is a mobile cellular phone rural areas with no electricity that is
that allows you to do more than make needed to regulate newborn babies'
phone calls and send text messages. body temperature.
Smartphones can browse the Internet ○ Los Baños (1966) – Specific Rice
and run software programs like a Breeds, Rodolfo Aquino
computer. ■ His discoveries helped prevent famine
in much of Asia.
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
○ Cagayan Valley (1984) – 16-Bit What is an Intellectual Revolution?
Microchip, invented by Dado Banatao
● A period of paradigm shifts where
■ Developed the first single-chip previously accepted scientific ideas are
graphical user interface accelerator challenged and rejected.
that made computers work much ● A time of significant scientific
faster.. breakthroughs and refinement of the
★ Some Paradigm Shifts in History modern scientific method (observation,
○ Male superiority - women were seen as hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and
conclusion).
“housewives” responsible for taking
care of children and identified as
inferior to their male counterparts – Early Astronomers and Geocentrism
now is not acceptable. ● Aristotle (384-322 B.C.):
○ Reading and control over information - ● Believed heavier objects fall faster
invention of printing press ended the than lighter ones (a concept that
lasted 1500+ years).
long time control of elites over
● Based his concepts on the four
information – available to everyone Greek elements: earth, water, air,
○ The Reformation – broke monopoly of and fire, adding aether as a fifth
Catholic Church and Christian’s element.
relationship with God – everyone can ● Claudius Ptolemy (100 A.D. - 170 A.D.):
access the bible for own interpretation. ● Proposed the geocentric theory
(Earth as the center of the solar
○ Plate Tectonics – create a physical
system).
model of the Earth’s structure – ended ● His model was accepted for 1400
the beliefs that earthquakes was a years, partly because it aligned
product of god’s rage or bad temper. with biblical texts.
○ Psychology (Sigmund Freud) – we are ● Ptolemaic Model:Earth is
not fully in control of our behavior – a stationary at the center of the
subconscious part operates. universe.
● Defects in Ptolemy's
★ CONCLUSION - The impact of a Model:Observed paths of planets
technology on society is always like Mars weren't circular.
unexpected because technologies are
rarely "the end of the story." They lead
to new technologies--or new uses--or
new social modes. All the foundations
for our modern society were laid in the
Ancient Times as well as the Medieval
Age including universities, the Industrial
Revolution, and the Capitalist system.
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
Other Key Intellectual Revolutions
● The Darwinian Revolution:
The Copernican Revolution: Shifting to ● Charles Darwin (1809 –
Heliocentrism 1882):Proposed the Theory of
Evolution and natural selection.
● Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): ● The Newtonian Revolution:
● Proposed the heliocentric model ● Isaac Newton (1642 –
(Sun as the center of the solar 1727):Explained gravity with
system). mathematical principles.
● Stated that Earth and other planets ● The Freudian Revolution:
revolve around the Sun in a circular ● Sigmund Freud (1856 –
path. 1939):Explored the conscious and
● Didn't insist on his findings due to unconscious factors influencing
religious beliefs, but his work behavior.
marked the birth of modern
astronomy.
● Tycho Brahe (1546-1601): Summary and Significance
● Had a sophisticated observatory.
● His data supported Copernicus, ● The scientific revolution marked a
but he still believed in the separation of science and religion,
Ptolemaic model. allowing science to be based on facts and
● Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): quantitative reasoning.
● Used Brahe's data to formulate ● This paradigm shift enabled numerous
mathematical laws of planetary scientific discoveries about the natural
motion. world.
● Planets move in elliptical orbits
with the Sun at one focus. Key Figures to Remember
● Planets do not move at uniform
speeds in their orbits. ● Aristotle
● Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): ● Ptolemy
● His work on the laws of motion ● Copernicus
furthered the understanding of the ● Brahe
universe. ● Kepler
● Discredited the belief that ● Galileo
everything revolves around the ● Darwin
Earth. ● Newton
● Was tried by the Catholic Church ● Freud
for his heliocentric views and
sentenced to imprisonment. Key Concepts to Remember
● The Church later admitted Galileo
was right. ● Geocentrism vs. Heliocentrism
● The Scientific Method
● Theory of Evolution
● Universal Gravitation
● The role of Id, Ego, and Superego
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
The New Republic: Key Developments
● Science Act of 1958: Boosted science and
What is Nation Building? technology research.
● Philippine Science High School (1964):
● Bringing together diverse people within a
Specialized science high school.
country.
● PAG-ASA: To utilize scientific knowledge
● Building infrastructure (roads, etc.) and
for public safety.
creating jobs.
● Most importantly: Improving education.
Presidents and S&T: Key Highlights
Pre-Spanish Philippines: "The Good Old Days?" ● Aquino: Created DOST (Department of
Science and Technology).
● High literacy rate.
● Ramos: Gave incentives to outstanding
● Farming, shipbuilding, mining, and
scientists and technologists.
weaving were already happening.
● Estrada: Promoted the Internet for schools
● Knew about medicinal plants.
and businesses.
● Even had a calendar and a system for
● Arroyo: "Golden age" for S&T.
weighing and measuring!
● Famous example: Banaue Rice Terraces =
awesome engineering. Government Policies (Focus: ASEAN 2015)
● DOST and NRCP worked together.
Spanish Era: Schools and Trade, but Also... ● Policies grouped into:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities,
● What they brought: Schools, new subjects
Education, International Policies
(science).
and Governance
● Galleon Trade: Manila became a major
2. Physics, Engineering, and
trade port (China <-> Europe).
Industrial Research, Earth and
● The downside: Superstitious beliefs
Space Sciences, and Mathematics.
slowed down science.
3. Medical, Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences
American Period: Focus on Science and Health 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture,
● Public education system: Science in and Forestry
schools focused on nature and sanitation.
● Health focus: Hospitals and clinics were Key Takeaways for Remembering
built. Cleanliness and hygiene were
taught. ● Pre-Spanish: Already had impressive skills
● Resource exploitation: Mineral resources and knowledge.
were mined. ● Spanish: Introduced schools and trade, but
● Cultural influence: Filipinos learned about also slowed scientific progress.
American culture. ● American: Focused on science education
and public health.
● Post-WWII: Rebuilding and government
World War II: Destruction and Rebuilding
support for S&T.
● Philippines devastated. Memory Tips
● Rebuilding was a huge struggle.
● Independence gained in 1946 (officially ● Think Timeline: Imagine a timeline in your
June 12). head with each period.
● Associate: Connect each period with a key
word or image (e.g., Spanish = Galleon,
American = Schoolhouse).
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GE STS Ms. Ariza | 2nd Semester | 2025
● Presidents: Focus on what
each president did for science and
technology.
