Grammar Chapter

Senior. Three
 Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Can, could, may, might, must, ought, will, would, shall and should, have to, has to
 Can and Could: They are used to show ability.
e.g., Ali can swim very well.
She could ride a bicycle when she was six years old.
 May and Might: They express possibility.
e.g., He may come late. He might be absent.
 Must, Ought and Should: They are used to show obligation.
e.g., He should work hard. We must get ready for the exam.
 Will and Shall: The show probability.
e.g., He will come in the class. We shall finish the semester soon.
Note:
 Modal verbs have only one form. They have no –ing or –ed forms and do not add -s to the third person
singular form.
 Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive1 of another verb without to. The exception is ought.
2. Semi Modals: The verbs which are used both as auxiliary and ordinary verb are called
semi modal auxiliaries. They are need, dare and used.
e.g., Auxiliary Ordinary
He need not wait. He doesn’t need to
wait.
She daren’t break her promise. She won’t dare
to break her promise
I used not to like him much. I didn’t use to like
him much.
Note:
 When used as auxiliaries, need and dare take bare infinitive2, but used is followed by a full infinitive3.
 When used as ordinary verb, they are followed by full infinitive.

Exercises on Auxiliary verbs

A. Change the following affirmative statements into questions.

For example:
I may go.
May I go?
We could have found it.
Could we have found it?
1. I must leave at four o'clock.
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. He might be leaving for work now.

1
The base form of a verb such as be, happen, etc. is called infinitive.
2
The base form of verb without to is called bare- infinitive such as join.
3
To + base form of verb is called full infinitive such as to join.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We can solve the puzzle.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. You should have called him.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. They could have been waiting for the bus.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I shall go out now.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You will have a nice book.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. We should be united.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. She would like to know the answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10. They can explain what happened.
………………………………………………………………………………………

B: Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements.

For example:
I can answer the question.
I cannot answer the question.

1. You must come with us.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. It may be sunny tomorrow.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. She could have won the race.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. We might be right.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. You would have liked that movie.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. They can swim very well.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. She might be at school now, yes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He should have been walking to work.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. I shall be happy to see him.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. You will have been working all night.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
 Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect is used to describe:

 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Bristol since
1984 (= and I still do.)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema twice this
week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Portugal
several times.
 An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have just finished my work.
 An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is
important)

Ex: She has done her homework.

She has not done her homework.

Has she done her homework?

Structures:
Positive (+): Subject + have + past participle + obj/com.
Negative (–): Subject + have + not + past participle + obj/com.
Interrogative (?): Have + sub + past participle + obj/com?

FOR + A PERIOD OF TIME

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours
I have worked here for five years.

SINCE + A POINT IN TIME

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday
since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock
I have worked here since 1990.

PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR

She has lived here for twenty years.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married for three months.
They have been at the hotel for a week.

PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE

She has lived here since 1980.
We have taught at this school since 1965.
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.
 EXERCISE 1: In the following sentences, should you use 'for' or 'since'.

1. I have lived in London ___ six months.

2. I have danced ___ I was small.

3. She hasn't had a day off ___ three month

4. I've lost so much flexibility ___ I injured my leg.

5. They have all improved in attitude ___ the headmaster talked to them.

6. Wars have been happening ___ centuries, it won’t ever change.

7. I haven't been on holiday ___ ages.

8. I haven't eaten that much ___ Christmas.

9. I haven't been on holiday ___ last year.

EXERCISE 2: Circle the correct answer:

1. I …………………. finished the job.

 have

 has

 am
2. Have you ……………….. your lunch?

 eat

 ate

 eaten
3. She ………………….. yet.

 has not return

 is not returned

 has not returned

4. I ………………… such a mess.

 never saw

 have never seen

 have never saw

 5. ………………….. he brought his violin?

 Is

 Has

 Have
6. Have you ever …………………. to Australia?

 be

 being

 been

7. I ………………… all the plays of Shakespeare .

 read

 am read

 have read

.
8. My parents ...................... me

 has never hurt

 have never hurt

 have never hurted

9. He ...................... always wanted to be a soldier.

 is

 has

 have
10. She ………………….. to anybody.

 never apologized

 has never apologized

 have never apologized

 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The present perfect continuous expresses an action that started in the past and it is still
continuing.
1. Has just stopped. (There is usually a 2. Has continued to the present time.
Result now.) (We often use “For” and “Since”.)

I'm tired because I've I have been reading for 2

been running. hours.

Past Present Past Present

Recent Result Action

Action is
action. now. started
continuing
in
 I'm tired [now] because I've been now.
past.
running
 Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been
raining?  I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still
 You don't understand [now] because you reading now.]
haven't been listening.  We've been studying since 9 o'clock.
[We're still studying now.]
 How long have you been learning
English? [You are still learning now.]
Structure
Affirmative Structure:
Subject+ have/has + been + Verb (ing) + Complement.
Ali has been reading a book.
We have been studying English.
Negative Structure:
Subject+ (have/has) + not + been+ Verb(ing) + Complement.
Ali has not been reading a book.
We have not been studying English.
Interrogative Structure:

(Have/Has) + subject + been+ Verb(ing) + Complement?

Has Ali been reading a book?
Have we been studying English?
Negative-Interrogative Structure: (Negative Question)

(have/has) + subject + not + (been) + Verb(ing) + Complement?

Has Ali not been reading a book?
(have/has) + not + subject + (been) + Verb (ing) + Complement?

Has not Ali been reading a book?

Have not we been studying English?
Have we not been learning English?
 For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We use for with the present perfect tense to talk about a period of time—5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6
years and “Since” to talk about a point in past time—9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

I have been studying for 3 hours.

I have been watching TV since 7 PM.
He has been playing football for a long time.
He has been living in Quetta since he came to Pakistan.

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense indicates that an action was completed (finished) at some point in the past before
something else happened.

Ex: I had cleaned the class.

I had not cleaned the class.
Had I cleaned the class?

Structures:
Positive (+): Subject + had+ past participle + obj/com.
Negative (–): Subject + had + not + past participle + obj/com.
Interrogative (?): Had + sub + past participle + obj/com?

EXERCISE 1: Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect tense).

1. He (not / be) …………… to Cape Town before 1997.

2. When she went out to play, she (do / already)………… her homework.
3. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) ………………...
4. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) ………………. six weeks before.
5. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) ………………….
6. I could not remember the poem we (learn) ………………. the week before.
7. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) ………………… from the tree.
8. (he / phone) ……………… Angie before he went to see her in London?
9. She (not / ride) ………………….. a horse before that day.
10. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) …………………….
 EXERCISE 2: Change the following sentences to negative and interrogative forms:
1. I had helped my mom.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. She had cried a lot.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We had played.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. They had enjoyed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I had gone to party.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3: Complete the following sentences:
1) When I arrived at the cinema, the film…………..(start).
2) She…………..(live) in China before she went to Thailand.
3) After they ………………..(eat) the shellfish, they began to feel
sick.
4) If you………….(listen) to me, you would have got the job.
5) Julie didn't arrive until after I…………...(leave).
7) The garden was dead because it…………(be) dry all summer.
8) He…………(meet) her somewhere before.
9) We were late for the plane because we ………………..(forget) our
passports.
10) She told me she…………….(study) a lot before the exam.
11) The grass was yellow because it………….(not/rain) all summer.
12) The lights went off because we…………………not/pay) the
electricity bill.
13) The children………….(not/do) their homework, so they were in
trouble.
14) They……………..(not/eat) so we went to a restaurant.
15) We couldn't go into the concert because
we……………………(not/bring) our tickets.
No. word Meaning in English Persian
Units (9A-9C)
The one who rides horse and hits a small hard ball,
1 Polo Player trying to score goals.
A thin tube made of plastic that is used to suck liquid
2 Straw into the mouth.
3 Appetizer The first part of a meal.
A set of instructions telling you how to prepare and
4 Recipe cook food.
5 Main course the largest or most important part of a meal.
6 Dessert Sweet food eaten at the end of a meal.
a food that is used with other foods in the preparation
7 ingredient of a dish.
8 Mousse a light cold food made from eggs mixed with cream.
9 Sauce A thick liquid eaten with food to add flavor.
10 voyage a long journey, especially by ship.
11 ounce a unit of weight equal to approximately 28 grams.
12 weight heaviness
13 ritual suicide the act of killing yourself for religion (in China)
14 ancient from a long time ago.
15 mine mineral.
16 float to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink.
laundry
17 detergent powder or liquid which is used for washing clothes.
18 approximate rough and almost.
all the people living in a particular country, area or
19 population place.
20 mac Apple.
21 contestant someone who competes in a contest.
either of the two points at the most northern and most
22 pole southern ends of the Earth
23 prize something valuable, such as an amount of money.
the group of people together in one place to watch or
24 audience listen to play.
25 actual real.
26 jeopardy in danger of being damaged or destroyed.
27 appear to seem.
a person with a high level of knowledge or skill; a
28 expert specialist
29 champion winner.
giving money, food or help free to those who are in
30 charity need.
31 mozzarella a soft white Italian cheese.
32 grilled to cook something by direct heat.
33 breast the front part of a bird's body.
34 sauce a thick liquid eaten with food to add flavor.
a sweet cold Italian dish, consisting of soft cheese,
35 tiramisu cake, alcohol, and coffee.
 Units (10A-10C)
Something you buy or keep to help you remember a
36 souvenir holiday or special event.
37 fewer a small number of something.
38 accident Something bad which happens that is not expected.
39 advertise To make something known generally or in public.
40 Mainly Usually or to a large degree.
it is worldwide network for making connection
41 couch surf between local communities they visit.
42 calm Peaceful and quiet.
43 adventure an unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous activity.
44 confirm to make an arrangement.
45 sincerely honestly.
a person who tells you what they think will happen to
46 fortune-teller you in the future
47 concentrate give attention to something.
Units (11A-11C)
48 obesity fatness.
effect. The way that something seems, looks or feels to a
49 impression particular person.
50 incredibly extremely.
the way in which people in a particular country
51 accent pronounce words.
words shown at the bottom of a film or television
52 subtitle picture.
53 occasion a particular time, especially when something happens.
54 region a particular area or part of the world
55 infinitive the basic form of a verb
56 ambition a strong wish to be successful, powerful, rich, etc.
57 trivial having little value or importance.
58 Goth a kind of load, slow and sad popular music.
59 abbreviation a short form of a word or phrase.
60 ferry a boat or ship for taking passengers.
61 cab a taxi.
62 departure leaving.
63 Pleasure enjoyment, happiness.
Units (12A-12C)
64 eclipse when the sun disappears from view.
a dead person who comes back to life and sucks blood
65 vampires from other people at night.
66 Episode part of story.
67 Recently newly.
68 include to contain something as a part of something else.
69 trilogy a series of three books or plays.
70 character a person who acts in films.
71 encyclopedia a book or set of books containing many articles.
a number game in which you have to write a number
72 Sudoku between 1 and 9.
73 professional related to work that needs special training or education.
to find information, a place or an object, especially for
74 discover the first time
75 countryside land not in towns, cities.
the set of services provided by a country for the
76 healthcare treatment.
an agreement in which you pay a company money and
77 insurance they pay your costs.
78 variety a different type of something.
79 pessimistic thinking that bad things are more likely to happen.
hopeful; believing that good things will happen in the
80 optimistic future.