Bass Drum, Gran Cassa (Italian), Grosse trammel (German), Grosse Caisse (French).
a standard-size for a concert bass drum is 36 inches in diameter by 16 inches in width. the types
of materials for heads are fiber skin which is a man-made textured plastic or calf skin which is a
natural animal hide. smooth heads create a very brittle tone therefore should be avoided in a
concert setting.
标准尺寸的音乐会低音鼓是直径 36 英寸，宽度 16 英寸。鼓面的材料类型是人造的有纹理的塑料纤维皮，或是一种天然动物皮小牛皮。平滑的鼓面会造成非常脆弱的音调，因此音乐会大鼓应该
避免使用。
Tuning
when tuning the bass drum the playing head should be a fourth or fifth above below or at the
same pitch as the resonating head. I like to start with the playing head and get it to a response it
feels good to me. make sure it's not too loose or floppy so that it is articulate and resonant. then I
take the resonating head and put it at the same pitch as the playing head for a starting point.
remember the resonating head determines how articulate the sound will be. Again it can be
anywhere from a perfect fifth above or below the playing head. you have to determine what
sound you want.
当调音低音鼓时，演奏面应低于共鸣面四度或五度以上或在同一音高。我喜欢从击打面开始，让它得到一个对我来说很好的响应。 确保它不是太松或软，这样它才能发音清晰并具有共振。然后我把
共鸣面调到与演奏面相同的音高作为一个起点。记住，共振面决定了声音的清晰程度。它可以在高于演奏面纯五度的任何位置或低于演奏面，你必须确定你想要什么样的声音。
Mallet Selection
let's take a look at a general mallet selection and some effects mallets. the first one to look at is a
general beater. it is a medium to large headed felt mallet that produces a well-rounded resonant
tone. next is a pair of rolling beaters as you can see these are smaller than the general beaters
and are easier to control. the last beater to fill out our general selection is a set of staccato
beaters. staccato beaters are similar to rollers but have less felt in a harder core. these are used
for articulating rhythmic figures. some other effects mallets that we use are wooden beaters, that
we use for extremely articulate playing especially in a soft dynamic range. another is a hard felt
beater that we use for extremely articulate playing in loud dynamic ranges.
让我们看看一般的槌选择和一些效果槌。首先要看的是一个普通的槌。它是一个中到大头的毛毡槌，能产生一个圆润的共振音调。接下来是一对滚奏槌，你可以看到，他们比一般的槌要小，更容易
控制。最后一个槌我们的一般选择是一根断奏槌。断奏槌类似于滚奏，但在硬核处毛毡较少。这些是用来清晰地表达节奏的。我们使用的一些其他效果的木槌是木制的槌，我们使用它来非常清晰地
演奏，尤其是在一个柔和的动态范围内。另一个是一个硬毡槌，我们使用非常清晰地演奏响亮的动态范围。
Playing Areas
general playing areas for the bass drum are the same as any membrane ofone. The center of the
drum is used for loud strokes and extremely articulate passages. off-center or a third of the
distance from the rim is used for allgeneral playing and loud rolls. the edge is for soft rolls and
special effects that require a thin sound in higher overtones.
一般演奏低音鼓的区域与任何一种膜一样。鼓的中心用于响亮的击打和极其清晰的段落。 偏离中心或离鼓边三分之一的距离用于一般的演奏和响亮的滚奏。 边缘是为轻滚奏和 a thin
sound in higher overtones 的特殊效果。
Stroke
the forearm and wrist produced the general playing stroke. soft strokes are produced mostly by
the wrists. adding the upper arm to the general stroke produces loud strokes. the direct stroke
goes directly into the head with a flicking of the wrist to terminate the stroke, this produces
maximum vibrations in overtones from the drum. for rolls we use two matched beaters. if your
bass drum is suspended and can lay flat, you can use match grip to execute a single stroke roll. if
your bass drum does not lay flat then hold the beaters with traditional grip and still use single
strokes to execute the roll.
前臂和手腕产生一般的击打动作。柔软的拍击主要由手腕产生。在常规击打中加入上臂可以产生响亮的击打。 the direct stroke 直接击打鼓面，并使手腕迅速离开来结束击打，这
在鼓的泛音中产生最大的振动。在滚奏时，我们使用两个相同的槌。如果你的低音鼓是悬空的，并且可以平放，你可以使用对称式握槌法来演奏 single stroke roll。如果你的低音鼓
没有平放，那么用传统握槌法，并且仍然使用 single stroke roll。
Dampening and Muffling
to dampen is to stop the vibrations of the head by exerting pressure with the left hand or right
knee. the most significant problem to address is not how to dampen but when to dampen. Most
composers and arrangers are not always familiar with proper techniques and notation of the bass
drum. the note values are not always consistent with the band or Orchestra, therefore a player
must listen and reinterpret the written part. another option is to check the full score for the
proper note values as shown on your screen. How when do we muffle the bass drum. to muffle is
to partially mute the head to lessen the vibrations. we muffle when the type of notation is fast.
we also muffle if the character of the music is short, or if there is a smaller instrumentation or if
the acoustics of the hall are very live all of these situations require muffling.
dampen 就是用左手或右膝盖施加压力来阻止鼓面的振动。要解决的最重要的问题不是如何 dampen，而是何时 dampen。大多数作曲家和编曲并不总是熟悉正确的技术和
低音鼓的记号。音符的值并不总是与乐队或管弦乐队一致，因此演奏者必须倾听并重新解释写好的部分。另一个方法是像屏幕上显示的那样，查看总谱以确定正确音符时值。 什么时候我们要把低音
鼓 muffle。muffle 是将鼓面部分静音以减少振动。当音符比较快时，我们就会消噪。如果音乐的特点很短，或者有较小的乐器或者大厅的音响效果很逼真，所有这些情况都需要消声。
