| MS A, op) oO \ al o » eee i MA Awa.11. Series Before you start. Cambridge | Expand brackets Expan IGCSE/O Le ; : athematicr | a Qx~3) b (1+3x)(1- 20+ 5x4) Cambridge | Simplify indices. ]2 Simplify: IGCSE/O Level ‘ friieainintyy a er) b cast Cambridge __| Find the nth ‘3 Find the nth term of these linear sequences. | IGCSE/O Level | term of a linear ea Mathematics _| sequence. a 75-2147, b 7,5,31,-1 crake 11.1 Pascal's triangle ‘The word ‘binomial! means “two terms. Pascal's triangie ‘The word is used in algebra for expressions such as x + $ and 2x — 3y, binomial theorem Youshould already know that (a + 5)? = (a + b)(a+ 6) =a + 2ab + progression ‘The expansion of (a + 5)’ can be used te expand (a + by’, arithmetic progression (a+b) =(a+ bya by common difference (a+ by{a” + 2ah + 5°) series + 2ah + ab? +a%b + 2ab? +b? geometric progression =a? +3a°b + 3ab? +b? commen ratio Similarly, it can be shown that (a + by' = a + 4a'b + 60°? + ab + bt, convergent Writing out the expansions of (a + 6)" in order: le + 1b la? + 2ab + 167 la? + 3a% + 3a? + 16° lat + 4a° + 6a°%* + dab? + 1b If you look at the expansion of (a + 6)‘, you should notice that the powers of a and & form a pattern, © The first term is a* and then the power of @ decreases by 1 in cach successive term, while the power of h increases by 1 © Allof the terms have a total index of 4 (a', ab, a ab’ and 6), Se ee Se 251)> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ‘There is a similar pattern in the other expansions. ‘The coefficients also form a pattern that is known as Pascal's triangle. 1 1 i 2 Sa 3 3 See 4 6 Note: * Each row always starts and finishes with a 1 ‘* Each number is the sum of the two numbers in the row above it. ‘The next row would be: I s 10 10 3 1 ‘This row can then be used to write down the expansion of (a + )°. (a+ by’ = 1a! + Sa°b + 10a°b? + 10a°6? + Sab" + 16° There are many number patterns in Pascal's triangle. For example, the numbers 1, 4, 10 and 20 have been highlighted. 7% 1 These numbers are called tetrahedral numbers. Which other number patterns can you find in Pascal's triangle? ‘What do you notice if you find the total of each row in Pascal’ triangle?" 1's triangle to find the expansion of a (2+5Sxy° b (2x-3)* Answers a (+50) ‘The index = 3 so use the third row in Pascal's triangle, ‘The third row of Pascal’ triangle is |, 3, 3 and | (2+ Sx = 12 + 3(2)4Sx) + 32) (SxF + 1(5x)" use the expansion of (a + bY 8+ 60x + 150x7 + 125x° b (ax-3 “The index = 4 s0 use the fourth row in Pascal's triangle. ‘The fourth row of Pascal’s triangle is 1, 4, 6,4 and | (Qx- 3)'= 12x)" + 42x)'(-3) + 62x73)? use the expansion of (a + b)* + 4Qx)(-3)' + 11-3)" = 16x! — 96x" + 216x7 ~ 216x° + 81 i as) a Expand (2~ x)° Find the coefficient of x" in the expansion of (1 + 3x)(2~ x), Answers a @-x ‘The index = 5 s0 wee the fifth row in Pascal’ triangle. ‘The fifth row of Pascal’ triangle is 1, 5, 10, 10, 5 and |. = x) = 102) + 52)'(H29) + 102)-ay? + 1002)°(-29" + 52) (Ha) + 1-2)? = 32 80x + 80x" ~ 40x' + 0x4 = x° b +32 -2)=(1 + 3392 — 80x + 80x - 40x? + 10x*— 35) ‘The term ins x* comes from the products: 392 - 80x Roy" = 40x? + 0x4 = 24) 1% (40) = AO? and 3 = sy" = 24032 So the coefficient of x’ is —40 + 240 = 200 a a 253)> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Exercise 11.1 ‘Write down the sixth and seventh rows of Pascal’ triangle, 2 Use Pascal's triangle to find the expansions of a (+x) b U-x ce (tay! d @tx e (ty? f ot 9 @-w h @xty)* ae 7 2y en) ee ee er 3. Find the coefficient of x’ in the expansions of a (xtay! b +x ea d G+27' e oa # @xtyt og Mr-3)) oh (3-35) 4 (bt at 4-x = A+ Be + Ort Find the value of A, the value of Band the value of C. Expand (1 + 2x)(1+ 34), The coefficient of x in the expansion of (2 + ax)’ is 96, Find the value of the constant a. 7 a Expand 3+. b Use your answer to part a to express (3 + v5)" in the forma + bVS. 8 a Expand (1+ xy, b Use your answer to part a to express i (1+) inthe form a+ bv fi (1-3) in the forme + di. © Use your answers to part b to simplify (1+ v3)° + (1 — 3)’. 9 a Expand 2-9 b Find the coefficient of x" in the expansion of (1 + 3x°)(2 - x)" 410. Find the coefcent of xin the expansion (x ~ 3) 41 Find the term independent of sin the expansion of (x + 3) 12 CHALLENGE QUESTION ‘a Find the first three terms, in ascending powers of y, in the expansion of (2+ y)*. b By replacing y with 3x — 4x’, find the coefficient of x” in the expansion of Q43x-4x). 13. CHALLENGE QUESTION ‘The coefficient of x" in the expansion of (3 + ax)* is 12 times the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of (1+ 5°). Find the value of a 14 CHALLENGE QUESTION a Given that (x2 + 4) —(?- ax? +>, find the value of @ and the value of b. x ————————————S ae 254 >11. Series b Hence, without using «calculator, find the exact value of ay ay 244) -(2- +4} -G-3) 15 CHALLENGE QUESTION Chr ig 7+ leaps a xe terms of y b in terms of y. The stepping stone game ‘The cules are that you can move East > or South | from any stone. The diagram shows there are 3 routes fram the START stone to stone G. 11 Find the number of routes from the START stone to each of the following stones. aid ii B Bt. iD We et iF i G ii H wil What do you notice about your answers to parts a, b and 7 2 There are 6 routes from the START to stone L. How could you have calculated that there are é routes without drawing or visualising then? 3. What do you have to do to find the number of routes to any stone? 4 How many routes are there from the START stone ta the FINISH stone? 255 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK In the class discussion you should have found that the number of routes from the START stone to stone Q is 10. ‘To move from START to Q you must move east (E) 3 and south (S) 2, in any order. “Hence the number of routes is the same as the number of different combinations of 3 E's and 2 S's, ‘The combinations are: EEESS EESES EESSE ESESE ESEES ESSEE SSEEE SESEE SEESE SEEES So, the number of routes is 10. This is the same as °C, (or °C,). 11.2 The binomial theorem Pascal's triangle can be used to expand (a + 6)" for any positive integer n, but if is large it can take a long time. Combinations can be used to help expand binomial expressions more quickly. ‘Using a calculator: Sy=1 C=S *=10 SC;=10 *Cy=5*C5= ‘These numbers are the same as the numbers in the fifth row of Pascal's triangle. So the expansion of (a + b)* is: (at by =*Cya’ + Cha + °C,a'P + Ca + Cyab* +9050" This can be written more generally as: (at by = "Cyd! + "Cia" + "Coa 28? + "Cy" PB +. + "Ca But "C, = 1 and "C, = 1, so the formula simplifies to: +'C 8 (at by =a t"Cyd b+ "Cyd + Cad" T6 +. Ca Wt +B (ev nreats (atte (arta + Cat b's. «(er ‘These formulae are known as the binomial theorem, Use the binomial theorem to expand (3 + 4x)" Answers (B+ 4x) = 3 + °C, F(x) + CF x}? + CF Ax) + °C, 30)! + 0* = 243 + 1620x-+ 43205" + 5760x' + 3840x' + 1024x* 256 >11 Series eases) Find the coefficient of x” in the expansion of (2 ~ x)", Answers (= x) = 284 8G 24 Hx) + FOZ Cal? + 2. HBC 20+ 2 + Cx)? The term containing x” is *C.y x 28 x (-xy” = 53130 x 32 xx” = 1700160." So the coefficient of x” is 1 700 160. Using the binomial theorem, # 7G xt C1 HIG IY + TCP + Hx 4 Gx 4G Cx + But 'C,, "C2, "C3 and "C, can also be written as: 7 1Q= 1, = TR6xSKA C= aT 4a 1X62, 1X65 5, 7%6%5%4 ah Fog ie ay ae! ‘This leads to an alternative formula for binomial expansions: ne 2, nln ye aa nee es DOES So, (1+) = 14 Ty + 28. (lta) 1 tnx 2 ‘The following example illustrates how this alternative formula can be applied. Find the first four terms of the binomial expansion to a +3)" b Q-»f Answers a (1+3))"= 14 7Gy) + 25 2 § yy? + ~S*5 Gy)? +... Replace x by 3y and m by 7in the formula = 1+2ly+ 189? + 945y" + .. & @-v'=f{r-2f “The formula is for (1+ 3)" s0 take out factor of 2 =2*()-2)° 2 a a a 2, 6x5x4 eh 4) ‘Multiply terms in brackets by 2°. = i eet athe i> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Exercise 11.2 11 Write the following rows of Pascal's triangle using combination notation. a row3 b row4 © rows 2 Use the binomial theorem to find the expansions of a (ita) b (-x! © (1+2x)" d G+x) 2 (ety f @-x g (@-2y oh Qx+3y)" i xe s bs 1 ea) (ta) & (3) 1 (8 3 Find the term in .x° for each of the following expansions. a +a! b Gta © (+26 d G+2x7 e (1-x)% f @-x g (0-3x7 oh (4-5x)*. 4. Use the binomial theorem to find the first three terms in each of these expansions. a (+x b (1+2x © (1-3) d (+2x)° Ly 0 2 G-x) # (24}x) 9 b-a9 ho (ax 59) 5 a Write down, in ascending powers of x, the first 4 terms in the expansion of (1+ 239° bb Find the coefcient of xin the expansions of (1 ~ 3} (1+ 2x) 6 a Write down, in ascending powers of, the firs 4 terms inthe expansion of (1+5) 8 b Find the coefcient of «in the expansions of (1 +339(1+3 2 7a Write down, in ascending powers of x, the first 4 terms in the expansion of (1 ~ 3x)”. b Find the coefficient of x" in the expansions of (1 ~ 4x)(1 ~ 3x)", | In Exercise 11.2 8 a Find, inascending powers of x, the first 3 terms of the expansion of (1 + 2x) question 11 you were b Hence find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 + 2x)’(1 — 3x + Sx°). asked to find the Find, nasending powers of theft term ofthe expansion of (1+ 27. | Tm Independen of b Hence find the coefficient of »’ in the expansion of (1 + y~ y*)’ Did you fully expand the brackets to answer the question? Explain to 2 partner how you can find the answer without 42. CHALLENGE QUESTION : fully expanding the When (1 + ax)" is expanded, the coefficients of x? and 2° are equal brackets. Find a in terms of n. © 10. Find the coefficient of xin the binomial expansion of (x 11 Find the term independent of xin the binomial expansion of (« + 5 258)11. Series 11.3 Arithmetic progressions ACIGCSE level you learned that a number sequence is an ordered set of numbers that satisfy a rule and that the numbers in the sequence are called the terms of the sequence. A number sequence is also called a progression, ‘The sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, ... is called an arithmetic progression. Each term differs from the term before by a constant. This constant is called the common difference, ‘The notation used for arithmetic progressions is: first term — d=common difference = last term The frst five terms of an arithmetic progression whose first term is «and whose ‘common difference is d are: a atd atdd at3d atad term! term2 term3 term4 term ‘This leads to the formula: mh term =a + Find the number of terms in the arithmetic progression ~17, —14, 11, ~8, .., 58 Answers mth term = a+ (n~ 1d used = -17,d=3 and mh term= 58 solve ‘The fifth term of an arithmetic progression is 44 and the ninth term is 7.6. Find the first term and the common diflerence, Answers fifth term =4.4>a+4d=44 (1) ninth term =7.6-a+8d=7.6 (2) (2) (dives Ad=3.2 d=08 Substituting in (J) gives a+3.2 a= First term = 1.2, common difference = 0.8 259)> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ‘The nth term of an arithmetic progression is 11 ~ 3n, Find the first term and the ‘common difference. Answers first term=11-3(1)=8 substitute n= 1 into ath term = 11 ~ 3 second term = 11 ~ 3(2)=5 substitute n = 2 into nth term = 1] ~ 3 ‘Common difference = second term ~ first term = ~3 The sum of an arithmetic progression ‘When the terms in a sequence are added together the resulting sum is called a series, VHD+3444.. +97 +98499 + 100=7 Itis said that at the age of eight, the famous mathematician Carl Gauss was asked to find the sum of the numbers from 1 to 100. His teacher expected this task to keep him occupied for some time but Gauss surprised his teacher by writing down the correct answer after just a couple of seconds. His method involved adding the numbers in pairs: 1 + 100 = 101, 2+ 99 = 101, 3+98= 101,... 4 Can you complete his method to find the answer? 2 Use Gauss's method to find the sum of a 2444648 +... +394 + 396 + 398 + 400 b 346494124... +441 +444 + 447 + 450 © 174244314 38+... +339 + 346 + 353 + 360. 3. Use Gauss's method to find an expression, in terms of n, for the sum TH2+3444 +034 (U-D+H- DM It can be shown that the sum of an arithmetic progression, 5,, can be written as: Si Fat) or 5,= 720+ (n- 1d] } Proof: Se a tetas (ert t a t0-2) 40-0) +1 Reviog 1 ad-a 40-2) +. + at2A) tera Ading, TS=UIDFOT AGED + Flat) +04) +670 2s.=ne+D sahe+h Using != a+ (n~ 1) d, gives S,= =e ee ee 260 > Sioa + (n~ 1d]11 Series Inn arithmetic progression, the first term is 25, the 19th term is ~38 and the last term is ~87. Find the sum of all the terms in the progression. Answers ath term=at(n— Id use nth term = ~38 when n = 19 and a= 25, -38=25 + 18d solve d=-35 nthterm=a+(n—1d use nth term = -87 when a= 25 and d= ~3.5 -87=25-3.5(m-1) solve n~1=32 n=33 (+h use a= 25, = -87 anda = 33 Sq=Bes-s7 = 1023 ‘The 12th term in an arithmetic progression is 8 and the sum of the first 13 terms is 78. Find the first term of the progression and the common difference, sins nth term = a + (n~ 1d ‘use ath term = 8 when n= Sear 5,=Mpa-+(a~ Id) wsen= 13nd Sy =78 r= Beet 124) simpy fered) (1) — (2) gives Sd=2 doa Substituting d= 0.4 in equation (1) gives a = 3.6 First term = 3.6, common difference = 0.4 261 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK WORKED EXAMPLE 11 ‘The sum of the first n terms, S,, of @ particular arithmetic progression is given by 5y= Sn? = 3n. a Find the first term and the common difference. b Find an expression for the nth term. ‘Answers a S)=S(IP-3(1)=2 = first term=2 S)= 5(2)' — 3(2)= 14> first term + second term = 14 second term = 14 ~ First term = 2, common difference = 10 Method 1: nth term = a+ (n—1)d =2+10(n-1) =10n-8 Method 2: nth term = S,— $,-, = 51? —3n—[5(n- 1°= 3D) = Sn — 3n— (Sn? — 10m + 5-3 +3) = 10-8 Exercise 11.3 1 The first term in an arithmetic progression is a and the common difference is ¢. Write down expressions, in terms of aand d, for the fifth term and the 14th term, 2 Find the sum of each of these arithmetic series, a 2494164... (ISterms) bb F1+24.. (20 terms) © 8SHIOFULS+... BOterms) d -20-Sx-Sx~... (40 terms) 3. Find the number of terms and the sum of each of these arithmetic series, a B+I7+31.. +159 b 28+ 11-6~...-210 5 il sr feet opi tr nn th it 1 rms is Find the common difference, 5 Inanarithmetie progression, the first term is ~13, the 20ch term is 82 and the last termis 112. ‘a Find the common difference and the number of terms, b Find the sum of the terms in this progression. 6 The first wwo terms in an arithmetic progression are 57 and 46, The last term is 207. Find the sum of all the terms in this progression, 262 >11 Series 7 ‘The first two terms in an arithmetic progression are ~2 and 5, The last term in the progression is the only number in the progression that is greater than 200, Find the sum of all the terms in the progression. 8 The first term of an arithsaetic progression is 8 and the last term is 34. The sum of the first six terms is 58, Find the nuzaber of terms in this progression. 9 Find the sum of all the integers between 100 and 400 that are multiples of 6. 10. The first term of an arithmetic progression is 7 and the eleventh term is 32. ‘The sum of all the terms in the progression is 2790. Find the summber of terms in the progression. 11 Rafiu buys a boat Tor $15500. He pay’ for this boat by making monthly payments that are in arithmetic progression, The first payment that he makes is $140 and the debt is fully repaid after 31 payments. Find the fifth payment. 12. The eighth term of an arithmetic progression is ~10 and the sum of the first ‘twenty terms is ~350, a Find the first term and the common difference, bb Given thas the nth term of this progression is ~97, find the value of 13. The sum of the first n terms, 5,, of a particular arithmetic progression is given by ‘5, =4n° + 2n. Find the first term and the common difference. 14 The sum of the first » terms, S,, of a particular arithmetic progression is given by S, = ~37? ~ 2n, Find the first term and the common difference, 15 The sum of the first n terms, S,, of a particular arithmetic progression is given by a S,= [y@n + 9). Find an expression for the nth term. 16 A circle is divided into twelve sectors, The sizes of the angles of the sectors are in, arithmetic progression, The angle of the largest soctor is 6.5 times the angle of the smallest sector. Find the angle of the smallest sector. 17 Anatithmetic sequence has first term a and common difference a, The summ of the frst 25 terms is 15 times the sum of the first 4 terms. a Find ain terms of d b Find the 55th term in terms of a, 18 The cighth term in an arithmetic progression is three tines the third term. Show that the sum of the First eight terms js four times the sum of the first four terms. 49 CHALLENGE QUESTION ‘The first term of an arithmetic progression is Cos"x and the second term is 1. 2 Write down an expression, in terms of osx, for the seventh term of this progression, Show that the sum of the frst twenty terms of this progression is 20+ 170sin"x: 20 CHALLENGE QUESTION ‘The sum of the digits in the number 56 is 11. (5+ 6=11) 2 Show that the sum of the digits of the integers from 15 to 18 is 30. b Find the sum of the digits of the integers from 1 10 100. SSS SSS Ss 263 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 11.4 Geometric progressions The sequence 7, 14, 28, 56, 112, ... is called a geometrie progression. Bach term is double the preceding term. The constant multiple is called the common ratio. Other examples of geometric progressions are: 1, ~2,4,-8, 16, 32, = 81, 54, 36,24, 16, 102, ii Sa 3 -8,4,-2, 1, > ‘The notation used for a geometric progression is: a= first term r= common ratio ‘The first five terms of a geometric progression whose first term is a and whose common ratio is r are: a ar ar ar art term] term2 term3term4 term This leads to the formula: nth term “The third term of a geometric progresion is 144 and the common ratios 3 FFind the seventh term and an expression for the mth term. Answers. nth term = ar"! use nth term = 144 when n= 3and r= ath oem =ar"-" = 64(3) 264)11 Series The second and fourth terms in a geometric progression are 108 and 48 respectively. Given that all the terms are positive, find the first term and the ‘common ratio, Hence, write down an expression for the nth term. Answers 108 = ar w 48 = ar" Q 5 ar (2)+() gives F> ? all terms are positive > r>0 Substituting r = 3 into equation (1) gives a = 162. First term = 162, common ratio = 3, nth term = 162 acme 1 2) The nth term of a geometric progression is 20( ) Find the first term and the common ratio, Answers frst term =30(-4)' = 15 eabegeail 2nd term Ist term 15 ‘Common ratio First term = ~15, common ratio> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Wie erst g ea) In the geometric sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ..., which isthe first term to exceed 1000000? Answers nth term = ar"~" use a= andr 2*3""' > 1000000 divide by 2 and take logs, logw3"~' > logy500000 use the power rule for logs (= 1)log3 > log.»500000 divide both sides by loxyo3 Jog» 500000 Log\03 n=1 > 1194. n> 1294... ‘The 13th term is the first to exceed 1000000. In this class discussion you are not allowed to use a calculator. 1 Consider the sum of the first 10 terms, Sip, of a geometric progression with a= I andr =5. S=1+5+ F454. 457 +545" a Multiply both sides of the equation above by the common ratio, 5, and complete the following statement. SSH StS 4504504... 4 5° 45°48 bb What happens when you subtract the equation for Sig from the ‘equation for 559? © Canyou find an alternative way of expressing the sum Si? 2 Use the method from question 1 to find an alternative way of expressing each of the following. a 343K 243K 2 43xP 4. (12 terms) 4 1P ay b 32432xF4a2x(3) +32% (3) +. (15 terms) © 7-18+12-8+. (20 terms) 266 >11. Series It can be shown that the sum of a geometric progression, S,, can be written as: Note: | ote yg sao cote aa Either formula can be used but itis usually easier to © use the first formula when =1 I or when r-<~1 Proof: Si= atartar +... ta" +a? +a"! a) rx(l): artar +... +a? +a" +a"! +ar" (2) @-(: ama a=) a(r’=1) ri Multiplying numerator and denominator by ~1 gives the alternative formula _a-r) I= S, eee) Find the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric series 2 +6 + 18 + 54+... Answers r= Band n= 10 simplify 267 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK RKED EXAMPLE 17 ‘The second term of a geometric progression is 9 less than the first term. The sum of the second and third terms is 30. Given that all the terms in the progression are positive, find the first term. Answers second term = first term ~9 rearrange to make a the subject factorise @ ar(l+7)_ 300-7 24) gives TOF CH sempity 3+ L-10=0 factorise and solve Gr-2r+5) or all terms are positive > r>0 Substituting, 0 (1) gives a = 27. First term is 27. Exercise 11.4 1. Identify whether or not the following sequences are geometric. If they are geomeiric, write down the common ratio and the eighth term. a 1,2,4,6,.. b -1,4,-16, 64,... 23 5 8 ¢ 81,27,9,3,... d Warn e 2,0.4, 0.08, 0.16, ... D0 thMCR Sins. 2 The first term in a geometric progression is @ and the common ratio is r Write down expressions, in terms of « and r, for the ninth term and the 20th term. 3. The third term of a geometric progression is 108 and the sixth term is ~32. ‘Find the common ratio and the first term. 4 The first term of a geometric progression is 75 and the third term is 27. Find the two possible values for the fourth term. 5 The second term of a geometric progression is 12 and the fourth term is 27. Given that all the terms are positive, find the common ratio and the first term. ————EE— ae 268 >41 Series 10 " 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 The sixth and 13th terms ofa geometric progression are 5 and 320 respectively. Find the common ratio the first term and the 10th term of this progression. ‘The sum of the second and thitd terms in a geometric progression is 30. ‘The second term is 9 less than the first term. Given that all the terms in the progression are positive, find the first term, ‘Three consecutive terms of a geometric progression are x, x + 6and x +9. Find the value of x. In the geometric sequence $, 3; 1,2, 4, .. which isthe first term to exceed $0000? In the geometric sequence 256, 128, 64, 32, ... which is the first term that is less, than 0.0017 Find the sum of the first eight terms of each of these geometric series. a 4+8+16+32+.., bb 729+243 +81 +274. © 2-6+18-S4+... d =5000 + 1000 = 200 + 40 ~ The first four terms of a geometric progression are 1, 3, 9 und 27. Find the smallest number of terms that will give a sum greater than 2000000. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground. The ball rises toa height of 10m and then falls and bounces. After euch bounce it rises to ¥ of the height of the previous bounce. Write down an expression, in terms of n for the height that the ball rises after the nth impact with the ground. bb Find the otal distance tha the ball travels from the first throw tothe fifth impact with the ground, “The third term of a geometric progression is nine times the frst term. The sum of the first four terms i k times the first term, Find the possible values of k. Johin competes ina 10km race. He completes the first kilometre in 4 minutes He reduces his speed in such a way that each kilometre takes him 1.05 times the time taken for the preceding kilometre. Find the total time, in minutes and seconds, John takes to complete the 10km race. Give your answer correct to the nearest second. ‘A geometric progression has first term a, common ratio rand sum to m terms, Sy Siu Soe Se me ‘Show that CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 Losi tl FT es Ble gs ‘Show that the sum of the frst 20 terms ofthis sequence is 5(3"~ 3!" +2) CHALLENGE QUESTION S,= 6+ 66-+ 666 + 6666 + 66.666 + Find the sum of the frst m terms of this sequence 1,1,3,39. 81> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 11.5 Infinite geometric series An infinite series is a series whose terms continue forever. The pometic series visea=2andr=tis: aetaLetele, 27478 For this series, it can be shown that 1 5 Se . S23, 53 ‘This suggests that the sum to infinity approaches the number 4, ‘The diagram of the 2 by 2 square is a visual representation of this series. Ifthe pattern of rectangles inside the square is continued, the total areas of the inside rectangles approaches the value 4, 3 This contrms that he sum ini of thoes? +b Lely. This is an example of a convergent series because the sum to infinity converges on a finite number. Use a spreadsheet to investigate whether the sum of each of these infinite geometric series converge or diverge. If they converge, state their sum to infinity Find other convergent geometric series of your own. In each case find the sum to infinity Can you find a condition for r for which a geometric series is convergent? Consider the geometric series a+ ar + ar? + ar? +... + ar" au=r) I=r If-1 11. Series ‘We say that asin —+ 00, 1" 0, a(l-r) a-0 a Theis not ‘true when > Torwhenr Hence, as 1 ~+ oo, This gives the result provided that -1 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ONTINUED. use a= 500and r=—2 3 Exercise 11.5 1 Find the sum to infinity of each of the following geometric series. qt atl d a 3Hltgt pte bo i-dtt-dtig 8,8, 8 « s+$+Sa be. gd -162 +108 72-448 ~. 2 The first term of a geometric progression is 10 and the second term is 8. Find the sum to infinity. 3 The first term of geometric progression is 300 and the fourth term is 22: Find the common ratio and the sum to infinity. 4 The first four terms of a geometric progression are 1, 0.8%, 0.8" and 0.8", Find the sum to infinity. 5a Write the recurring decimal 0.43 as the sum of a geometric progression. b Use your answer to part a to show that 0.42 an be writen as 35, 6 The first term of a geometric progression is ~120 and the sum to infinity is 72. Find the common ratio and the sum of the first three terms. 7 The second term of a geometric progression is 6.5 and the sum to infinity is 26, Find the common ratio and the frst term 8 The second term of geometric progression is ~96 and the fifth term is 405. Find the common ratio and the ist term. b Find the sum to infinity 9 The irs three terms of a geometric progression are 175, k and 63. Given that al the terms in the progression are positive, find 2 the value of & b the sum toinfnity. 40 The second term of a geometric progression is 18 and the fourth term is 1.62, Given that the common ratio is positive, find 2 thecommon ratio and the first term b the sum to infinity, 44. The first three terms of a geometric progression are k + 15, k and k~ 12 respectively. Find athe value of k b the sum to infinity. 42. The fourth term of a geometric progression is 48 and the sum to infinity is three times the first term, Find the first term. = eee ee eee 22>11. Series 13 A geometric progression has first term a and common ratio r. The sum of the first three terms is 62 and the sum to infinity is 62.5. Find the value of @ and the value of r, 14 The first term of a geometric progression is 1 and the second term is 2sin x where ~F > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 17 CHALLENGE QUESTION A circle of radius 1 unit is drawn touching the three edges of an equilateral triangle. ‘Three smaller circles are then drawn at each corner to touch the original circle and two edges of the triangle, ‘This process is then repeated an infinite number of times. a Find the sum of the circumferences of all the circles. b Find the sum of the areas of all the circles. 11.6 Further arithmetic and geometric series Some problems may involve more than one progression. 4, B,C, 1 Given thata, b and c are in arithmetic progression, find an equation connecting a, b and ¢. 2 Given that a, b and c are in geometric progression, find an equation connecting a, b and c. ‘The first, second and third terms of an arithmetic series are.x, » and 27. ‘The first, second and third terms of a geometric series are x, x° and y. Given that x <0, find a the value of x and the value of y b the sum to infinity of the geometric series the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic series, Answi a Arithmetic series is: x + y+? +... use common differences yrxextoy dyext+x (l) 274)11. Series Tes) Geometric series is:x+x°+ y+... use common ratios vex? Q) (I) and (2) give 2x7 = 37 + x. divide by x (since x # 0) and rearrange factorise and solve x# 1 sincex <0 -G) 8,=Bea += na ee ee sor Bf) = 61.25 Exercise 11.6 1 The first term of a progression is 8 and the second term is 12. Find the sum of the first six terms, given that the progression is a arithmetic b geometric. 2 The first term of a progression is 25 and the second term is 20. a Given that the progression is geometric, find the sum to infinity. b Given that the progression is arithmetic, find the number of terms in the progression if the sum of all the terms is —1550, 3 The first, second and third terms of a geometric progression are the first, fifth and | Ith terms respectively of an arithmetic progression. Given that the first term in ‘each progression is 48 and the common ratio of the geometric progression is r, where r I, find athe value of r b the sixth term of each progression. 4 A geometric progression has six terms. The frst term is 486 and the common ratio 3; An arithmetic progression has 35 terms and common difference 3. The sum of all the terms in the geometric progression is equal to the sum of all the terms in the arithmetic progression. Find the first term and the last term of the arithmetic progression.CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ‘The first, second and third terms of a geometric progression are the first, fifth and eighth terms respectively of an arithmetic progression. Given that the first term in ‘each progression is 200 and the common ratio of the geometric progression is r, where r # 1, find 2 thevalue of r b the fourth term of each progression ¢ the sum to infinity of the geometric progression. ‘The first term of an arithmetic progression is 12 and the sum of the first 16 terms is 282. 2 Find the common difference of this progression. ‘The first, fifth and nth term of this arithmetic progression are the frst, second and third term respectively of a geometric progression. b Find the common ratio of the geometric progression and the value of m, ‘The first two terms of a geometric progression are 80 and 64 respectively. The first three terms of this geometric progression are also the first, L1th and mth terms respectively of an arithmetic progression. Find the value of n. ‘The first two terms of a progression are Sx and x° respectively. 2 For the case where the progression is arithmetic with a common difference of 24, find the two possible values of x and the corresponding values of the third term. b For the case where the progression is geometric with a third term of ~ {find the common ratio and the sum to infinity. Sea foe If nis a positive integer, then (a + 6)" can be expanded using the formula. (at By =a" HCl b+ "Cd OR + "Cyd B+ HC aD + and where "C, In particular, n= 1)(n-2)in (14x 1+ met madera) Foran arithmetic progression with first term a, common diflerence d and n terms: © the kth term =a+ (k= 1d # thelastterm=/=a+ (n— Dd #thesumof theterms = 8,=5(a+) = 3120+ (n 1)d]41 Series feelin) For a geometric progression with first term a, cammon ratio r and 7 terms: © thexth term = art! © the last term = ar" © the sum of the terms = 8, =“—— The condition for a geometric series to converge is 1 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 3. a i Usethe Binomial Theorem to expand (a + 6), giving each term in its simplest form a Heence find the term independent of x in the expansion of (2x + 3) a xt Sn The oefficient of x’ in the expansion of (1 +3) equals 7s. Find the value ofthe positive integer Bl Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q8 Jun 2016 4 i Given that a isa constant, expand (2 + ax), in ascending powers of x, simplifying each term of your expansion, 21 Given also that the coefficient of x? is equal to the coefficient of x°, show that a= 3, ie] use your expansion to show that the value of 1.97*is 15.1 to 1 decimal place. PI Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q5 Jun 2017 5 i Find the first 3 terms in the expansion of (2x ~ 2.) im descending powers of x a « > ii Henge find the coeficient of +*in the expansion of (2x— 7H) (4+ 8 Tox! (33 Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q9 Jun 2018 6 i The first 3 terms, in ascending powers of x, in the expansion of (2 + 6x)* can be written as a + 256x + ex, Find the value of each of the constants a,b and c. (al ii Using the values found in part, find the term independent of vin the expansion of @+bx)*(2x~2). 3} Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q4 Jun 2019 ‘ 7 i. Find the first 3 terms in the expansion, in ascending powers of», of (3 ~ 5) Give the terms in their simplest form, m GB) ii Hence find the find the term independent of xin the expansion of (3-5) (x~2). a Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 Q3 Mar 2019 8 The fist 3 verms in the expansion of (a + »)°(1 = 3), in ascending powers of x, can be written inthe form 27 + bx + ex?, where a, b and care integers. Find the values of a, 6 and c. (8) Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 4 Jun 2021 9 — The first term of a geometric progression is 35 and the second term is 14. a Find the fourth term. Bl b Find the sum to infinity. 2 Practice question 10 Theirs three terms of a geometric progression are 2k + 6, k+ 12 and k respectively. All the terms in the progression are positive. a Find value of k. By b Find the sum to infinity. Q Practice question11. Series 11. An arithmetic progression has first term @ and common difference d. Give that the sum of the first 100 terms is 25 times the sum of the first 20 terms. a b Find din terms of a, G1 Write down an expression, in terms of a, for the SOth term. a Practice question 12. The 15th term of an arithmetic progression is 3 and the sum of the first § terms is 194, a b Find the first term of the progression and the common difference, 4 Given that the th term of the progression is ~22, find the value of n. Pl Practice question 13. The second term of a geomettic progression is ~576 and the fifth term is 243, Find a b Wa 15a 16 a Wa the common ratio 8) the first term 1] the sum to infinity py Practice question ‘The sixth term of an arithmetic progression is 35 and the sum of the first ten terms is 335. Find the eighth term. a) ‘A geometric progression has first term 8 and common ratio r, A second geometric progression has first iar td sei nite pT bo props ne meus ie Find the values of r and the value of S. Bl Praie meson ‘The 10th term of an arithmetic progression is 4 and the sum of the first 7 terms is -28. Find the first term and the common difference, 14] ‘The first term of a geometric progression is 40 and the fourth term is 5. Find the sum to infinity of the progression, B) Practice question A geometrie progression has first term a, common ratio r and sum to infinity S. A second geometric progression has first term 3a, common ratio 2r and sum to infinity 4S. Find the value of r. B An arithmetic progression has first term —24, The nth term is ~13.8 and the (2n)th term is ~3, Find the value of n, i] Practice question The sum of the first two terms of a geometric progression is 10 and the third term is 9, i Find the possible values of the common ratio and the first term fo Find the sum to infinity of the convergent progression. u) In an arithmetic progression, u, = 10 and y= 14 Find igo + win) * Ue + + Hayy the sum of the 100th to the 200th terms of the progression wy Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 22 Q13 Mar 2020> 18 9 20 21 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 2 An arithmetic progression has a second term —14 and a sum to 21 terms of 84. Find the first term and the 21st term of this progression. (5) b A geometric progression has a second term of 27p” and a fifth term of p*. “The common ratio, 7, is such that 0< F< 1 i Find rin terms of p. RI ii Hence find, in terms of p, the sum to infinity of the progression, GB) fii Given that the sum to infinity is 81, find the value of p. 2 Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q9 Jun 2020 a Anarithmetic progression has a second term of 8 and a fourth term of 18. Find the least number of terms for which the sum of this progression is greater than 1560. id b A geometric progression has a sum to infinity of 72, The sum of the first 3 terms of this ae 3 progression isp. i Find the value of the common ratio. fo) Hence find the value of the first term, ay Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q10 Nov 2020 a A geometric progression has first term 10 and sum to infinity 6. i Find the common ratio of this progression. 2 ji Hence find the sum of the first 7 terms, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. 2 b The first three terms of an arithmetic progression are log,3, log. (3°), log, (3). Find the common difference of this progression, i] Find, in terms of m and log, 3, the sum to n terms of this progression. Simplify your answer. 2 Given that the sum to n terms is 3081 log, 3, find the value of, el iv Hence, given that the sum to n terms is also equal to 1027, find the value of x. Py Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies 0606 Paper 12 Q6 Mar 2021 ‘The 2nd, 8th and 44th terms of an arithmetic progression form the first three terms of a geometric progression. In the arithmetic progression, the first term is 1 and the common difference is positive. a i Show that the common difference of the arithmetic progression is 5. 13 {i Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic progression. PI bi Find the Sth term of the geometric progression. 2 Explain whether or not the sum to infinity of this geometric progression exists a Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q11 Jun 2021 280 >