Enzymes
Short notes on: 5M
1. Allosteric regulation of enzyme activity with an example.
2. What are coenzymes? Give five examples.
3. Describe the effect of substrate concentration on enzymes.
4. What is competitive inhibition? Explain with two examples of therapeutic significance.
5. What is meant by Km value and what is it significance?
6. Explain the specificity of enzymes with suitable examples
7. What are isoenzymes? Give the clinical significance of isoenzymes with examples
8. Describe the importance of serum enzyme estimations in clinical diagnosis
9. Therapeutic uses of enzymes
10. Enzyme markers in MI & liver diseases
11. What are the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes?
12. Suicidal inhibition
13. Regulation of enzyme activity by compartmentalisation
14. Classify enzymes with examples.
15. Factors affecting enzyme activity
16. Km value & its Significance
Biological Oxidation
Short notes on: 5M
1. Chemiosmotic Theory
2. What are the complexes of electron transport chain? Add a note on inhibitors of electron transport
chain
3. Define oxidative phosphorylation. Explain Chemiosmotic hypothesis with a neat labelled diagram.
4. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
5. High energy compounds
6. Write in detail about ATP synthesis in the body.
Detoxification
Short notes on: 5M
1. Detoxifications by conjugation with two examples.
2. What is detoxification? Add a note on phase 1 reactions.
Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Metabolism
Essay: 15 M
1. Define gluconeogenesis. Name the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis and write the reaction catalysed
by then add a note on significance of gluconeogenesis
2. What is glycolysis? Enumerate the steps of glycolysis in detail? Mention the inhibitors of glycolysis
with energetics of glycolysis. Add a note on Rapaport Leubering cycle.
3. How is glucose metabolised by the erythrocytes for producing energy ? Indicate the energy yield of
glucose in erythrocytes.
4. What is polysaccharide? Give examples . On how is glycogen synthesised from glucose and broken
down to glucose? Add a note on typeI glycogen storage disorders.
5. Describe in detail the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes mellitus. Discuss the dynamics of blood
glucose homoeostasis .
6. Describe Common Oxidative pathway & give energitics
Short notes: 5M
1. Significance of HMP shunt pathway.
2. Substrate level phosphorylation with example
3. Key enzymes of gluconeogenesis
4. Von Gierke’s’ disease
5. Oxidative phase of HMP shunt pathway
6. Describe the steps and energetics of aerobic glycolysis
7. Proteoglycans.
8. Metabolic syndrome
9. Mucopolysaccharides and their functions
10. Write the reasons for congenital cataract in galactosaemia
11. Lactose intolerance
12. Add a note on 2,3 bis phosphoglycerate formation and its importance
13. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and laboratory investigations in diabetes mellitus
14. Glycogen storage disorders
15. Describe transport mechanisms of glucose
16. What are the irreversible steps in glycolysis? How are these blocks circumvented?
17. Cori’s cycle
Vitamins
Fat soluble Vitamins
Essay
1. Explain the sources, RDA, functions and deficiency features of vitamin A.
2. A six-year-old boy was taken to the hospital by his mother with complaints of decreased vision in the
right eye. The doctor suspected a possible, nutrient deficiency. Describe in detail the sources, RTA,
functions and efficiency. Manifestations of the deficient nutrient. What other clinical features the doctor
has to look for in this case and what advice should be given ?
3. Describe the sources, chemistry, biochemical, functions, deficiency, manifestations, RDA and hyper
toxicity of vitamin D
Short notes on:
1. A six year old child was brought to hospital with complaints of slow growth and pain in bones. On
examination he was anaemic had Fontan bossing bowling of legs and swelling of costochondral junction
lab results were serum calcium 8.2 mg/dL, serum phosphorus, 2.8 mg/dL, serum ALP 720 U/L.
a) what is your diagnosis and which vitamin deficiency causes this conditions
b) what is active form of this vitamin
c) Enumerate three functions of active form of this vitamin.
2. Antioxidant vitamins
3. Deficiency manifestations of vitamin D
4. Functions of vitamin K
5. Wald’s Visual Cycle
6. Vitamin K cycle
Water soluble Vitamins
Essay: 15 M
1. Write in detail about absorption, transport, biochemical role, deficiency, manifestations and
laboratory assessment of vitamin B, 12. Add a note on the metabolic link of vitamin B, 12 and B9.
2. Describe RDA, sources, synthesis of active coenzyme form of folic acid. Add a note on its biochemical,
functions and deficiency manifestations.
3. Name sulphur containing vitamins and describe the RDA sources, biochemical, functions and
deficiency manifestations of any one of them.
4. What are antioxidant vitamin ? Describe the RDA sources by chemical functions and deficiency
manifestations of water soluble antioxidant vitamin.
5. Explain the synthesis of active coenzyme form of niacin. Add a note on biochemical role and
deficiency manifestations of niacin
Short notes on: 5M
1. Functions of pyridoxine
2. Functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin C
3. Absorption and biological role of vitamin B 12
4. Write the Deficiency manifestations of thiamine
5. Functions and deficiency Manifestations of folic acid.
6. Functions of Biotin, biotin dependent and independent Decarboxylation reactions.
7. Folate trap
8. Folate antagonists and it is clinical usages.
9. Formation and utilisation of NADPH.
10. Intrinsic factor and its role in absorption of vitamin B, 12
11. Vitamin C is a co-antioxidant of vitamin E. Justify.
12. Role of folic acid in one carbon metabolism.
13. Iron deficiency anemia is seen in vitamin C deficiency. Justify.
Free radicals & Antioxidants
Short notes on: 5M
1. What do you mean by free radicals? Give examples
2. Define free radicals and mention common characteristic features of free radicals.
3. Antioxidants & significance
Nutrition
Short notes on : 5M
1. What is basal metabolic rate? What are the factors affecting BMR?
2. What is specific dynamic action of Food and respiratory quotient?
3. Protein energy malnutrition and it types
4. What is nitrogen balance? And what are the factors affecting nitrogen balance?
5. Dietary fibre and its significance
6. Glycaemic index
7. Calorific value
8. What is obesity? Explain the role of Leptin and other hormones in obesity.
Chemistry Of Lipids
Short notes on: 5M
1. Functions of phospholipids
2. Structure of cholesterol and the products formed from it
3. Poly unsaturated fatty acids
4. Write four functions of cholesterol.
5. Write the significance of omega-3 fatty acids
6. Name essential fatty acids which one of these is most important and why?
7. Classify lipids with examples.
8. Respiratory distress syndrome
9. Rancidity
10. Structure and classification of different lipoproteins
Lipid Metabolism
Essay: 15 M
1. What are the bodies? What are the steps of ketogenesis? How are ketone bodies utilised in the body.
How are ketone bodies detected in urine?
2. Explain the steps of beta oxidation of fatty acid. Add a note on ATP yield from palmitate.
3. Enumerate the major steps of synthesis of cholesterol. Name the rate limiting step of cholesterol
synthesis. Describe the role of cholesterol in Atherosclerosis
4. What is the logic behind the structural design of lipoproteins write a detailed essay on how lipids are
transported in the body discuss the clinical significance of LDL and HDL. Add a note on dyslipidaemias.
Short notes on: 5M
1. Ketogenesis and conditions of ketosis.
2. What is fatty liver .Explain the causes of fatty liver and how lipotrophic factors can prevent it.
3. Carnitine shuttle
4. Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids
5. Hormone sensitive lipase
6. Role of citrate in fatty acid synthesis
7. Rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis
8. Metabolism of Propionyl CoA
9. Alpha oxidation and Refsum’s disease.
10. Metabolism of HDL cholesterol
11. Metabolism of LDL-cholesterol.
12. How are prostaglandin synthesised?
13. Lipid storage diseases.
14. Describe the process of digestion and absorption of lipids from GI tract
15. Hypercholesterolemia
16. Structure and functions of lipo Annika versus proteins
17. LCAT
18. Reverse cholesterol transport by HDL
19. Plasma lipid profile with normal values
20. Functions of prostaglandins
21.Metabolism of Chylomicrons
Hemoglobin metabolism
Short notes on: 5M
1. sickle cell haemoglobin and its diagnosis.
2. Describe the steps of heme synthesis
3. Acute intermittent porphyria
4. Formation and fate of Bilirubin
5. Oxygen dissociation curve
6. Thalassaemia.
7. Enumerate the steps of Heme Degradation
8. Hemolytic jaundice- causes and diagnosis
9. Function of heme and non-heme containing compounds
10. Write the Functions of haemoglobin
11. What are porphyria? classify the different types of porphyria? Give an account of acute intermittent
porphyria
Organ function tests.
Short notes on: 5M
1. Thyroid function test.
2. Tubular function test of kidney
3. A 55-year-old hypertensive complains of dry painful eyes and zerostoma for four weeks. On
examination, he was afebrile, BP 140/94mmHg, facial and lower limbs Edema was present. Serum album
was 2 g/dL, serum cholesterol to 80 mg/dL, serum creatine 2 g/dL and blood urea one 20 mg/dL. A.
What is your diagnosis? B. Describe the glomerular functions of kidneys.
4. Creatinine clearance testand it’s clinical significance
5. Adrenal function test
6. Liver function test with normal balance
7. Define clearance tests. give details of anyone of them
Integration of Metabolism
Short notes on: 5M
1. What are the metabolic changes occurring in the body during starvation?
2. Discuss the integration of metabolism in well fed State.
