A study on Steam Nozzle
Abstract
Whether its a rocket or a heavy turbine both require immense power to lift off and
beat the gravity or power heavy industrial machinery in the latter case. These
purposes can be solved if we have a fluid coming out with high velocity and here
steam nozzle comes into play. Nozzle is just used to control the speed of the liquid
stream,headings and other similar characteristics of the gas which is to be passed
through the channel.
There are three types of nozzles: Convergent, Divergent, Convergent and Divergent
nozzle.
Introduction
Nozzle is commonly used to control the speed, direction, mass or the pressure of the
stream that emerges from them. In its most basic form, a nozzle simply boosts the
kinetic energy of a liquid in motion at the cost of its internal pressure and energy.
The direction or characteristics of a fluid flow is controlled by a device called
nozzle.A nozzle is basically a pipe with varying cross sectional area used to modify
flow of liquid and hence control its speed to get varying results in controlling turbines,
rocket, jet speed etc.
Report on Steam Nozzle
Steam turbine transfers heat energy into mechanical work and it takes place in two
stages:-
Available steam energy into kinetic energy. It is performed with the help of a
device called steam nozzles.
Kinetic energy into mechanical work.
To perform the conversion of energy with minimum loss the shape of nozzle is
designed as per that manner.
Different cross sections of nozzles are:
Circular
Rectangular
Elliptical
Square
Applications of Nozzles:
Propulsion of rocket motors
Flow measurements
Jet Engines
Steam and Gas turbines
Three important types of steam nozzles are:-
Convergent Nozzle
Divergent Nozzle
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle.
Convergent Nozzle:
Cross sectional area decreases continuously from its entrance to exit.
Used in case where back pressure is equal to or greater than critical pressure ratio.
According to the conservation of mass the fluid must speed up while moving
from the larger to smaller cross sectional area.
If it slows down then there won’t be a constant flow rate of the fluid through the
nozzle.
The Mach number is 1 i.e. the flow in the throat is sonic.
The energy to maintain the speed of the gas comes from the random motion of the
molecules in it.
Lesser the cross sectional area of the nozzle more is the pressure exerted on the
fluid and hence the velocity increases inside the nozzle leading to spinning of
turbines.
Divergent Nozzle:
Cross sectional area of divergent nozzle increases continuously from its entrance
to exit.
It is used in cases where back pressure is less than critical pressure ratio.
Convergent Divergent Nozzle:
In this type of nozzle the cross sectional area decreases first till the throat which
has the least cross sectional area in the entire nozzle and then increases.
Used in case where back pressure is less than critical pressure also used in many
types of steam turbines.
The entire channel is divided into 3 zones - convergent, divergent and throat.
In the convergent section the fluid gains the kinetic energy and lose some
pressure energy due to the application of Bernoulli’s principle and the law of
conservation of mass.
Then the acceleration of fluid takes places from convergent to throat section.
The force of incoming flow being greater than the throat mass flow rate results in
the rate of flow from the convergent section being increased rapidly.
Conclusion
A nozzle is basically used to vary the flow details of fluid or air as per our
requirement. The pressure and velocity are inversely proportional to each other so this
means as the pressure moves in the convergent divergent nozzle it decreases leading
to increase in the velocity . Velocity at the inlet of the nozzle was experimentally
found to be sub-sonic flow i.e. Mach<1, at the throat is sonic flow i.e.Mach=1 and at
the exit is also subsonic flow i.e.Mach<1. Supersonic or Mach>1 can also be achieved
by a few alterations in the nozzle design. These speeds are generally used in rocket
propulsion. T also gives us the reason for the shock formation (of diamond shape) at
the outlet.So, importance of steam nozzle in daily life and its industrial use cannot be
neglected and hence it’s study becomes important.
GROUP:4
Anunay Kumar Singh 2102011
Muna Majhi 2102035
Ramyaranjan Nayak 2102040
Saiswarup Dash 2102044
Rajesh Banjara 2102100
