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What is an Image?
• An image is a 2-D representation of a 3-D world.
• In moving from the 3-dimensional to the 2-D image, we loose one
dimension. Depth information is lost. From the image, the handle of
the cup is lost.
• Consider a voltage signal…the voltage varies with time….This is a 1-D
signal……If we need to locate a dot on the wave, all we need to know
is its corresponding time.
• Consider this figure How many parameters do we
n need to know, to detect its
p position/location?
 What is an Image ?
• An image is a projection of a 3D scene into a 2D
projection plane.
• An image can be defined as a 2 variable function
f(x,y): R2R , where for each position (x,y) in the
projection plane, f(x,y) defines the light intensity at this
point.

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Acquisition System

World Camera Digitizer Digital

Image

CMOS sensor
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 Digital Imaging System
• A digital Imaging system is a set of components used for storing,
manipulating and transmitting images.
• Components of Digital Imaging System:
• Image sensors
• Image storage
• Image processors
• Image display devices
• Networking Components
• Image processing Software
CCD (Charged-Coupled Device) cameras
• Tiny solid state cells convert light energy into electrical
charge.
• The image plane acts as a digital memory that can be read
row by row by a computer.
 Image sensing and Acquisition

• There are 3 principal sensor

arrangements

• Single imaging Sensor

• Line sensor
• Array sensor
 The energy dynamics

• Incoming energy is transformed

into voltage
• The output is obtained from the
sensors
 Single Sensor
• Output voltage waveform is proportional
to incident light.
• To generate a 2-D image using a single
sensor, there have to be relative
displacements in x- and y-directions.
• An inexpensive but slow way to obtain
high-resolution images.
 File Sensors
• The strip provides imaging elements in one
direction.
• Motion perpendicular to the strip provides
imaging in the other direction.
• Are used routinely in airborne imaging
applications, in which the imaging system is
mounted on an aircraft that flies at a constant
altitude and speed over the geographical area
to be imaged.
• Sensor strips mounted in a ring configuration
are used in medical and industrial imaging.
Line Array
Array Sensors g(i,j)
i(x,y)

f(x,y)=i(x,y)r(x,y)
pixel=picture element

r(x,y) Fig: An example of the digital image acquisition process (a) energy source (b) An
element of a scene (d) Projection of the scene into the image (e) digitized image
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 Area Arrays

• Disadv: It scans only one line.

• Adv: Used when the application requires to capture

high speed.
 Digital Imaging System
• A digital Imaging system is a set of components used for storing,
manipulating and transmitting images.
• Components of Digital Imaging System:
• Image sensors
• Image storage
• Image processors
• Image display devices
• Networking Components
• Image processing Software
Image storage (Frame Grabber Card)
Calculation time
• How much space does a image take to store?
Calculation time
• How much space does a image take to store?

• AXB

• A X B X C bits

• A X B X C X D bits
 What is an Image ?
• An image is a projection of a 3D scene into a 2D
projection plane.
• An image can be defined as a 2 variable function
f(x,y): R2R , where for each position (x,y) in the
projection plane, f(x,y) defines the light intensity at this
point.

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• An Imaging system works only if

light is incident on the object.
• What is light?
• EM radiations are propagated
outwards from its source at a
velocity of 3 X 108 m/sec.
• Light is a band of EM radiations
that are perceptible by human eye.

• The visible band of the spectrum

ranges from….?
 Physical Aspects of Image Acquisition
• Nature of light
• Velocity : 2.99 X 108 m/sec
• Transverse Waves

• Important aspects of Light

waves
• Wavelength
• Amplitude
• Intensity

• C = frequency X wavelength.
( T = 1/frequency)
• E = h X frequency (h = 6.626 X
10-34 j/s)
Q: Calculate the frequency of oscillation of green light.
Q: Calculate the frequency of oscillation of green light.

Sol: : λ = c/‫ט‬
Q: Calculate the frequency of oscillation of green light.

Sol: : λ = c/‫ט‬

‫ = ט‬c/ λ = 3 X108 m/s / 500 X 10-9 m

Q: Calculate the frequency of oscillation of green light.

Sol: : λ = c/‫ט‬

‫ = ט‬c/ λ

= 3 X108 m/s / 500 X 10-9 m

= 6 X 1014 Hz
Intensity
• For an object to be seen light has to fall on it.
• The unit of luminosity (I) is candela (cd).
The Inverse Square Law:
• The law of inverse squares (is well known in photography and) is the basis of f/no
sequence found on all camera lenses, and by which we can allow
twice as much or half as much light to reach the film simply by
adjusting the f/no up or down.
• This is called the law of inverse squares.: The illumination of a surface
falls off inversely as square of the distance from the source.
Intensity vs. Brightness

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 Intensity vs. Brightness

Intensity
Df2
f1 < f2, Df1 = Df2 f2
Df1
f1

Equal intensity steps:

Equal brightness steps:

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Law of inverse squares
• To Solve: The illumination source of 20 cd is illuminating a 1 meter
square card (a) at a distance of 1 meter from the source.
• The illumination of this surface (a) is given by:

Ea =I/d2 b

= 20 cd / 12 m2
= 20 cd / m2

= 20 lux a
• Now, Calculate the illumination on a second surface (b) which is 2 l(20 cd)
meters away from the source and 1 meter away from surface a,
• we could use any one of the two formulas:

Ea = 1 / d2 lux
da (1 m)
= 20 cd / 4 m2 = 5 lux
db (2 m)

OR

𝑑
Eb = Ea (𝑑𝑎 )
𝑏 Eb (5 lux)
1
= 20 4
= 5 Lux
The Digital Image Model
f ( x , y )  i ( x, y ) r ( x, y )

f ( x, y ) : intensity at the point (x, y)

i ( x, y ) : illumination at the point (x, y)
(the amount of source illumination incident on the scene)
r ( x, y ) : reflectance/transmissivity at the point (x, y )
(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
where 0 < i( x, y ) <  and 0 < r ( x, y) < 1
Thank You
 Weber Law
• Describe the relationship between the physical magnitudes of
stimuli and the perceived intensity of the stimuli.
• In general, Df needed for just noticeable difference (JND) over
background f was found to satisfy:

Df
 const
f

Brightness  log(f)

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Gray Scale Image

x = 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
y=
41 210 209 204 202 197 247 143 71 64 80 84 54 54 57 58
42 206 196 203 197 195 210 207 56 63 58 53 53 61 62 51
43 201 207 192 201 198 213 156 69 65 57 55 52 53 60 50
44 216 206 211 193 202 207 208 57 69 60 55 77 49 62 61
45 221 206 211 194 196 197 220 56 63 60 55 46 97 58 106
46 209 214 224 199 194 193 204 173 64 60 59 51 62 56 48
47 204 212 213 208 191 190 191 214 60 62 66 76 51 49 55
48 214 215 215 207 208 180 172 188 69 72 55 49 56 52 56
49 209 205 214 205 204 196 187 196 86 62 66 87 57 60 48
50 208 209 205 203 202 186 174 185 149 71 63 55 55 45 56
51 207 210 211 199 217 194 183 177 209 90 62 64 52 93 52
52 208 205 209 209 197 194 183 187 187 239 58 68 61 51 56
53 204 206 203 209 195 203 188 185 183 221 75 61 58 60 60
54 200 203 199 236 188 197 183 190 183 196 122 63 58 64 66
55 205 210 202 203 199 197 196 181 173 186 105 62 57 64 63
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 Image Types

Three types of images:

• Binary images
g(x,y)  {0 , 1}
• Gray-scale images
g(x,y)  C
typically c={0,…,255}
• Color Images
three channels:
gR(x,y)C gG(x,y)C gB(x,y)C

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Color Image

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