Cables
Cables are selected according to:
1) Operating voltage
2) Operating frequency
3) Conductor type
4) Insulation level
5) Core number
6) Neutral and Earthing cable
7) Derating factors
8) Cross section area (mm2)
[1] Operating voltage:-
❖Low voltage cable [ 1 V → 1000 V ]
0.6 /1 KV( )فصيلة كابل الجهد المنخفض
L-N up to 600 V , L-L up to 1000 V
❖Medium voltage cable [ 1 KV → 66 KV ]
1. [6 /10 KV]( 3.3KV - 6.6 KV ) فصيلة كابل الجهد المتوسط
2. [12 /20 KV] ( 11 KV ) فصيلة كابل الجهد المتوسط
3. [18 /30 KV]( 22 KV ) فصيلة كابل الجهد المتوسط
❖ high voltage and extra high voltage lead
sheathed/screened cables: [up to 220kV]
❖overhead conductor [ 66 KV → 500 KV ]
❖Control Cable
● For the same C.S.A medium voltage cable insulation higher
than low voltage cables (V α Insulation).
In general:-
● V α Insulation & Iα Cross Section Area
[2] Operating Frequency:-
1. 50 Hz
2. 60 Hz
[3] Conductor type:-
1. Aluminium (Al)
2. Copper (Cu)
➔Conductivity of Al= 65% of Cu conductivity.
➔Al is lighter than Cu in weight.
➔Cu is higher cost than Al.
➢Why All medium voltage cables are made from Al :-
1)The conductivity to weight ratio of aluminium is
better than that of copper
2)For equal lengths and resistance, aluminium
wire is lighter than copper wire,
3)Aluminium is more malleable and ductile than
copper
4)Aluminium is less expensive than copper.
➢ Except
● cables used to fed motors load should be Cupper
● Low voltage cables are preferred from Cu except
underground cables of electrical distribution company for
residential area are Al.
[4] Insulation Level:-
XLPE: cross linked polyethylene
PVC: Polyvinyl chloride
Type PVC XLPE
Standard normal temperature 70°c 90°c
Max Temp. at short circuit level 150°c 250°c
COST (LE/m) low High
All medium voltage cables with XLPE insulation
because of high short circuit level.
● 11 KV Network ----- SC= 500MVA [The short
circuit level of 11 kV network is 500 MVA.]
● 22 KV Network ----- SC= 750MVA
● Low voltage cables may be PVC or XLPE (PVC
for low current & XLPE for high current).
Conductor: Cu or Al
Insulation: PVC or
Sheath:
[5] Armouring
1. S.T.A (Steel Tape Armoured)
2. S.W.A (Steel Wire Armoured)
● [S. T.A]: Used for underground cables. S.T.A
withstands mechanical Stress more than SWA,
● but S.W.A is more flexible than S.T.A.
[6] Core number:-
a) Single core cable:
➢Application of single core cable:-
● If CSA > 300mm2.
● Residential area. (Riser)
● Earthling cable.
b) Two core cable:
➢Application of two core cable:-
● Used in low voltage in 1Ø where there is no
earthing system [ L& N only ].
c) Three core cable:
➢Application of three core cable:-
● Used in low voltage in 1Ø where There is an
earthing system [L, N and E].
● In medium voltage three phases [R, S, and T].
d) Four core cable:
➢Application of four core cable:-
● Used for three phase network In low voltage
systems [R, S, T and N].
Cables Formations
● Trefoil position is preferred than flat position as:
1. Flat position: Φ↑ Temp↑ R↑Derating in cables.
2. Multicore cables are more economic than single
core cables.
3. Multicore cables are designed as trefoil so they are
more technical than single core cables.
4. Multicore cables are preferred more than single
core cables.
R-S-T-N cable
If C.S.A < 25mm2 C.S.A>35mm2
ACCORDING C.S.A (N)=C.S.A (L) C.S.A (N)=1/2 C.S.A (L)
TO CODE
➢If C.S.A (N) ≤ 16 mm2 E=L
● For 1-∅ ⇢3x 16 mm2
● For 3-∅ ⇢4x 16 mm2+16 mm2
➢If C.S.A (N) =25 mm2 OR C.S.A (N) =35 mm2
⇢ E=16 mm2
➢If C.S.A>35mm2 ⇢ E=½ L
● EX. (3x 70 + 35)+35 & (3 x 240 + 120) +120
& (3 x 95 + 50) + 50
● We can define if the cable is single core or multi core
from its specification.
● (3x 185 + 95 ) mm2 CU/PVC/PVC ⇢ …..
● (3(1x 185) + 95 ) mm2 CU/PVC/PVC ⇢ …..
Cable Design
Cables are designed according to:
● Current carry capacity or thermal rating.
● Voltage drop.
● Short circuit level.
[1] Current Carry Capacity:-
Irated = 40 x 1.5 = 60 Amp as HP = KVA
IC.B = 60 x 1.25 = 75 Amp ⇢ C.B = 80 Amp
𝑰𝑰.𝑰
Icable=
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
● So, it must select C.B before cable.
● C.B rating depends on (KVA of load).
● Cable sizing depends on C.B rating.
➢Types of Derating Factor:-
a) Ambient temperature Derating factor
b) Ground temperature Derating factor
c) Grouping factor
d) Burial( )دفنdepth Derating factor
e) Soil thermal resistivity
a) Ambient temperature Derating factor
b) Ground temperature Derating factor
c) Grouping factor
معامل تصحيح الكابالت المتجاورة افقيا وراسيا فى
الهواء
عدد الكابالت على الحامل
>9 6-8 4-5 3 2
0.7 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.85 H
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.73 0.8 V
) depth Derating factorدفن(d) Burial
e) Soil thermal resistivity
De-rating Factor
1) Air
● Temp
● Grouping Factor
Take T = 50°c So, for PVC take 0.82 & For XLPE
take 0.89
2) Ground
● Temp
● Depth
● Soil thermal
Take Tg = 50°c, So, for PVC take 0.76 & For XLPE
take 0.85
➢How to calculate the Derating Factor for a group of
cables?
Correction factor for cable laying in cable trays.
● If cables are single layer and the distance
between two cables is equal to 2 D of cable and
the distance between cable and wall equal D this
mean: Derating Factor D.F = 1
Ex.
𝑰𝑪.𝑩
Icable=
𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
Temp = 50°c ⇢ PVC [Link]= 0.82
Single cable ⇢ [Link]= 1
Icable = 80/0.82= 97 Amp
From Elsewedy Catalogue: chose Cu/PVC/PVC (4 X
25) + 16 mm2
EX.
It is required to design D.B to feed 3 loads, each 30
HP & 2 loads each 20 HP, knowing that cables are in
same cable tray.
Sol.
➢30 HP & No. =3
Irated =30 X1.5=45A
IC.B = 45 x 1.25 = 56 Amp ⇢ C.B = 63 Amp
𝑰𝑪.𝑩
Icable= , Temp = 50°c ⇢PVC ⇢ [Link]=
𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
0.82 ⇢ [Link]= 1
Icable =63/0.82= 77 Amp
على اساس ان يوجد مسافات بين الكابالت على الحامل
● From El-sewedy Catalogue:
choose Cu/PVC/PVC 4 X 16 + 16 mm2
➢20 HP & No. =2
Irated =20 X1.5=30A
IC.B = 30 x 1.25 = 37.5 Amp ⇢ C.B = 40 Amp
𝑰𝑪.𝑩
Icable= , Temp = 50°c ⇢PVC ⇢ [Link]=
𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
0.82 ⇢ [Link]= 1
Icable =40/0.82= 50 Amp
على اساس ان يوجد مسافات بين الكابالت على الحامل
From El-sewedy Catalogue: chose Cu/PVC/PVC 4 X
10 + 10 mm2
➢main cable and circuit breaker
I main circuit breaker =1.25 x I largest + D.F (Σ I rated except
largest)
I main circuit breaker = 1.25 x 45 + (45+45+30+30)= 206A
C.B = 200 Amp
𝑰𝑪.𝑩
Icable= , Temp = 50°c ⇢ PVC ⇢ [Link]=0.82
𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
⇢ Single cable [Link]= 1
Icable =200/0.82= 250 Amp
From Elsewedy Catalogue:
choose Cu/PVC/PVC (3 X 120 + 70)+70 mm2
