97909_05_ch05_p400-409.

qk:97909_05_ch05_p400-409 9/21/10 4:16 PM Page 403

SECTION 5.4 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS AND THE NET CHANGE THEOREM 403

EXAMPLE 7 Figure 4 shows the power consumption in the city of San Francisco for a day
in September (P is measured in megawatts; t is measured in hours starting at midnight).
Estimate the energy used on that day.

P
800

600

400

200

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 t
FIGURE 4
Pacific Gas & Electric

SOLUTION Power is the rate of change of energy: P!t" ! E$!t". So, by the Net Change
Theorem,

y P!t" dt ! y E$!t" dt ! E!24" % E!0"

24 24

0 0

is the total amount of energy used on that day. We approximate the value of the integral
using the Midpoint Rule with 12 subintervals and !t ! 2:

y
24
P!t" dt # $P!1" " P!3" " P!5" " # # # " P!21" " P!23"% !t
0

# !440 " 400 " 420 " 620 " 790 " 840 " 850
" 840 " 810 " 690 " 670 " 550"!2"
! 15,840

The energy used was approximately 15,840 megawatt-hours.

A note on units How did we know what units to use for energy in Example 7? The integral x024 P!t" dt is
defined as the limit of sums of terms of the form P!ti*" !t. Now P!ti*" is measured in
megawatts and !t is measured in hours, so their product is measured in megawatt-hours. The
same is true of the limit. In general, the unit of measurement for xab f !x" dx is the product of
the unit for f !x" and the unit for x.

5.4 Exercises
1– 4 Verify by differentiation that the formula is correct.
y
x 2
4. dx ! 2 !bx % 2a" sa " bx " C
s1 " x 2 sa " bx 3b
y
1
1. dx ! % "C
x s1 " x
2 2 x

2. y cos x dx !
2 1
2 x " 14 sin 2x " C 5–18 Find the general indefinite integral.

3. y cos x dx ! sin x %
3 1
3 sin3 x " C
5. y !x 2
" x %2 " dx 6. y (sx 3 "s
3
x 2 ) dx

; Graphing calculator or computer required 1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_05_ch05_p400-409.qk:97909_05_ch05_p400-409 9/21/10 4:17 PM Page 404

404 CHAPTER 5 INTEGRALS

7. y (x 4
! 12 x 3 " 14 x ! 2) dx 8. y "y 3
" 1.8y 2 ! 2.4y# dy 43. y
1!s3 t2 ! 1
dt 44. y & 2x ! 1 & dx
2

0 t4 ! 1 0

9. y "u " 4#"2u " 1# du 10. y v"v 2

" 2#2 dv
y ( x ! 2 & x &) dx y & sin x & dx
2 3#!2
45. 46.

$ %
!1 0
x 3 ! 2 sx
y y
1
11. dx 12. x2 " 1 " 2 dx
x x "1
; 47. Use a graph to estimate the x-intercepts of the curve
13. y "sin x " sinh x# dx 14. y "csc t ! 2e # dt 2 t
y ! 1 ! 2x ! 5x 4. Then use this information to estimate the
area of the region that lies under the curve and above the
15. y "$ ! csc $ cot $ # d$ 16. y sec t "sec t " tan t# dt x-axis.
; 48. Repeat Exercise 47 for the curve y ! "x " 1# ! x .
2 !1 4

y "1 " tan %# d% y

sin 2x
17. 2
18. dx 49. The area of the region that lies to the right of the y-axis and
sin x to the left of the parabola x ! 2y ! y 2 (the shaded region in
the figure) is given by the integral x02 "2y ! y 2 # dy. (Turn
your head clockwise and think of the region as lying below
; 19–20 Find the general indefinite integral. Illustrate by graphing the curve x ! 2y ! y 2 from y ! 0 to y ! 2.) Find the area
several members of the family on the same screen. of the region.

19. y (cos x " x) dx 1

2 20. y "e x
! 2x 2 # dx y

2
x=2y-¥
21– 46 Evaluate the integral.

y y
3 2
21. "x 2 ! 3# dx 22. "4x 3 ! 3x 2 " 2x# dx
!2 1
0
y!2 ( 12 t 4 " 14 t 3 ! t) dt y x
0 3
23. 24. "1 " 6w 2 ! 10w 4 # dw 1
0

y y
2 1
25. "2x ! 3#"4x 2 " 1# dx 26. t"1 ! t# 2 dt 50. The boundaries of the shaded region are the y-axis, the line
y ! 1, and the curve y ! s
0 !1 4
x . Find the area of this region by

27. y0
#
"5e x " 3 sin x# dx 28. y1
2
$ 1
x2
4
! 3
x
% dx
writing x as a function of y and integrating with respect to y
(as in Exercise 49).

$ %
y
4 " 6u y=1
y y0 (3st
4 4
29. du 30. ! 2e t) dt 1
1 su
sy ! y y=$œ„
x
y x (sx " sx ) dx y
1 4
31. 3 4
32. dy
0 1 y2

33. y
1
2
$ % x
2
!
2
x
dx 34. y0
1
"5x ! 5 x # dx
0 1 x

y y#
1 # !3
35. "x 10 " 10 x # dx 36. csc 2 $ d$
0 !4
51. If w&"t# is the rate of growth of a child in pounds per year,
1 " cos2$ what does x510 w&"t# dt represent?
y
#!4
37. d$
0 cos2$ 52. The current in a wire is defined as the derivative of the
sin $ " sin $ tan $ 2 charge: I"t# ! Q&"t#. (See Example 3 in Section 3.7.) What
y
#!3
38.
0 sec2$
d$ does xab I"t# dt represent?
53. If oil leaks from a tank at a rate of r"t# gallons per minute at
1"s3
2e x
y y time t, what does x0120 r"t# dt represent?
64 x 10
39. dx 40. dx
1 sx !10 sinh x " cosh x
54. A honeybee population starts with 100 bees and increases
"x ! 1#3 at a rate of n&"t# bees per week. What does 100 " x015 n&"t# dt
y y
s3!2 dr 2
41. 42. dx
0 s1 ! r 2 1 x2 represent?

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_05_ch05_p400-409.qk:97909_05_ch05_p400-409 9/21/10 4:18 PM Page 405

SECTION 5.4 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS AND THE NET CHANGE THEOREM 405

55. In Section 4.7 we defined the marginal revenue function R!"x# given in the table. The time t is measured in seconds and the
as the derivative of the revenue function R"x#, where x is the units for r"t# are tonnes (metric tons) per second.
number of units sold. What does x1000
5000
R!"x# dx represent?
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
56. If f "x# is the slope of a trail at a distance of x miles from the
start of the trail, what does x f "x# dx represent? 5
3
r"t# 2 10 24 36 46 54 60

57. If x is measured in meters and f "x# is measured in newtons,

what are the units for x0100 f "x# dx ?
(a) Give upper and lower estimates for the total quantity Q"6#
of erupted materials after 6 seconds.
(b) Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate Q"6#.
58. If the units for x are feet and the units for a"x# are pounds
per foot, what are the units for da!dx ? What units does
x28 a"x# dx have? 67. The marginal cost of manufacturing x yards of a certain
fabric is C!"x# ! 3 # 0.01x % 0.000006x 2 (in dollars per
59–60 The velocity function (in meters per second) is given yard). Find the increase in cost if the production level is raised
for a particle moving along a line. Find (a) the displacement and from 2000 yards to 4000 yards.
(b) the distance traveled by the particle during the given time
interval. 68. Water flows into and out of a storage tank. A graph of the rate
of change r"t# of the volume of water in the tank, in liters per
59. v"t# ! 3t # 5, 0"t"3 day, is shown. If the amount of water in the tank at time t ! 0
60. v"t# ! t 2 # 2t # 8, 1"t"6 is 25,000 L, use the Midpoint Rule to estimate the amount of
water in the tank four days later.

61–62 The acceleration function (in m!s2 ) and the initial velocity r
are given for a particle moving along a line. Find (a) the velocity 2000
at time t and (b) the distance traveled during the given time
interval. 1000

61. a"t# ! t % 4, v "0# ! 5, 0 " t " 10

0 1 2 3 4 t
62. a"t# ! 2t % 3, v "0# ! #4, 0"t"3
_1000

63. The linear density of a rod of length 4 m is given by

$ "x# ! 9 % 2 sx measured in kilograms per meter, where x
is measured in meters from one end of the rod. Find the total 69. A bacteria population is 4000 at time t ! 0 and its rate of
mass of the rod. growth is 1000 ! 2 t bacteria per hour after t hours. What is the
population after one hour?
64. Water flows from the bottom of a storage tank at a rate of
r"t# ! 200 # 4t liters per minute, where 0 " t " 50. Find 70. Shown is the graph of traffic on an Internet service provider’s
the amount of water that flows from the tank during the first T1 data line from midnight to 8:00 AM. D is the data through-
10 minutes. put, measured in megabits per second. Use the Midpoint Rule
to estimate the total amount of data transmitted during that
65. The velocity of a car was read from its speedometer at time period.
10-second intervals and recorded in the table. Use the Midpoint
Rule to estimate the distance traveled by the car.
D
t (s) v (mi!h) t (s) v (mi!h) 0.8

0 0 60 56
10 38 70 53
20 52 80 50
30 58 90 47 0.4
40 55 100 45
50 51

66. Suppose that a volcano is erupting and readings of the rate r"t#
0 2 4 6 8 t (hours)
at which solid materials are spewed into the atmosphere are

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_05_ch05_p400-409.qk:97909_05_ch05_p400-409 9/21/10 4:18 PM Page 406

406 CHAPTER 5 INTEGRALS

71. Shown is the power consumption in the province of Ontario, ; 72. On May 7, 1992, the space shuttle Endeavour was launched on
Canada, for December 9, 2004 (P is measured in megawatts; mission STS-49, the purpose of which was to install a new
t is measured in hours starting at midnight). Using the fact perigee kick motor in an Intelsat communications satellite. The
that power is the rate of change of energy, estimate the energy table gives the velocity data for the shuttle between liftoff and
used on that day. the jettisoning of the solid rocket boosters.
(a) Use a graphing calculator or computer to model these data
by a third-degree polynomial.
P (b) Use the model in part (a) to estimate the height reached by
the Endeavour, 125 seconds after liftoff.
22,000
Event Time (s) Velocity (ft!s)
20,000 Launch 0 0
Begin roll maneuver 10 185
18,000 End roll maneuver 15 319
Throttle to 89% 20 447
Throttle to 67% 32 742
16,000
Throttle to 104% 59 1325
Maximum dynamic pressure 62 1445
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 t Solid rocket booster separation 125 4151
Independent Electricity Market Operator

WRITING PROJECT NEWTON, LEIBNIZ, AND THE INVENTION OF CALCULUS

We sometimes read that the inventors of calculus were Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). But we know that the basic ideas behind integration were
investigated 2500 years ago by ancient Greeks such as Eudoxus and Archimedes, and methods for
finding tangents were pioneered by Pierre Fermat (1601–1665), Isaac Barrow (1630–1677), and
others. Barrow––who taught at Cambridge and was a major influence on Newton––was the first to
understand the inverse relationship between differentiation and integration. What Newton and
Leibniz did was to use this relationship, in the form of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, in
order to develop calculus into a systematic mathematical discipline. It is in this sense that Newton
and Leibniz are credited with the invention of calculus.
Read about the contributions of these men in one or more of the given references and write a
report on one of the following three topics. You can include biographical details, but the main
thrust of your report should be a description, in some detail, of their methods and notations. In
particular, you should consult one of the sourcebooks, which give excerpts from the original
publications of Newton and Leibniz, translated from Latin to English.
N The Role of Newton in the Development of Calculus
N The Role of Leibniz in the Development of Calculus
N The Controversy between the Followers of Newton and Leibniz over
Priority in the Invention of Calculus

References
1. Carl Boyer and Uta Merzbach, A History of Mathematics (New York: Wiley, 1987),
Chapter 19.
2. Carl Boyer, The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (New York: Dover,
1959), Chapter V.
3. C. H. Edwards, The Historical Development of the Calculus (New York: Springer-Verlag,
1979), Chapters 8 and 9.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_05_ch05_p410-419.qk:97909_05_ch05_p410-419 9/21/10 4:45 PM Page 413

SECTION 5.5 THE SUBSTITUTION RULE 413

y (a) If f is even, then f !!u" ! f !u" so Equation 9 gives

y f !x" dx ! y f !u" du " y f !x" dx ! 2 y f !x" dx

a a a a

!a 0 0 0
_a 0 a x

(a) ƒ even, j ƒ dx=2 j ƒ dx

a a
(b) If f is odd, then f !!u" ! !f !u" and so Equation 9 gives
_a 0

y f !x" dx ! !y f !u" du " y

a a a
y f !x" dx ! 0
!a 0 0

_a 0
a
Theorem 7 is illustrated by Figure 3. For the case where f is positive and even, part (a)
x
says that the area under y ! f !x" from !a to a is twice the area from 0 to a because of sym-
metry. Recall that an integral xab f !x" dx can be expressed as the area above the x-axis and
(b) ƒ odd, j ƒ dx=0
a
below y ! f !x" minus the area below the axis and above the curve. Thus part (b) says the
_a
integral is 0 because the areas cancel.
FIGURE 3

v EXAMPLE 10 Since f !x" ! x 6 " 1 satisfies f !!x" ! f !x", it is even and so

y !x 6 " 1" dx ! 2 y !x 6 " 1" dx

2 2

!2 0

[ 128
]
2
! 2 17 x 7 " x 0 ! 2( 7 " 2) ! 7
284

EXAMPLE 11 Since f !x" ! !tan x"#!1 " x 2 " x 4 " satisfies f !!x" ! !f !x", it is odd
and so

y
1 tan x
dx ! 0
!1 1 " x2 " x4

5.5 Exercises
1–6 Evaluate the integral by making the given substitution. 9. y !1 ! 2x" 9
dx 10. y !3t " 2" 2.4
dt

1. ye !x
dx, u ! !x
11. y !x " 1"s2x " x 2 dx 12. y sec 2
2# d#
2. y x !2 " x
3 4 5
" dx, u!2"x 4

y 5 ! 3x y u s1 ! u
dx
13. 14. 2 du
3. y x sx " 1 dx, u ! x " 1
2 3 3

4. y !1 ! 6t" ,
dt
4
u ! 1 ! 6t
15. y sin $ t dt 16. ye x
cos!e x " dx

eu sin sx
5. y cos # sin # d#,
3
u ! cos # 17. y !1 ! e u "2
du 18. y sx
dx

sec 2!1#x" a " bx 2 z2

6. y x2
dx, u ! 1#x 19. y s3ax " bx 3
dx 20. yz 3
"1
dz

!ln x"2
7– 48 Evaluate the indefinite integral.
21. y x
dx 22. y cos # sin # d#
4

y x sin! x yx y sec # tan # d# y sx

3
7. 2
" dx 8. 2
e x dx 23. 2 3
24. sin!1 " x 3#2 " dx

; Graphing calculator or computer required 1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_05_ch05_p410-419.qk:97909_05_ch05_p410-419 9/21/10 4:46 PM Page 414

414 CHAPTER 5 INTEGRALS

y" y
"!4 "!2
ye y ax # b
dx 61. "x 3 # x 4 tan x# dx 62. cos x sin"sin x# dx
25. x
s1 # e x dx 26. "a " 0# ! !4 0

y y
13 dx a
x sa 2 ! x 2 dx
27. y "x 2
# 1#"x 3 # 3x# 4 dx 28. ye cos t
sin t dt 63.
0 s
3
"1 # 2x#2
64.
0

y y"
a " !3
tan!1 x 65. x sx 2 # a 2 dx "a ' 0# 66. x 4 sin x dx
29. y5 t
sin"5 t # dt 30. y 1#x 2
dx 0 ! !3

y y
2 4 x
67. x sx ! 1 dx 68. dx
s1 # 2x
ye y
sin"ln x# 1 0
31. tan x 2
sec x dx 32. dx
x
sin!1 x
y y
e4 dx 1!2
69. 70. dx
cos""!x# x sln x s1 ! x 2
y y
cos x e 0
33. dx 34. dx
sin 2x x2 ez # 1
y y
1 T!2
71. dz 72. sin"2" t!T ! &# dt
t 0 ez # z 0

y scot x csc x dx y
2
35. 2
36. dt
2t # 3
y (1 # sx )
1 dx
73. 4
0

y sinh x cosh x dx y
dt
37. 2
38.
cos2 t s1 # tan t
74. Verify that f "x# ! sin s
3
x is an odd function and use that fact

y y
sin 2x sin x to show that
39. dx 40. dx
0 % y sin s
3
1 # cos2x 1 # cos2x 3
x dx % 1
!2

41. y cot x dx 42. y sin t sec "cos t# dt 2

; 75–76 Use a graph to give a rough estimate of the area of the
region that lies under the given curve. Then find the exact area.
y y
dx x
43. 44. dx 75. y ! s2x # 1 , 0 % x % 1
s1 ! x 2 sin!1x 1 # x4
76. y ! 2 sin x ! sin 2x, 0 % x % "
1#x
45. y 1 # x2
dx 46. yx 2
s2 # x dx
77. Evaluate x!2
2
"x # 3#s4 ! x 2 dx by writing it as a sum of
two integrals and interpreting one of those integrals in terms
47. y x"2x # 5# 8
dx 48. y x sx 3 2 # 1 dx of an area.
78. Evaluate x01 x s1 ! x 4 dx by making a substitution and inter-
preting the resulting integral in terms of an area.
; 49–52 Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate and check that
your answer is reasonable by graphing both the function and its 79. Which of the following areas are equal? Why?
antiderivative (take C ! 0).
y y

49. y x"x 2 ! 1#3 dx 50. y tan2$ sec2$ d$ y=2x´

y=e x
œ„

51. ye cos x
sin x dx 52. y sin x cos x dx 4

0 1 x 0 1 x

y
53–73 Evaluate the definite integral.
y=e sin x sin 2x
y y
1 1
53. cos"" t!2# dt 54. "3t ! 1#50 dt
0 0

y y
1 3 3 dx 0 1 π x
55. s1 # 7x dx 56. 2
0 0 5x # 1

y y
" 1!2
57. sec 2"t!4# dt 58. csc " t cot " t dt 80. A model for the basal metabolism rate, in kcal!h, of a young
0 1!6
man is R"t# ! 85 ! 0.18 cos"" t!12#, where t is the time in
e 1!x
y y
2 1 !x 2 hours measured from 5:00 AM. What is the total basal metab-
59. 60.
olism of this man, x024 R"t# dt, over a 24-hour time period?
dx xe dx
1 x2 0

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_05_ch05_p410-419.qk:97909_05_ch05_p410-419 9/21/10 4:47 PM Page 415

CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 415

81. An oil storage tank ruptures at time t ! 0 and oil leaks from 87. If f is continuous on !, prove that
the tank at a rate of r"t# ! 100e!0.01t liters per minute. How
y y
b !a
much oil leaks out during the first hour? f "!x# dx ! f "x# dx
a !b

82. A bacteria population starts with 400 bacteria and grows at a

For the case where f "x# $ 0 and 0 % a % b, draw a diagram
rate of r"t# ! "450.268#e1.12567t bacteria per hour. How many to interpret this equation geometrically as an equality of areas.
bacteria will there be after three hours?
88. If f is continuous on !, prove that
83. Breathing is cyclic and a full respiratory cycle from the begin-
y y
b b"c
ning of inhalation to the end of exhalation takes about 5 s. The f "x " c# dx ! f "x# dx
a a"c
maximum rate of air flow into the lungs is about 0.5 L!s. This
explains, in part, why the function f "t# ! 12 sin"2# t!5# has For the case where f "x# $ 0, draw a diagram to interpret this
often been used to model the rate of air flow into the lungs. equation geometrically as an equality of areas.
Use this model to find the volume of inhaled air in the lungs at
89. If a and b are positive numbers, show that
time t.

y y
1 1
84. Alabama Instruments Company has set up a production line to x a "1 ! x# b dx ! x b "1 ! x# a dx
0 0
manufacture a new calculator. The rate of production of these
calculators after t weeks is 90. If f is continuous on &0, #', use the substitution u ! # ! x to

$ %
show that
dx 100
! 5000 1 ! calculators!week #
y y
# #
dt "t " 10#2 x f "sin x# dx ! f "sin x# dx
0 2 0
(Notice that production approaches 5000 per week as time goes
91. Use Exercise 90 to evaluate the integral
on, but the initial production is lower because of the workers’
unfamiliarity with the new techniques.) Find the number of cal-
y
# x sin x
culators produced from the beginning of the third week to the dx
0 1 " cos2x
end of the fourth week.
92. (a) If f is continuous, prove that

85. If f is continuous and y f "x# dx ! 10, find y f "2x# dx.

4 2

y f "cos x# dx ! y
#!2 #!2
0 0 f "sin x# dx
0 0

86. If f is continuous and y f "x# dx ! 4, find y x f "x 2 # dx. (b) Use part (a) to evaluate x0#!2 cos 2 x dx and x0#!2 sin 2 x dx.
9 3

0 0

5 Review

Concept Check
1. (a) Write an expression for a Riemann sum of a function f. (b) If r"t# is the rate at which water flows into a reservoir, what
Explain the meaning of the notation that you use. does xtt r"t# dt represent?
1
2

(b) If f "x# $ 0, what is the geometric interpretation of a

Riemann sum? Illustrate with a diagram. 5. Suppose a particle moves back and forth along a straight line
(c) If f "x# takes on both positive and negative values, what is with velocity v"t#, measured in feet per second, and accelera-
the geometric interpretation of a Riemann sum? Illustrate tion a"t#.
with a diagram. (a) What is the meaning of x60120 v"t# dt ?

2. (a) Write the definition of the definite integral of a continuous (b) What is the meaning of x60120 v"t# dt ? ( (
function from a to b. (c) What is the meaning of x 120
a"t# dt ?
(b) What is the geometric interpretation of xab f "x# dx if
60

f "x# $ 0? 6. (a) Explain the meaning of the indefinite integral x f "x# dx.
(c) What is the geometric interpretation of xab f "x# dx if f "x# (b) What is the connection between the definite integral
takes on both positive and negative values? Illustrate with a xab f "x# dx and the indefinite integral x f "x# dx ?
diagram. 7. Explain exactly what is meant by the statement that “differen-
3. State both parts of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. tiation and integration are inverse processes.”
4. (a) State the Net Change Theorem. 8. State the Substitution Rule. In practice, how do you use it?

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_07_ch07_p494-503.qk:97909_07_ch07_p494-503 9/21/10 5:57 PM Page 499

SECTION 7.5 STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 499

then we know from Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus that

2
F%!x" ! e x
2
Thus f !x" ! e x has an antiderivative F, but it has been proved that F is not an elementary
function. This means that no matter how hard we try, we will never succeed in evaluating
x e x dx in terms
2
of the functions we know. (In Chapter 11, however, we will see how to
express x e x dx as an infinite series.) The same can be said of the following integrals:
2

ex
y x
dx y sin!x 2
" dx y cos!e x
" dx

y sx y ln x dx y
1 sin x
3 ! 1 dx dx
x

In fact, the majority of elementary functions don’t have elementary antiderivatives. You may
be assured, though, that the integrals in the following exercises are all elementary functions.

7.5 Exercises

1–82 Evaluate the integral.

y 1!e y sin sat dt
dx
27. x 28.
y cos x !1 ! sin x" dx y
1
1. 2
2. !3x ! 1" s2 dx
0

y ln( x ! sx y %e %
2
29. 2 " 1 ) dx 30. x
" 1 dx
sin x ! sec x sin 3 x
y y
"1
3. dx 4. dx

$
tan x cos x
1!x s2x " 1
31. y dx 32. y dx
y y
t 1 x
5. dt 6. dx 1"x 2x ! 3
t4 ! 2 0 !2x ! 1"3
1 ! 4 cot x
y s3 " 2x " x y#
# #2
arctan y
33. 2 dx 34. dx
y y
1 e
7. dy 8. t sin t cos t dt #4 4 " cot x
"1 1 ! y2
x 2 tan x
y cos 2x cos 6x dx y#
##4
x"1 35. 36. dx
y y
3 4
9. 4
r ln r dr 10. dx " #4 1 ! cos4 x
1 0 x 2 " 4x " 5
sin $ cot $
y y#
##4 ##3
x"1 37. tan3$ sec 2$ d$ 38. d$
yx yx
x
11. 2 dx 12. 4 dx 0 #6 sec $
" 4x ! 5 ! x2 ! 1
sec $ tan $
y sec $ " sec $ d$ y
1
x3 39. 40.
y sin t cos t dt y
dy
13. 14. s4y 2 " 4y " 3
5 4 2
dx
s1 ! x 2
tan"1 x
15. y
dx
16. y
s2#2 x2
dx
41. y $ tan $ d$ 2
42. y x2
dx
!1 " x 2 " 3#2 0 s1 " x 2
sx
17. y
#
t cos2 t dt 18. y
4 e st dt 43. y 1 ! x3
dx 44. y s1 ! e x
dx
0 1 st
!x " 1"e x
19. ye x!e x
dx 20. ye 2
dx 45. yx e 5 "x 3
dx 46. y x2
dx

y arctan sx y
ln x
y x !x " 1" y x s2 " s1 " x 2 dx
1
21. dx 22. dx 47. 3 "4
dx 48.
x s1 ! !ln x"2 0

y y
6z ! 5 1 1
y (1 ! sx ) dx y
1 4
23. 8
24. dz 49. dx 50. dx
0 0 2z ! 1 x s4x ! 1 x 2 s4x ! 1
3x 2 " 2 3x 2 " 2
y y x !x
1 dx
25. yx 2
" 2x " 8
dx 26. yx 3
" 2x " 8
dx 51.
x s4x 2 ! 1
dx 52. 4
! 1"
1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_07_ch07_p494-503.qk:97909_07_ch07_p494-503 9/21/10 5:57 PM Page 500

500 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

53. yx 2
sinh mx dx 54. y !x ! sin x" dx 2
73. y
x ! arcsin x
dx 74. y
4 x ! 10 x
dx
s1 " x 2 2x

y y
dx dx
y !x " 2"!x y
55. 56. 1 dx
x ! xsx sx ! xsx 75. dx 76.
2
! 4" sx (2 ! sx )4
y x sx ! c dx y
x ln x xe x 1 ! sin x
57. 3
58.
sx 2 " 1
dx 77. y s1 ! e x
dx 78. y 1 " sin x dx

y x sin y sin x ! sec x dx

sec x cos 2x
y cos x cos !sin x" dx y
dx
59. 3
60. 79. 2
x cos x dx 80.
x s4x 2 " 1
2

y s1 " sin x dx y sin

d$ d$ sin x cos x
61. y 1 ! cos $
62. y 1 ! cos 2$
81. 82. 4
x ! cos 4 x
dx

y sx e y
sx
1 2 2
63. dx 64. dx 83. The functions y ! e x and y ! x 2e x don’t have elementary
ssx ! 1 antiderivatives, but y ! !2x ! 1"e x does. Evaluate 2 2

x !2x 2 ! 1"e x dx.

2

y y#
sin 2x ##3 ln!tan x"
65. dx 66. dx x0x e e dt is a continuous function by
t

1 ! cos 4 x #4 sin x cos x 84. We know that F!x" !

FTC1, though it is not an elementary function. The functions
x2
y y
1 ex
y y
67. dx 68. dx 1
sx ! 1 ! sx x ! 3x 3 ! 2
6
x
dx and
ln x
dx

s1 ! x 2
y y 1 ! 2e
s3 1
69. dx 70. dx are not elementary either, but they can be expressed in terms
1 x2 x
" e"x of F. Evaluate the following integrals in terms of F.
ex
y y
e 2x ln!x ! 1" 1
y y
2 3
71. dx 72. dx (a) dx (b) dx
1 ! ex x2 1 x 2 ln x

7.6 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems

In this section we describe how to use tables and computer algebra systems to integrate
functions that have elementary antiderivatives. You should bear in mind, though, that even
the most powerful computer algebra systems can’t find explicit formulas for the antideriv-
2
atives of functions like e x or the other functions described at the end of Section 7.5.

Tables of Integrals
Tables of indefinite integrals are very useful when we are confronted by an integral that is
difficult to evaluate by hand and we don’t have access to a computer algebra system. A rela-
tively brief table of 120 integrals, categorized by form, is provided on the Reference Pages at
the back of the book. More extensive tables are available in the CRC Standard Mathematical
Tables and Formulae, 31st ed. by Daniel Zwillinger (Boca Raton, FL, 2002) (709 entries) or
in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik’s Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, 7e (San Diego, 2007),
which contains hundreds of pages of integrals. It should be remembered, however, that
integrals do not often occur in exactly the form listed in a table. Usually we need to use the
Substitution Rule or algebraic manipulation to transform a given integral into one of the
forms in the table.

EXAMPLE 1 The region bounded by the curves y ! arctan x, y ! 0, and x ! 1 is rotated

about the y-axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
SOLUTION Using the method of cylindrical shells, we see that the volume is

V ! y 2# x arctan x dx
1

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.