CHEMISTRY 2025

Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks

Reaction Mechanisms & Organic Chemistry Q11, Q17, Q22 3 5

Intermolecular Forces / Boiling Points Q12 1 1

Molecular Orbital Theory Q13 1 1

Thermodynamics Q14, Q16 2 3

Chemical Kinetics Q15, Q21 2 3
Stereochemistry Q17 1 1

Coordination Chemistry Q18, Q23 2 3

Amino Acids and Biomolecules Q19, Q24 2 3

Hybridization & Chemical Bonding Q20 1 2

Solution Chemistry & Colligative Properties Q26 1 2

Redox & Electrochemistry Q27 1 2

Spectroscopy/Quantum Chemistry Q25 1 2

BIOCHEMISTRY 2025
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks

Enzymes & Kinetics Q37, Q81, Q103 3 6

Metabolism & Bioenergetics Q26, Q25 2 4

Protein Structure & Properties Q36, Q34, Q41 3 6

Chromatography & Biochemical Techniques Q30, Q24(D), Q35(D) 3 3

Molecular Biology (DNA, RNA, etc.) Q31, Q32, Q45, Q46 4 6

Cell Signaling / Neurobiology Q33, Q39 2 4

Antibodies & Immunology Q34, Q35(A,B,C) 2 3

Bioinformatics / Analytical Tools Q38, Q40 2 4

Amino Acids / Buffers / pKa / Titration Q19, Q44 2 3

Carbohydrates / Lipids / Other Biomolecules Q43 1 2

Hormones & Signaling Molecules Q42 1 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2025
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks

Microbial Physiology & Classification Q66, Q68, Q71 3 3

Microbial Genetics & Molecular Biology Q72, Q73, Q77 3 5

Medical & Applied Microbiology Q67, Q69, Q70, Q76 4 5

Bacterial Cell Structure & Function Q78, Q82 2 4

Environmental & Industrial Microbiology Q79, Q80 2 4

Microbial Enzymology & Biochemistry Q81 1 2
Immunology Related to Microbes Q74 1 2
Microbial Growth & Quantitative Skills Q83, Q84 2 4

Microbial Evolution & Systematics Q75 1 2

GATE XL 2024 Chemistry

Topic Questions No. of Questions Marks
Periodic Table & Electronegativity Q11 1 1
Thermodynamics (Gibbs Free Energy) Q12, Q18, Q26 3 5
Biomolecules / Amino Acids Q13 1 1
Acidity / Organic Structure Q14 1 1
Stereochemistry / Isomerism Q15, Q22 2 3
Reaction Mechanisms & Organic Reactions Q16, Q20 2 3
Quantum Chemistry / Atomic Structure Q17 1 1
Kinetics / Michaelis-Menten Q19, Q21 2 3
Coordination Chemistry / Inorganic Q23, Q24 2 4
Bonding & Molecular Properties Q25 1 2
Solution Chemistry / pH Q26 1 2
Electrochemistry / Redox Q27 1 2
 GATE XL 2024 Biochemistry

Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks

Amino Acids / Peptides / Buffers Q28, Q34, Q35 3 3

Cell Membranes / Biophysics Q29 1 1
Metabolism & Pathways Q30, Q36 2 3

Stem Cells / Developmental Biology Q31 1 1

Immunology / Gene Rearrangement Q32 1 1
Protein Structure (α-Helix H-bonds) Q33 1 1
Chromatography / Techniques Q37 1 2
Mitochondria / ETC / Bioenergetics Q38 1 2
Protein Targeting / Cell Biology Q39 1 2
Spectroscopy / Biophysics Q40 1 2
mRNA Processing / Splicing Q41 1 2
Translation / Antibiotics Q42 1 2
Complement System / Immunology Q43 1 2
Michaelis-Menten Equation Q44 1 2
Molecular Biology / DNA Structure Q45 1 2
Mass Spectrometry / Proteomics Q46 1 2

GATE XL 2024 Microbiology

Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks

Medical Microbiology / Pathogens Q66, Q67, Q70 3 3

Microbial Morphology / Cell Structure Q71, Q77 2 3
History & Discovery / Scientists Q68 1 1
Sterilization / Disinfection Q69 1 1
Microbial Metabolism / Redox Q75 1 2
Microbial Transport / Membrane Processes Q76 1 2
Microbial Genetics / DNA Damage Q79 1 2
Soil Microbiology / Ecology Q73 1 1
Growth Kinetics / Cell Division Q82, Q83 2 4
Microscopy / Imaging Q84 1 2
Antibiotics / Producers Q74 1 2
Prokaryotic Translation / Gene Expression Q78 1 2
Bacterial Classification / Energy Sources Q72 1 1
Symbiosis / Nitrogen Fixation Q80 1 2

Chromosomal Structure (E. coli) Q81 1 2

CHEMISTRY 2023
Topic Questions No. of Questions Marks
Acid-Base Chemistry & Buffers Q11 1 1
Organic Reaction Mechanisms Q12, Q15, Q23, Q25 4 7
Inorganic Chemistry (Stability/Trends) Q13, Q16, Q22, Q24 4 7
Biochemistry Crossover (DNA thermodynamics) Q14 1 1
Colligative Properties (Freezing Point) Q17 1 1
Symmetry & Molecular Structure Q18 1 1
Dipole Moment (Physical Chemistry) Q19 1 1
Thermodynamics (Work/Energy) Q20 1 2
Biochemical Techniques (Ion Exchange) Q21 1 2
Quantum Chemistry / Atomic Orbitals Q26 1 2
Electrochemistry Q27 1 2

BIOCHEMISTRY 2023
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Metabolism & Bioenergetics Q28, Q36, Q45 3 5
Cell Fractionation / Organelle Separation Q29 1 1
Immunology / Population Immunity Q30, Q40, Q43 3 5
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis Enzymes Q31 1 1
Signaling Molecules / 2nd Messengers Q32 1 1
Disulfide Bonding (Protein Folding) Q33 1 1
Biochemical Calculations / Concentration Q34, Q35, Q44 3 4
Molecular Biology / DNA Techniques Q39, Q45, Q46 3 6
Protein Chemistry / Amino Acids Q37 1 2
Enzymology & Feedback Regulation Q38 1 2
Lipids / Membranes Q41 1 2
Protein Purification Techniques Q42 1 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2023
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Virology & Pathogens Q66 1 1
Microbial Physiology & Metabolism Q67, Q70, Q71, Q76 4 5
Microbial Cell Structure (Flagella, etc.) Q68 1 1
Microbial Products / Biotech Q69 1 1
History & Discoveries in Microbiology Q72 1 1
Growth Curve & Culturing Q73, Q84 2 4
Immunological Techniques Q74, Q82 2 4
Antibiotic Resistance & Drug Mechanism Q75, Q81 2 4
Photosynthesis / Calvin Cycle Q76 1 2
Endospore Formation / Structure Q77 1 2
Conjugation & Genetic Exchange Q78 1 2
Microbial Taxonomy (Spirochetes) Q79 1 2
Cell Inclusions (Storage Bodies) Q80 1 2
Mutation & Selection Techniques Q83 1 2

CHEMISTRY 2022
Topic Questions No. of Questions Marks
Chemical Kinetics Q11 1 1
Periodic Properties / Ionization Energy Q12 1 1
Hydration Enthalpy (Inorganic) Q13 1 1
VSEPR Theory / Bond Angles Q14 1 1
Carbohydrates / Epimers / Stereochem Q15 1 1
DNA Bases / Biomolecules Q16 1 1
Acidity / Basicity (Organic) Q17 1 1
Electrochemistry / Molar Conductivity Q18 1 1
Colligative Properties / Boiling Point Q19 1 1
Coordination Chemistry / Co Complexes Q20 1 2
Radical Mechanism / Organic Q21 1 2
Enzyme Kinetics (Michaelis-Menten) Q22 1 2
E1/E2/SN1 Mechanisms Q23 1 2
pKa / Acid-Base Equilibrium Q24 1 2
Structure of Boranes / Inorganic Q25 1 2
Thermodynamics (ΔG°, Keq) Q26 1 2
Photoelectric Effect / Quantum Chem Q27 1 2

BIOCHEMISTRY 2022
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Immunology (Cells & Antibodies) Q28, Q42 2 3
Mitochondrial / Enzyme Location Q29 1 1
Molecular Biology (DNA Polymerase III) Q30 1 1
Translation Inhibitors / Protein Synthesis Q31 1 1
Chromatography (Rf Value) Q32 1 1
Amino Acids / Isoelectric Point Q33 1 1
Photosynthesis / Calvin Cycle Q34, Q36 2 3
Protein Absorbance / Spectrophotometry Q35 1 1
Codons / Translation Q37 1 2
Insulin Biosynthesis Q38 1 2
Hormones / Steroid Biochem Q39 1 2
Protein Purification Techniques Q40 1 2
Carbohydrates / Linkages Q41 1 2
Metabolism / Free Energy / Thermodynamics Q43 1 2
Receptor-Ligand Binding / Kd Concept Q44 1 2
Enzyme Kinetics / Inhibition Q45 1 2
RNA Quantification / Spectroscopy Q46 1 2
 MICROBIOLOGY 2022
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Anaerobic Respiration / Metabolism Q66 1 1
Mutagens & DNA Modifications Q67 1 1
Human Immunology / Leukocytes Q68 1 1
Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes Q69 1 1
Antibiotics (Vancomycin) Q70 1 1
Disinfectants (Phenolics) Q71 1 1
Microbial Identification Techniques Q72 1 1
Cell Structure (Gram-negative Bacteria) Q73 1 1
Mutation / Suppressor tRNA Q74 1 2
Bacterial Structure–Function Match Q75 1 2
Microbial Pathogens & Diseases Q76 1 2
Cell Division in Bacteria Q77 1 2
Nitrogen Cycle / Denitrification Q78 1 2
DNA Virus Diseases Q79 1 2
Biofilm Microbes (Dental Plaque) Q80 1 2
Archaea (Structure & Translation) Q81 1 2
Plasmid Digestion / Restriction Enzymes Q82 1 2
Bacterial Growth (Logarithmic) Q83 1 2
Microscopy / Numerical Aperture Q84 1 2

CHEMISTRY 2021
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Coordination Chemistry / Geometry Q1, Q11, Q13 3 5
Organic Reactions / Products Q2, Q9, Q10 3 6
Chemical Kinetics Q3 1 1
Quantum Chemistry (Energy States) Q4 1 1
Spectrophotometry / Beer-Lambert Law Q5 1 1
Acidity / Organic Chemistry Q6 1 2
Molecular Orbital Theory / Bond Order Q7 1 2
Reaction Order (Plot Matching) Q8 1 2
Thermochemistry / Bond Enthalpy Q12 1 2
Electrochemistry / Cell Potential Q14 1 2
Colligative Properties / Freezing Point Q15 1 2

BIOCHEMISTRY 2021
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Absorbance / Spectroscopy Q1 1 1
Energy Transfer / Fluorescence Q2 1 1
Chromatography (Gel Filtration) Q3 1 1
Wobble Hypothesis / tRNA Q4 1 1
Amino Acid pKa / Arginine Q5 1 1
Vitamins (Non-coenzyme) Q6 1 1
Reverse Transcriptase / Telomerase Q7 1 1
PCR Enzyme Q8 1 1
Organelle Function (Smooth ER) Q9 1 1
Ion Channel Antibiotics Q10 1 1
Enzyme Deficiency / HGPRT Q11 1 2
Lipid Structure Q12 1 2
Blood Group Antibodies Q13 1 2
Transport Mechanisms Q14 1 2
Molecular Biology Enzymes Q15 1 2
High Energy Compounds Q16 1 2
Enzyme Inhibition Kinetics (Graphs) Q17 1 2
SDS-PAGE / Protein Electrophoresis Q18 1 2
O2 Binding / Hemoglobin Curve Q19 1 2
Carbohydrate Chemistry / Epimers Q20 1 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2021
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Antibiotics & Targets Q1, Q12 2 3
Cell Structure & Function Q2, Q8, Q13 3 5
Bacterial Growth / Enumeration Q3, Q20 2 4
Microbial Ecology / Cycles Q4, Q19 2 4
Microscopy / Imaging Q5 1 1
Microbial Evolution & Systematics Q6 1 1
Gene Transfer (Transformation) Q7 1 1
Sterilization / Filtration Q9 1 2
Photosynthesis / Electron Flow Q10 1 2
Microbial Products / Secondary Metabolites Q11 1 2
Metabolism / Catabolism Q14 1 2
DNA Replication & Repair Q15, Q16 2 4
Pathogen Mechanisms / Invasion Q17 1 2
Microbial Genetics / Lac Operon Q18 1 2

CHEMISTRY 2020
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Acid-Base Chemistry / pKa / Buffers Q11, Q17 2 3
Electrochemistry / Nernst Equation Q12 1 1
Bond Enthalpy / Thermodynamics Q13, Q24 2 4
Reaction Mechanisms (E1/E2/SN1) Q14, Q21, Q23 3 6
Hybridization & Molecular Shape (VSEPR) Q15 1 1
Stereochemistry / Optical Isomers Q16 1 1
Molecular Orbital Theory Q18 1 1
Colligative Properties / Boiling Point Q19 1 2
Spectroscopy / UV-Vis Q20 1 2
Coordination Chemistry (Ligands) Q22 1 2
Kinetics (Michaelis-Menten) Q25 1 2
Structure of Sugars (Biomolecules) Q26 1 2
Electronegativity / Periodic Trends Q27 1 2

BIOCHEMISRTY 2020
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Enzyme Kinetics (Vmax, Km, Inhibition) Q28, Q36, Q45 3 6
Protein Structure / Bonding Q29, Q35 2 3
Amino Acids / pKa / Buffers Q30, Q33 2 3
Cell Organelles / Lysosome Q31 1 1
Signal Transduction / cAMP Pathway Q32 1 1
Enzyme Function / Cofactors Q34 1 1
Spectroscopy / Protein Absorbance Q37 1 2
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis Q38 1 2
Lipid Structure / Membranes Q39 1 2
Gene Expression / Regulation Q40, Q44 2 4
Protein Purification (SDS-PAGE, Affinity) Q41, Q46 2 4
Immunology / Antibody-Antigen Interaction Q42 1 2
Nucleic Acids / mRNA Processing Q43 1 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2020
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Bacterial Growth / Culturing Techniques Q66, Q68, Q74 3 5
Antibiotics / Targets / Resistance Q67, Q75, Q80 3 5
Photosynthesis (Cyclic & Non-cyclic) Q69 1 1
Microbial Classification / Taxonomy Q70 1 1
Viral Replication (ssRNA, etc.) Q71 1 1
Cell Structure / Microscopy Q72, Q79 2 4
Microbial Physiology / Endospores Q73 1 2
Pathogenesis / Virulence Factors Q76 1 2
Genetic Material / Mutation Q77, Q78 2 4
Symbiosis / Nitrogen Fixation Q81 1 2
Molecular Biology Techniques (Gel Shift) Q82 1 2
Bacterial Metabolism / Fermentation Q83 1 2
Cellular Respiration (ETC) Q84 1 2

CHEMISTRY 2019
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Organic Chemistry (Carboxylic Acid Formation) Q1 1 1
Intermolecular Forces / Boiling Points Q2 1 1
VSEPR / Molecular Geometry Q3 1 1
Tautomerism Q4 1 1
Stereochemistry / Isomers Q5 1 1
Reaction Mechanisms / Rate Laws Q6 1 2
Named Reactions & Match the Following Q7 1 2
Organic Reaction Identification Q8, Q9 2 4
Coordination Chemistry (Isomers / Dipole) Q10, Q11 2 4
Thermodynamics (ΔG° = –RTlnK) Q12 1 2
Buffer Solution / pKa Calculation Q13 1 2
Molecular Orbital Theory (Paramagnetic) Q14 1 2
Electrochemistry / Free Energy (ΔG°) Q15 1 2

BIOCHEMISTRY 2019
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Amino Acids / Peptide Bonding Q1, Q5, Q6 3 3
Protein Purification Techniques (e.g., SDS) Q2, Q16 2 3
pKa / Buffers / Acid-Base Q3, Q15 2 3
Metabolism (e.g., TCA cycle, NADH) Q4, Q12 2 3
Vitamins & Cofactors Q7 1 1
Translation / Antibiotic Action Q8 1 1
DNA Replication / Topoisomerase Q9 1 1
Protein Structure (α-Helix, Folding) Q10, Q17 2 3
Enzyme Kinetics (Km, Vmax) Q11, Q13 2 4
Lipid Chemistry / Unsaturation Q14 1 2
Molecular Biology / DNA Synthesis Q18 1 2
Glycolysis / Glycogen Metabolism Q19 1 2
Immunology / MHC Interaction Q20 1 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2019
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Microbial Cell Wall / Structure Q1, Q8, Q13 3 4
Sterilization & Disinfection Q2 1 1
Growth Curve / Bacterial Reproduction Q3, Q15, Q18 3 5
Genetic Exchange (Conjugation, Transduction) Q4, Q17 2 3
Microbial Ecology / Nitrogen Cycle Q5, Q14 2 3
Microscopy / Resolution Q6 1 1
Antibiotics / Targets Q7 1 1
Microbial Pathogens / Host Interaction Q9, Q12 2 3
Microbial Metabolism (Redox, ATP, etc.) Q10, Q11 2 4
DNA Repair & Mutation Q16 1 2
Virus Structure / Nucleic Acids Q19 1 2
Bacterial Genetics / Operon Model Q20 1 2

CHEMISTRY 2018
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Thermodynamics (Combustion / ΔH) Q1 1 1
Quantum Chemistry / Magnetic Quantum Number Q2 1 1
Hybridization / Molecular Geometry Q3 1 1
Organic Chemistry / Mechanism & Isomer Count Q4, Q5, Q9, Q10, Q11 5 9
Bond Polarity / Electronegativity Q6 1 2
Inorganic Chemistry (Structure & Isomerism) Q7, Q8 2 4
Electrochemistry (Nernst Equation) Q12 1 2
Solubility Product / Equilibrium Q13 1 2
Arrhenius Equation / Rate Constants Q14 1 2
Entropy Change / Ideal Gas Expansion Q15 1 2

BIOCHEMISTRY 2018
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Amino Acids / pKa / Isoelectric Point Q1, Q3 2 2
Enzyme Kinetics / Michaelis-Menten Q2, Q8, Q13 3 5
Cell Biology (Organelles, Membranes) Q4, Q16 2 3
DNA Replication & Polymerases Q5, Q17 2 3
Protein Structure / Folding / Disulfides Q6, Q12, Q18 3 5
Vitamin Function (e.g., coenzyme roles) Q7 1 1
Gene Expression / Transcription Regulation Q9 1 1
Protein Purification / SDS-PAGE Q10 1 2
Thermodynamics / Free Energy Q11 1 2
Metabolism (e.g., NADH, ATP) Q14, Q15 2 4
Molecular Techniques / Southern Blot Q19 1 2
Immunology / Antibody-Antigen Q20 1 2

MICROBIOLOGY 2018
Topic Question Numbers No. of Questions Marks
Bacterial Growth Curve / Calculation Q1, Q19, Q20 3 6
Antibiotics / Mode of Action Q2, Q9 2 3
Microbial Cell Structure / Composition Q3, Q10, Q15 3 5
Metabolism / Redox Reactions Q4, Q14 2 4
Microscopy / Resolution / Techniques Q5, Q13 2 3
Gene Transfer (Conjugation, Transduction) Q6, Q8 2 3
Nitrogen Cycle / Ecology Q7 1 1
DNA Repair & Mutation Q11 1 2
Microbial Pathogenesis / Toxins Q12 1 2
Operon / Gene Regulation Q16 1 2
Cell Membrane Transport / Structure Q17 1 2
Virology (Envelope, Genome) Q18 1 2
 Total Chemistry Questions (XL-P): 17

Total Marks from Chemistry Section: 30

9 × 1-mark questions

8 × 2-mark questions