difference between Imperialism and Nationalism i

Basis Imperialism Nationalism

Definition Imperialism is a policy of Nationalism is a feeling of

extending a country’s power strong loyalty and pride
by acquiring colonies or towards one's nation.
dominating other nations.

Motive To gain political, economic, To unite people with common

and military control over other identity, culture, and history
territories. under a sovereign nation.

Nature Aggressive and expansionist. Unifying and liberating.

Example British colonization of India. The unification of Italy and

Germany in the 19th century.

Outcome Suppression of native Promotion of national identity

cultures and exploitation of and struggle for
colonies. independence.

🔹 Subtopic 4: The Making of Germany and Italy

1. Differentiate between the unification of Germany and Italy.

Basis Germany Italy

Main Leader Otto von Bismarck (Prussia) Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count

Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II

Leading State Prussia Piedmont-Sardinia

Method Used Military wars (Three wars led Military campaigns and
by Bismarck) diplomatic efforts

Year of Unification 1871 1861 (completed in 1870 with

Rome)

Form of Government Monarchy under Kaiser Monarchy under King Victor

William I Emmanuel II
2. Compare the roles of Otto von Bismarck and Giuseppe Garibaldi in national
unification.
Leader Otto von Bismarck Giuseppe Garibaldi

Country Germany Italy

Title/Position Prime Minister of Prussia Military leader

Approach Used "Blood and Iron" (war Led popular volunteer army
and diplomacy) "Red Shirts"

Achievement United German states under Liberated southern Italy and

Prussian monarchy handed it to the king

Nature of Leadership Conservative and strategic Revolutionary and popular

leader

🔹 Subtopic 5: Visualising the Nation

3. Difference between ‘Germania’ and ‘Marianne’ as national symbols.

Aspect Germania (Germany) Marianne (France)

Representation Personified German nation Personified French Republic

Symbols Held Sword, shield, crown of oak Red cap, tricolour, sceptre,
leaves laurel wreath

Purpose Symbolised strength, unity, Symbol of liberty, reason, and

and heroism justice

Origin Inspired by German traditions Inspired by French

Revolution ideals

🔹 Subtopic 6: Nationalism and Imperialism

4. Differentiate between Nationalist Movements in the 19th Century and Imperialist

Policies in the 20th Century.
Aspect Nationalism (19th Century) Imperialism (20th Century)

Goal To unify people of common To dominate other countries

identity and culture for power and resources
Driven by Unity, independence, identity Greed, competition,
expansion

Example Unification of Italy and Colonization of Africa and

Germany Asia by European powers

Result Formation of nation-states Suppression of native

peoples and cultures

5. Difference between Balkan Nationalism and Western European Nationalism.

Aspect Balkan Nationalism Western European
Nationalism

Region South-Eastern Europe Western Europe (France,

(Balkan Peninsula) Germany, Italy)

Nature Ethnic, fragmented, led to Unified movements for

conflicts nation-building

Result Instability, rise of tensions, Creation of modern nation-

led to WWI states

Examples Serbia, Bosnia, Greece France, Italy, Germany

🟦 Subtopic 4: The Making of Germany and Italy

🔸 MCQ 1:

Who played a key role in the unification of Germany?

A. Giuseppe Mazzini
B. Otto von Bismarck
C. Napoleon Bonaparte
D. Victor Emmanuel II

✅ Answer: B. Otto von Bismarck

🔸 MCQ 2:

Which state led the unification of Germany?

A. Bavaria
B. Saxony
C. Prussia
D. Austria

✅ Answer: C. Prussia

🔸 MCQ 3:

Which war completed the unification of Germany?

A. Austro-Prussian War
B. Danish War
C. Franco-Prussian War
D. Seven Weeks War

✅ Answer: C. Franco-Prussian War

🔸 MCQ 4:

Who was proclaimed the Emperor of unified Germany in 1871?

A. Otto von Bismarck

B. William I (Kaiser Wilhelm I)
C. Napoleon III
D. Adolf Hitler

✅ Answer: B. William I (Kaiser Wilhelm I)

🔸 MCQ 5:

Which Italian leader was responsible for the liberation and merger of southern Italy?

A. Count Cavour
B. Victor Emmanuel II
C. Garibaldi
D. Mazzini

✅ Answer: C. Garibaldi

🟦 Subtopic 5: Visualising the Nation

🔸 MCQ 6:

What does Marianne symbolise in France?

A. Monarchy
B. Liberty and Republic
C. War and conquest
D. German dominance

✅ Answer: B. Liberty and Republic

🔸 MCQ 7:

Which of the following is not associated with Germania?

A. Sword
B. Black, red, and gold flag
C. Red Phrygian cap
D. Crown of oak leaves

✅ Answer: C. Red Phrygian cap (This is associated with Marianne)

🔸 MCQ 8:

Which symbol was used by revolutionaries in France to represent liberty?

A. Olive branch
B. Red cap (Phrygian cap)
C. Eagle
D. White dove

✅ Answer: B. Red cap (Phrygian cap)

🟦 Subtopic 6: Nationalism and Imperialism

🔸 MCQ 9:

The Balkan region was under the control of which empire before nationalist movements
began?

A. Russian Empire
B. Habsburg Empire
C. Ottoman Empire
D. British Empire

✅ Answer: C. Ottoman Empire

🔸 MCQ 10:

Why did the Balkan region become a source of tension in Europe?

A. Due to natural resources

B. Because of ethnic nationalism and imperial rivalry
C. Due to trade routes
D. Because of religious harmony

✅ Answer: B. Because of ethnic nationalism and imperial rivalry

🔸 MCQ 11:

What was a major consequence of growing nationalism in the Balkan region?

A. The beginning of industrialization

B. Strengthening of the Ottoman Empire
C. Outbreak of the First World War
D. Spread of democracy in Europe

✅ Answer: C. Outbreak of the First World War

🟦 SUBTOPIC 4: The Making of Germany and Italy

🔹 Very Short Answer Type (1 Mark)

1. Who was the architect of German unification?
→ Otto von Bismarck

2. Name the Prussian king who became the German Emperor in 1871.
→ Kaiser William I

3. Who was the leader of the Red Shirts in Italy?

→ Giuseppe Garibaldi

4. Which Italian state led the unification of Italy?

→ Piedmont-Sardinia

🔹 Short Answer Type (3 Marks)

 1. Explain the role of Otto von Bismarck in the unification of Germany.
→ Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, led the unification
through a policy of "blood and iron." He organized three wars – with Denmark
(1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870-71). These victories consolidated
the German states under Prussian leadership, leading to the formation of the
German Empire in 1871.

2. Mention three major problems faced in the unification of Italy.

○ Political fragmentation into different kingdoms and states

○ Foreign control by Austria, Spain, and France
○ Lack of a common language and economic disparity
3. How did Garibaldi contribute to the unification of Italy?
→ Garibaldi led the Red Shirt army, capturing Sicily and Naples in the south
and handing over these territories to Victor Emmanuel II, which helped unify
Italy under one monarch.

🔹 Long Answer Type (5 Marks)

1. Compare the unification movements of Germany and Italy.
→ Both were fragmented into small kingdoms. In Germany, Prussia under
Bismarck used military strategy and three successive wars for unification.
Italy’s unification was led by multiple figures—Cavour (diplomatic efforts),
Garibaldi (military action), and Victor Emmanuel II (symbolic head). Germany
became an empire in 1871; Italy completed unification in 1870 with the
annexation of Rome.

2. Describe the process of unification of Italy. Who were the key leaders involved?
→ The process started in 1859. Count Cavour of Sardinia-Piedmont allied with
France and defeated Austria. Garibaldi conquered the south with the Red
Shirts and gave it to King Victor Emmanuel II. The central duchies joined
later. Finally, Rome was annexed in 1870. Leaders involved: Cavour, Garibaldi,
Mazzini, and Victor Emmanuel II.

🟦 SUBTOPIC 5: Visualising the Nation

🔹 Very Short Answer Type (1 Mark)

1. What does the female allegory ‘Marianne’ represent?
→ The French nation and Republic.
 2. What is the significance of the oak leaves in Germania’s crown?
→ They symbolize heroism and strength.

🔹 Short Answer Type (3 Marks)

1. How did artists in the 18th and 19th centuries personify the nation? Give
examples.
→ Artists used female allegories to personify nations. France was
represented as Marianne and Germany as Germania, often shown with national
symbols like flags, swords, and crowns to instill nationalism and unity.

2. Describe any three features of the image of Germania.

○ Wears a crown of oak leaves (symbol of heroism)

○ Holds a sword and shield (defense and bravery)
○ Draped in German flag colors (black, red, and gold)

🔹 Long Answer Type (5 Marks)

1. How did female allegories help to shape the concept of nation in 19th-century
Europe?
→ Female allegories served as symbolic representations of national values.
Marianne represented liberty, reason, and justice in France, while Germania stood for
unity and strength in Germany. These symbols helped foster emotional attachment to
the idea of the nation and were used in stamps, coins, and public monuments.

🟦 SUBTOPIC 6: Nationalism and Imperialism

🔹 Very Short Answer Type (1 Mark)

1. Which empire controlled the Balkan region before its fragmentation?
→ The Ottoman Empire

2. Which event in 1914 was the immediate cause of World War I?

→ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo

🔹 Short Answer Type (3 Marks)

 1. Why did the Balkan region become a source of nationalist tension in Europe?
→ The Balkan region was ethnically diverse and under Ottoman control.
Various ethnic groups wanted to form independent nation-states, leading to
rivalry, especially with interference from major European powers like Russia
and Austria-Hungary.

2. Explain the term ‘Balkan crisis’.

→ The Balkan crisis refers to the growing unrest in the Balkan Peninsula
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, where nationalist movements
clashed with imperialist interests, leading to wars and finally the outbreak of
World War I.

🔹 Long Answer Type (5 Marks)

1. Explain how the idea of nationalism led to imperialism and finally the First World
War.
→ Nationalist sentiments led newly unified countries like Germany and Italy
to seek expansion. Imperialist ambitions caused conflict among European
powers over colonies. In the Balkans, extreme nationalism led to ethnic
clashes. These tensions, along with the formation of alliances, culminated in
World War I after the assassination at Sarajevo.