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01

■ 주제 / 요지

The Evolutionary Roots of Human Cooperation

■ 어법 선택
❶ Cooperation is a hallmark of human society. ★❷ Not merely [people do / do people]1) behave considerately
toward complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices for them.
❸ Such behavior seems impossible to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism [which / where]2)
cooperation between unrelated others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly. ❹ However,
new models of the evolution of human sociality and the results of experiments to test them [suggests / suggest]3)
that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots. ❺ Such models consider
processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited notion of group selection
[in which / which]4) individuals act “for the good of the group.” ❻ Genes [promoted / promoting]5) prosocial
tendencies in individuals can arise when groups compete in ways [argued / arguing]6) to be characteristic of the
early stages of human evolution. ★❼ In particular, such conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong
reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with anonymous unrelated others and [punishing / to punish]7) those who do
not do the same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성
❶ Cooperation is a hallmark8) of human society. ★❷ Not merely do people behave considerately toward
complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices9) for them. ❸ Such
behavior seems impossible to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between
unrelated10) others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly. ❹ However, new models of the
evolution of human sociality11) and the results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness and
other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots. ❺ Such models consider processes at the level of
groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited12) notion of group selection in which individuals act
“for the good of the group.” ❻ Genes promoting prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise when groups
compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution. ★❼ In particular, such
conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity,13) a tendency to cooperate with anonymous
unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작
1. 사람들은 완전히 낯선 이에게 사려 깊게 행동할 뿐만 아니라 때때로 그들을 위해 상당한 금전적, 심지어 신체적 희
생까지 한다.
[substantial / do / for / not / sacrifices / sometimes / considerately / merely / people / make / physical / even /
financial / strangers, / behave / toward / them / they / complete / and]

è
14)

2. 그러한 상황은 ‘강력한 상호주의’의 진화를 촉진했을 수도 있는데, 그것은 곧 익명의 무관한 타인과 협동하고, 똑같이
협동하지 않는 사람을 처벌하되, 그렇게 하는 것이 처벌하는 사람에게 큰 손실이 되는 경우조차도 그리하는 경향이다.
[others / a tendency / so / the same / cooperate / costly / to / do / of / punish / and / may / to / not / doing
/ with / is / the punisher / unrelated / strong reciprocity, / the evolution / have / even / such conditions /
anonymous / do / to / when / who / promoted / those]

15)

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02

■ 주제 / 요지

The Difficulty1) of Clearly Attributing Deforestation to Specific Causes

■ 어법 선택
❶ Deforestation drivers are very diverse and vary by countries and states. ❷ A number of important studies [has
/ have]2) attempted to generalise and pull together large numbers of local studies. ★❸ This work is hampered,
however, by the fact [that / which]3) most information on drivers is not quantitative, so that few direct
quantitative correlations can be made linking certain quantities of deforestation to particular activities. ❹ Angelsen
and Kaimowitz reviewed 140 economic models analysing the causes of tropical deforestation. ❺ They found that,
when [looking / looked]4) at proximate causes, deforestation is often associated with the presence of more roads,
higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment. ★❻ Also they considered it likely
[what / that]5) policy reforms associated with economic liberalisation and related adjustment increase the pressure
on forests. ❼ They pointed out, however, that many research studies have adopted poor methodology and low
quality data, [which / in which]6) makes the drawing of clear conclusions about the role of macroeconomic factors
[difficultly / difficult].7)

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성

❶ Deforestation drivers are very diverse and vary by countries and states. ❷ A number of important studies have
attempted to generalise8) and pull together large numbers of local studies. ★❸ This work is hampered,9) however,
by the fact that most information on drivers is not quantitative, so that few direct quantitative correlations can be
made linking certain quantities of deforestation to particular activities. ❹ Angelsen and Kaimowitz reviewed 140
economic models analysing the causes of tropical deforestation. ❺ They found that, when looking at proximate
causes, deforestation is often associated with the presence10) of more roads, higher agricultural prices, lower
wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment. ★❻ Also they considered it likely that policy reforms associated
with economic liberalisation and related adjustment increase the pressure11) on forests. ❼ They pointed out,
however, that many research studies have adopted poor methodology and low quality data, which makes the
drawing of clear conclusions about the role of macroeconomic factors difficult.12)

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작
1. 그러나 이러한 작업은 동인에 대한 대부분의 정보가 정량적이지 않아서 특정 양의 삼림 벌채와 특정한 활동을 연결
할 수 있는 직접적인 정량적 상관관계가 거의 없다는 사실로 인해 어려움을 겪고 있다.
[on / made / that / hampered, / by / this / not / drivers / work / most information / can / so / few direct
quantitative correlations / deforestation / however, / is / activities / the fact / particular / be / quantitative, / of /
linking / is / to / that / certain quantities]

13)

2. 또한 그들은 경제 자유화 및 관련 조정과 관련된 정책 개혁이 삼림에 대한 압박을 증가시킬 것 같다고 생각했다.
[associated / and / on / increase / they / it / likely / considered / that / liberalisation / adjustment / policy
reforms / with / related / the pressure / economic / forests]

è Also
14)

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03

■ 주제 / 요지

Is Science Still the Best Path to Knowledge?

■ 어법 선택
❶ On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world [seems /

seem]1) to justify relying on it and bestowing extraordinary power to scientific institutions (especially in the form
of public funding). ❷ On the other hand, the dominant societal position of science risks marginalizing alternative

forms of knowledge acquisition. ❸ It’s not clear [that / what]2) there still is a fair competition between science

and its alternatives; and ★it’s not straightforward [that / what]3) science has to prove its epistemic superiority in
the 21st century in a way comparable to the period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries). ❹ This is
Paul Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a Free Society, [in which / which]4) he casts as: “today science

prevails not [because / because of]5) its comparative merits, but [because / because of]6) the show has been
rigged in its favour.” ❺ So, Feyerabend insists, the fact [which / that]7) science has been the most appropriate
means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also the most reliable form of knowledge
acquisition for our current and future problems.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성
❶ On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world seems to
justify8) relying on it and bestowing extraordinary9) power to scientific institutions (especially in the form of public

funding). ❷ On the other hand, the dominant societal position of science risks marginalizing10) alternative forms of
knowledge acquisition. ❸ It’s not clear that there still is a fair11) competition between science and its alternatives;
and ★it’s not straightforward that science has to prove its epistemic superiority12) in the 21st century in a way
comparable to the period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries). ❹ This is Paul Feyerabend’s major

argument in Science in a Free Society, which he casts as: “today science prevails not because of its comparative
merits, but because the show has been rigged13) in its favour.” ❺ So, Feyerabend insists, the fact that science has

been the most appropriate means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant14) that it’s also the most

reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future problems.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 21세기에 과학이 과학 혁명 시기(16~18세기)와 유사한 방식으로 자체의 인식론적 우월성을 증명해야 하는 것도 간단

하지 않다.
[it’s / not / (16th-18th centuries) / straightforward / comparable / to / the period / science / to / in the 21st

century / has / that / epistemic superiority / the scientific revolution / in a way / its / of / prove]

è
15)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 3 -

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04

■ 주제 / 요지

The Impact of Immigrant Parents' Educational1) Values on Their Children

■ 어법 선택
❶ A hallmark of immigrant parents that has been found across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin [is

/ are]2) that first-generation immigrant parents place a high value on the educational achievement of their
adolescent children. ★❷ Immigrant parents tend to view earning good grades, [finish / finishing]3) high school,

and attending college as the primary means [through which / which]4) their children can establish themselves in

their country of destination. ❸ Compared to native-born parents with similar education levels, immigrant parents
have been found to have higher educational aspirations for their children. ❹ Immigrant adolescents internalize
their parents’ values regarding the importance of education and [tends / tend]5) to study more and devote more

effort to their schoolwork than [are / do]6) nonimmigrant adolescents. ❺ During adolescence, immigrants’ peer
groups often become more segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the immigrant adolescents
[supported / supporting]7) their peers’ academic achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status)
adolescents.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성
❶ A hallmark of immigrant parents that has been found across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin is
that first-generation immigrant parents place a high value on the educational achievement of their adolescent
children. ★❷ Immigrant parents tend to view earning good grades, finishing high school, and attending college

as the primary8) means through which their children can establish themselves in their country of destination.
❸ Compared to native-born parents with similar education levels, immigrant parents have been found to have
higher educational aspirations9) for their children. ❹ Immigrant adolescents internalize10) their parents’ values
regarding the importance of education and tend to study more and devote more effort to their schoolwork than

do nonimmigrant adolescents. ❺ During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often become more segregated11)

from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the immigrant adolescents supporting their peers’ academic achievement,
particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 이민자 부모는 좋은 성적을 받는 것, 고등학교를 졸업하는 것, 대학을 다니는 것을 자녀가 목적지 국가에서 자리 잡
을 수 있는 주요 수단으로 생각하는 경향이 있다.

[the primary means / finishing / of / can / tend / in / and / good grades, / destination / as / which / to /
earning / establish / view / their children / their country / Immigrant parents / through / high school, / themselves

/ attending / college]

è
12)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 4 -

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05

■ 주제 / 요지

The Benefits1) of Impromptu Speaking

■ 어법 선택
❶ In public speaking, delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu speaking. ❷ You engage in

impromptu speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that spring up in the moment with no
preparation or practice whatsoever. ❸ For example, when you answer a question in class or speak up [during /

while]2) a meeting of a campus organization, you’re using impromptu speaking. ❹ In this respect, impromptu

speaking is simply another way to use the basic communication skills you already have and [use / uses]3)
regularly. ❺ Learning how to express yourself on the spot without relying on research, extensive preparation, or
notes will help you [do / doing]4) well in your public speaking class and in less-structured speaking situations

beyond the classroom. ★❻ In addition, developing your impromptu speaking skills increases your confidence and
[decreasing / decreases]5) your speaking anxiety in any presentation context.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성

❶ In public speaking, delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu speaking. ❷ You engage in
impromptu speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that spring up in the moment with no
preparation6) or practice7) whatsoever. ❸ For example, when you answer a question in class or speak up during a
meeting of a campus organization, you’re using impromptu speaking. ❹ In this respect, impromptu speaking is

simply another way to use the basic8) communication skills you already have and use regularly. ❺ Learning how
to express yourself on the spot without relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes will help you do well
in your public speaking class and in less-structured speaking situations beyond the classroom. ★❻ In addition,
developing your impromptu speaking skills increases your confidence9) and decreases your speaking anxiety10) in

any presentation context.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 아울러 즉흥 말하기 기술을 개발하면 어떤 발표 상황에서도 자신감이 향상되고 연설 불안이 줄어든다.

[confidence / increases / skills / developing / your / and / your / anxiety / context / in / your / presentation /
decreases / any / speaking / impromptu speaking]

è In addition,
11)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 5 -

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06

■ 주제 / 요지

The Trade-off1) Between Team Quality and Profit

■ 어법 선택

❶ In principle, there is an intuitively plausible relationship between profit and team quality. ❷ Fans like to watch
exciting games [which / where]2) the outcome is uncertain. ❸ This is a result of competitive balance between the
opponents. ★❹ Tight, hard-fought games are more fun to watch than lopsided games [in which / which]3) the
outcome is never in doubt. ❺ However, fans also prefer to see their team [to win / win].4) ❻ As a result,
attendance should increase with improvement in the team’s performance. ❼ Presumably, better teams win more
than weaker teams. ❽ Thus, improved team quality should translate into more wins and therefore increased
attendance. ❾ With a given set of prices, increased attendance turns into increased revenue from gate receipts,
parking, and concessions. ❿ This increased revenue should lead to higher profit, but ★it costs more [fielding / to
field]5) a higher-quality team than a lower-quality team. ⓫ Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an
optimal level of team quality that will vary from team to team depending on variation in the fan base.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성

❶ In principle, there is an intuitively plausible relationship between profit and team quality. ❷ Fans like to watch
exciting games where the outcome is uncertain.6) ❸ This is a result of competitive balance between the
opponents. ★❹ Tight, hard-fought games are more fun to watch than lopsided games in which the outcome is
never in doubt.7) ❺ However, fans also prefer to see their team win. ❻ As a result, attendance should increase
with improvement in the team’s performance. ❼ Presumably, better teams win more than weaker teams. ❽ Thus,
improved team quality should translate into more wins and therefore increased attendance. ❾ With a given set of
prices, increased attendance turns into increased revenue8) from gate receipts, parking, and concessions. ❿ This
increased revenue should lead to higher profit, but ★it costs more9) to field a higher-quality team than a
lower-quality team. ⓫ Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an optimal10) level of team quality that will
vary from team to team depending on variation11) in the fan base.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작
1. 결과가 절대 불확실하지 않은 일방적인 경기보다 박빙의 격전을 벌이는 경기가 보기에 더 재미있다.

[games / more / tight, / which / fun / lopsided / are / than / in / hard-fought / games / the outcome / watch /
to / doubt / never / is / in]

è
12)

2. 전력이 낮은 팀보다 전력이 높은 팀을 출전시키는 데는 더 많은 비용이 든다.

[team / it / a / more / field / higher-quality / lower-quality / than / to / team / costs / a]

è 13)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 6 -

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07

■ 주제 / 요지

How Do Volcanic Carbon Emissions Affect Climate?

■ 어법 선택
❶ The impacts that volcanoes can have on the weather can extend well beyond the eruption site; they are one

of the largest [drivers / driver]1) of climate change over geological timescales. ❷ The vast majority of the 65,500
billion tons of carbon on Earth is [held / holding]2) within rocks. ❸ The remainder resides in the oceans,

atmosphere, plants, soil and fossil fuels. ❹ Carbon dioxide inside Earth is released continually [during / while]3)

volcanic eruptions, and before the Industrial Revolution volcanoes were the largest source of carbon dioxide
[entered / entering]4) Earth’s atmosphere. ❺ However, the release of carbon is largely regulated by the natural
carbon cycle, [it / which]5) draws down as much carbon from the atmosphere as volcanoes release into it, [acting

/ acted]6) as a planetary scale thermostat. ❻ If temperatures increase due to a period of intense volcanism, more
carbon will be drawn down from the atmosphere, [it / which]7) will take temperatures back to their previous
levels. ★❼ However, given the slow rate of some of these chemical reactions it can take hundreds of thousands
of years for the system [stabilizing / to stabilize].8)

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성
❶ The impacts that volcanoes can have on the weather can extend9) well beyond the eruption site; they are one
of the largest drivers of climate change over geological timescales. ❷ The vast majority of the 65,500 billion tons
of carbon on Earth is held within rocks. ❸ The remainder resides in the oceans, atmosphere, plants, soil and fossil

fuels. ❹ Carbon dioxide inside Earth is released continually during volcanic eruptions, and before the Industrial
Revolution volcanoes were the largest10) source of carbon dioxide entering Earth’s atmosphere. ❺ However, the

release of carbon is largely regulated by the natural carbon cycle, which draws down as much carbon from the
atmosphere as volcanoes release into it, acting as a planetary scale thermostat.11) ❻ If temperatures increase due

to a period of intense volcanism, more carbon will be drawn down from the atmosphere, which will take

temperatures back12) to their previous levels. ★❼ However, given the slow rate of some of these chemical
reactions it can take hundreds of thousands of years for the system to stabilize.13)

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 하지만 이러한 화학 반응 중 일부의 느린 속도를 고려해 볼 때, 그 시스템이 안정되기까지 수십만 년이 걸릴 수 있

다.

[for / it / these / reactions / of / given / hundreds / can / thousands / years / take / of / chemical / the system

/ rate / some / of / to / of / stabilize / the slow]

è However,
14)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 7 -

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08

■ 주제 / 요지

The limitation1) of learning music indirectly2) through records

■ 어법 선택
★❶ Ignacio Varchausky from the Buenos Aires tango orchestra El Arranque says in the documentary Si Sos Brujo

[which / that]3) he and others tried learning from records how the older orchestras did [what / that]4) they did,
but it was difficult, almost impossible. ❷ Eventually, El Arranque had to find the surviving players from those

ensembles and ask them how [was it / it was]5) done. ❸ The older players had to physically show the younger

players how to replicate the effects they got, and which notes and beats should be emphasized. ❹ So, to some
extent, music is still an oral (and physical) tradition, handed down from one person to another. ❺ Records may
do a lot to preserve music and disseminate it, but they can’t do [what / how]6) direct transmission does. ❻ In

that same documentary, Wynton Marsalis says that the learning, the baton passing, [happen / happens]7) on the
bandstand — one has to play with others, to learn by watching and imitating. ❼ For Varchausky, when those
older players are gone, the traditions (and techniques) will be lost if their knowledge is not passed on directly. ❽
History and culture can’t really be preserved by technology alone.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성
★❶ Ignacio Varchausky from the Buenos Aires tango orchestra El Arranque says in the documentary Si Sos Brujo

that he and others tried learning from records how the older orchestras did what they did, but it was difficult,
almost impossible.8) ❷ Eventually, El Arranque had to find the surviving players from those ensembles and ask
them how it was done. ❸ The older players had to physically show the younger players how to replicate9) the
effects they got, and which notes and beats should be emphasized. ❹ So, to some extent, music is still an oral

(and physical) tradition, handed down from one person to another. ❺ Records may do a lot to preserve10) music
and disseminate11) it, but they can’t do what direct12) transmission does. ❻ In that same documentary, Wynton

Marsalis says that the learning, the baton passing, happens on the bandstand — one has to play with others, to
learn by watching and imitating. ❼ For Varchausky, when those older players are gone, the traditions (and

techniques) will be lost if their knowledge is not passed13) on directly. ❽ History and culture can’t really be

preserved by technology alone.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 부에노스아이레스의 탱고 오케스트라 El Arranque의 Ignacio Varchausky는 다큐멘터리 ‘Si Sos Brujo’에서 자신과 다
른 사람들이 옛 오케스트라들이 그들이 한 것을 어떻게 해냈는지를 음반을 통해 배우려고 시도했지만, 그것은 어렵고

거의 불가능했다고 말한다.

[from / the Buenos Aires tango orchestra El Arranque / did, / what / they / says / tried / in / it / did /
impossible / Si Sos Brujo / but / he / the documentary / others / almost / that / how / from / Ignacio

Varchausky / records / and / difficult, / the older orchestras / was / learning]

14)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 8 -

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09

■ 주제 / 요지

Match1) the Right Technology to Your Team’s Communication Goals

■ 어법 선택
❶ Teams have many communication technologies at their disposal, [ranged / ranging]2) from email and chat
platforms to web conferencing and videoconferencing. ❷ People often default to using the tool that is most
convenient or familiar to them, but some technologies are better suited to certain tasks than others, and choosing
the wrong one can lead to trouble. ❸ Communication tools differ along a number of dimensions, including
information richness (or the capacity to transfer nonverbal and other cues that help people [interpreted /
interpret]3) meaning) and the level of real-time interaction that is possible. ❹ A team’s communication tasks
likewise vary in complexity, depending on the need to reconcile different viewpoints, give and receive feedback, or
[avoids / avoid]4) the potential for misunderstanding. ❺ The purpose of the communication should determine the
delivery mechanism. ❻ So carefully consider your goals. ★❼ Use leaner, text-based media such as email, chat,
and bulletin boards when [pushing / pushed]5) information in one direction — for instance, when [circulating /
circulated]6) routine information and plans, sharing ideas, and collecting simple data. ❽ Web conferencing and
videoconferencing are richer, more interactive tools better suited to complex tasks such as problem solving and
negotiation, [where / which]7) require squaring different ideas and perspectives.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성

❶ Teams have many communication technologies at their disposal, ranging from email and chat platforms to web
conferencing and videoconferencing. ❷ People often default8) to using the tool that is most convenient or familiar
to them, but some technologies are better suited to certain tasks than others, and choosing the wrong one can
lead to trouble.9) ❸ Communication tools differ10) along a number of dimensions, including information richness
(or the capacity to transfer nonverbal11) and other cues that help people interpret meaning) and the level of
real-time interaction that is possible. ❹ A team’s communication tasks likewise vary in complexity, depending on
the need to reconcile different viewpoints, give and receive feedback, or avoid the potential for misunderstanding.
❺ The purpose12) of the communication should determine the delivery mechanism. ❻ So carefully consider your
goals. ★❼ Use leaner, text-based media such as email, chat, and bulletin boards when pushing information in
one direction — for instance, when circulating routine information and plans, sharing ideas, and collecting simple
data. ❽ Web conferencing and videoconferencing are richer, more interactive13) tools better suited to complex
tasks such as problem solving and negotiation, which require squaring different ideas and perspectives.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작
1. 정보를 한 방향으로 전달하는 경우, 예를 들어 정례적인 정보 및 계획을 배포하고, 아이디어를 공유하며, 간단한 데이

터를 수집하는 경우에는, 이메일, 채팅, 게시판과 같은 더 간결한 텍스트 기반 매체를 이용하라.

[sharing ideas, / and / as / one direction / such / use / in / for instance, / when / when / — / plans, /
information / pushing / and / circulating / email, chat, and bulletin boards / routine information / collecting simple

data / leaner, text-based media]

14)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 9 -

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10

■ 주제 / 요지

Is Future-Oriented Behavior in Animals a Result of Future Awareness?1)

■ 어법 선택
❶ Animals regularly engage in future-oriented behaviors, from nest-building to hibernation. ★❷ Clearly these
behaviors are functionally prospective, but the extent [which / to which]2) they are controlled by cognitive
processes [remain / remains]3) an open question. ❸ Migrating birds, for example, travel long distances to avoid
cold winters, without ever [having experienced / experiencing]4) a winter, warmer climates, or the dangers of travel.
★❹ These birds are unable to know [what / why]5) it is they are avoiding and [what / why]6) this course of
action benefits them. ❺ Indeed, when two bird populations with different migratory paths are cross-bred, the
resulting offspring migrate in a direction halfway between that of their parents, [suggesting / suggested]7) that
direction of migration is genetically determined. ❻ From this example we can see that not all prospective
behaviors can be considered to involve awareness of the future, but may instead be automatic responses to
natural (e.g., seasonal changes in day length or hormones), or learned, cues.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성

❶ Animals regularly engage in future-oriented behaviors, from nest-building to hibernation. ★❷ Clearly these
behaviors are functionally prospective,8) but the extent to which they are controlled by cognitive processes remains
an open question. ❸ Migrating birds, for example, travel long distances to avoid cold winters, without9) ever
having experienced a winter, warmer climates, or the dangers of travel. ★❹ These birds are unable10) to know
what it is they are avoiding and why this course of action benefits them. ❺ Indeed, when two bird populations
with different migratory paths are cross-bred, the resulting offspring migrate in a direction halfway between that
of their parents, suggesting that direction of migration is genetically11) determined. ❻ From this example we can
see that not all prospective behaviors can be considered to involve awareness12) of the future, but may instead be
automatic13) responses to natural (e.g., seasonal changes in day length or hormones), or learned, cues.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 확실히 이러한 행동은 기능적으로 미래를 예측하는 것이지만, 그것들이 인지 과정에 의해 어느 정도 통제되는지는

여전히 해결되지 않은 문제로 남아 있다.

[an open question / which / cognitive / clearly / prospective, / are / are / the extent / these behaviors /

functionally / processes / to / by / they / but / remains / controlled]

è
14)

2. 이 새들은 자신들이 피하고 있는 것이 도대체 무엇인지, 그리고 왜 이러한 행동 방침이 자신들에게 이로운지 ‘알’ 수

없다.
[action / are / of / and / they / why / these / avoiding / what / course / are / to / know / benefits / birds / this

/ them / it / unable / is]

è
15)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 10 -

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11

■ 주제 / 요지

The Ongoing1) Interaction Between Soil and Plants

■ 어법 선택
❶ Soil and the plants that grow in it [is / are]2) continually interacting in many ways, both directly and through

the effects of the many kinds of bacteria, fungi and other small organisms that are always present. ★❷ Most
notably, plants are continually dropping leaves and other parts [in which / which]3) fall to the ground to rot in

place [where / which]4) they release their nutrients, although in some drier climates, lightning-set fires are

necessary to liberate the mineral nutrients present in the plant litter. ❸ In any case, most of the nutrients present
in dead plant material [ends / end]5) up locally in the soil, while the vast networks of plant roots and fungal
threads join with bacteria, lichens and sticky humus to effectively hold the soil together even in the face of heavy

rains and strong winds. ❹ The result is effective and continuous recycling of plant nutrients which are capable of
moving back and forth between the soil and the plants almost indefinitely. ❺ Soil is also a vast storehouse for
the seeds and spores produced by the local plants, a key factor in allowing vegetation [to regenerate /
regenerating]6) following disturbance.

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성

❶ Soil and the plants that grow in it are continually interacting7) in many ways, both directly and through the
effects of the many kinds of bacteria, fungi and other small organisms that are always present. ★❷ Most notably,
plants are continually dropping leaves and other parts which fall to the ground to rot in place where they release
their nutrients, although in some drier climates, lightning-set fires are necessary to liberate8) the mineral nutrients

present in the plant litter. ❸ In any case, most of the nutrients present in dead plant material end up locally in
the soil, while the vast networks of plant roots and fungal threads join with bacteria, lichens and sticky humus to
effectively hold9) the soil together even in the face of heavy rains and strong winds. ❹ The result is effective and
continuous recycling of plant nutrients which are capable of moving back and forth between the soil and the

plants almost indefinitely.10) ❺ Soil is also a vast storehouse for the seeds and spores produced by the local

plants, a key factor in allowing vegetation to regenerate11) following disturbance.

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 무엇보다도 특히, 식물은 지속적으로 잎과 다른 부분들을 떨어뜨리고 있으며, 이것들이 땅에 떨어져 썩어 그 자리에

서 영양분을 방출하지만, 일부 더 건조한 기후 지역에서는 식물 잔해 속에 존재하는 무기 영양분이 빠져나오게 하기 위

해 번개로 인한 화재가 필요하다.

[present / leaves / dropping / are / release / other parts / liberate / and / to rot / their nutrients, / lightning-set

fires / although / in place / in / are / themineralnutrients / necessary / the ground / fall / they / to / in some
drier climates, / to / continually / where / plants / which / the plant litter]

è Most notably,

12)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 11 -

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12

■ 주제 / 요지

Evolution happens much faster1) than we think.

■ 어법 선택
★❶ When Darwin developed his theory of natural selection, he imagined evolution unrolling on geological
timescales: the way a glacier sculpts a valley or weather beats on a rock, so time molds one species into another.
❷ Such was the conventional wisdom for over a century. ❸ But in the late twentieth century, our understanding
of evolution started to change, thanks in no small part to the continuing study of the Galápagos finches [that /
where]2) Darwin himself had observed on the voyage of the Beagle. ★❹ It turns out [what / that]3) evolution
works far more quickly than Darwin imagined. ❺ The finches of the Galápagos evolve on timescales we can
observe. ❻ In 1983, for instance, a year with superabundant rainfall, a species of vine with tiny seeds overran the
flora of Daphne Island. ❼ The birds with the smallest and pointiest beaks [was / were]4) suddenly, and distinctly,
advantaged. ❽ Their genes rapidly spread. ❾ Selection for traits can happen over the course of years or decades,
not just eons. ❿ And Darwin’s finches are exemplary, not exceptional. ⓫ They are a privileged case of the
paradigm that the biologist John Thompson [has been called / has called]5) “relentless evolution.”

■ 어휘 빈칸 완성
★❶ When Darwin developed his theory of natural selection, he imagined evolution unrolling6) on geological
timescales: the way a glacier sculpts a valley or weather beats on a rock, so time molds7) one species into
another. ❷ Such was the conventional wisdom for over a century. ❸ But in the late twentieth century, our
understanding of evolution started to change, thanks in no small part to the continuing study of the Galápagos
finches that Darwin himself had observed on the voyage of the Beagle. ★❹ It turns out that evolution works far
more quickly8) than Darwin imagined. ❺ The finches of the Galápagos evolve on timescales we can observe. ❻ In
1983, for instance, a year with superabundant rainfall, a species of vine with tiny seeds overran9) the flora of
Daphne Island. ❼ The birds with the smallest and pointiest beaks were suddenly, and distinctly, advantaged.10)
❽ Their genes rapidly spread. ❾ Selection for traits can happen over the course of years or decades, not just
eons. ❿ And Darwin’s finches are exemplary, not exceptional. ⓫ They are a privileged case of the paradigm that
the biologist John Thompson has called “relentless evolution.”

■ 주요문장 단어배열 영작

1. 다윈이 자신의 자연 선택 이론을 전개할 때, 그는 진화가 지질학적 시간 규모에 따라 일어나는 것으로 상상했다. 즉
빙하가 계곡의 형태를 만들어 내거나 비바람이 바위에 거세게 내리치는 방식처럼 그렇게 시간이 한 종을 다른 종으로
만든다고 상상했던 것이다.
[the way / molds / so / on / beats / on / a glacier / into / or / Darwin / when / weather / imagined / a valley /
developed / sculpts / natural selection, / geological timescales: / unrolling / time / he / evolution / another / his
theory of / one species / a rock,]

11)

2. 진화가 다윈이 상상했던 것보다 훨씬 더 빠르게 이루어진다는 것이 밝혀졌다.

[than / evolution / turns / Darwin / that / imagined / more / it / out / works / far / quickly]

è 12)

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 12 -

 2026학년도 수능특강 <영어독해연습> 05강

정 답 in the 21st century in a way 12) back

comparable to the period of the 13) stabilize
01 scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries). 14) given the slow rate of some of these
1) do people chemical reactions it can take
2) where 04 hundreds of thousands of years for
3) suggest 1) Educational the system to stabilize.
4) in which 2) is
5) promoting 3) finishing 08
6) argued 4) through which 1) limitation
7) to punish 5) tend 2) indirectly
8) hallmark 6) do 3) that
9) sacrifices 7) supporting 4) what
10) unrelated 8) primary 5) it was
11) sociality 9) aspirations 6) what
12) discredited 10) internalize 7) happens
13) reciprocity 11) segregated 8) impossible
14) Not merely do people behave 12) Immigrant parents tend to view 9) replicate
considerately toward complete strangers, earning good grades, finishing high 10) preserve
they sometimes make substantial school, and attending college as the 11) disseminate
financial and even physical sacrifices primary means through which their 12) direct
for them. children can establish themselves in 13) passed
15) such conditions may have promoted their country of destination. 14) Ignacio Varchausky from the Buenos
the evolution of strong reciprocity, a Aires tango orchestra El Arranque says
tendency to cooperate with anonymous 05 in the documentary Si Sos Brujo that
unrelated others and to punish those 1) Benefits he and others tried learning from
who do not do the same even when 2) during records how the older orchestras did
doing so is costly to the punisher. 3) use what they did, but it was difficult,
4) do almost impossible.
02 5) decreases
1) Difficulty 6) preparation 09
2) have 7) practice 1) Match
3) that 8) basic 2) ranging
4) looking 9) confidence 3) interpret
5) that 10) anxiety 4) avoid
6) which 11) developing your impromptu speaking 5) pushing
7) difficult skills increases your confidence and 6) circulating
8) generalise decreases your speaking anxiety in any 7) which
9) hampered presentation context. 8) default
10) presence 9) trouble
11) pressure 06 10) differ
12) difficult 1) Trade-off 11) nonverbal
13) This work is hampered, however, by 2) where 12) purpose
the fact that most information on 3) in which 13) interactive
drivers is not quantitative, so that few 4) win. 14) Use leaner, text-based media such as
direct quantitative correlations can be 5) to field email, chat, and bulletin boards when
made linking certain quantities of 6) uncertain pushing information in one direction
deforestation to particular activities. 7) doubt — for instance, when circulating
14) they considered it likely that policy 8) revenue routine information and plans, sharing
reforms associated with economic 9) more ideas, and collecting simple data.
liberalisation and related adjustment 10) optimal
increase the pressure on forests. 11) variation 10
12) Tight, hard-fought games are more 1) Awareness
03 fun to watch than lopsided games in 2) to which
1) seems which the outcome is never in doubt. 3) remains
2) that 13) it costs more to field a higher-quality 4) having experienced
3) that team than a lower-quality team. 5) what
4) which 6) why
5) because of 07 7) suggesting
6) because 1) drivers 8) prospective
7) that 2) held 9) without
8) justify 3) during 10) unable
9) extraordinary 4) entering 11) genetically
10) marginalizing 5) which 12) awareness
11) fair 6) acting 13) automatic
12) superiority 7) which 14) Clearly these behaviors are functionally
13) rigged 8) to stabilize prospective, but the extent to which
14) warrant 9) extend they are controlled by cognitive
15) it’s not straightforward that science 10) largest processes remains an open question.
has to prove its epistemic superiority 11) thermostat 15) These birds are unable to know what

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 13 -

 2026학년도 수능특강 <영어독해연습> 05강

it is they are avoiding and why this

course of action benefits them.

11
1) Ongoing
2) are
3) which
4) where
5) end
6) to regenerate
7) interacting
8) liberate
9) hold
10) indefinitely
11) regenerate
12) plants are continually dropping leaves
and other parts which fall to the
ground to rot in place where they
release their nutrients, although in
some drier climates, lightning-set fires
are necessary to liberate the mineral
nutrients present in the plant litter.

12
1) faster
2) that
3) that
4) were
5) has called
6) unrolling
7) molds
8) quickly
9) overran
10) advantaged
11) When Darwin developed his theory of
natural selection, he imagined evolution
unrolling on geological timescales: the
way a glacier sculpts a valley or weather
beats on a rock, so time molds one
species into another.
12) It turns out that evolution works far
more quickly than Darwin imagined.

★ 무단도용 / 타사이트 게시금지 ★ - 14 -