Scribd
Upload
6 views18 pages

Lect 4 Sampling

The document discusses image digitization, focusing on concepts such as sampling, quantization, and resampling techniques. It explains the Nyquist theorem, tessellation, and provides calculations for physical image size and data transmission time for grayscale and binary images. Additionally, it covers methods for upsampling and downsampling images to maintain quality or improve compression.

Uploaded by

vikassharma420035
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views18 pages

Lect 4 Sampling

The document discusses image digitization, focusing on concepts such as sampling, quantization, and resampling techniques. It explains the Nyquist theorem, tessellation, and provides calculations for physical image size and data transmission time for grayscale and binary images. Additionally, it covers methods for upsampling and downsampling images to maintain quality or improve compression.

Uploaded by

vikassharma420035
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Image Digitization

DR. SAKSHI
ARORA
Image Formation
Sampling and Quantization
Sampling and Quantization
Whittaker-Shanon Sampling

 Frequency ≥ (2 X W)

1
 T ≤ w
2
2-D sampling
 f(x,y) Band limited function…….F(u,v) = 0

zczc

Nyquist Theorm

• Δ𝑥 ≤ 1/2𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Δ𝑦 ≤ 1/2𝑣

• Are the lower bounds of the equation and are known as


the Nyquist rate.
Tessellation

 The spatial arrangement of the sample points is k/a Tessellation.


Calculation time!

 Q1. An image is 2400 pixels wide and 2400 pixels high. The image is
300 dpi. What is the physical size of the image?

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡


 Sol: 𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 𝑋
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2000 2400
 = 𝑋 = 8 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑋 8 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
300 300

 Hence, the physical size of the image is 8 X 8 inch2


Image Digitization
Resampling

 During the scaling of an image, the number of pixels should be


increased sometimes to retain image quality: DOWNSAMPLING
 Sometimes, the pixels are reduced for better compression :
UPSAMPLING

3 3 3 3
9 9 9 9
 𝐹 =
3 3 3 3
9 9 9 9

3+3+9+9 3+3+9+9
4 4 6 6
 F’ = 3+3+9+9 3+3+9+9 =
6 6
4 4
Resampling ( UpSampling)
 Zero Order Hold Process
2 1
 F=
1 3

2 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
 F’ =
1 0 3 0
0 0 0 0

2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
 F’’ =
1 1 3 3
1 1 3 3
Resampling (Upsampling)
Linear Interpolation:

2 1
 H=
1 3

2 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
 H’ =
1 0 3 0
0 0 0 0

2 1.5 1 0.5
0 0 0 0
 H’’ =
1 2 3 1.5
0 0 0 0

2 1.5 1 0.5
1.5 1.75 2 1
 H’’ =
1 2 3 1.5
0.5 1 1.5 0.75
 Q2. Given a gray scale image on paper whose physical dimension is 2.5 inch X 2 inch,
scanned at the rate of 150 dpi. Calculate the following:
 How many bits are required to represent the image?
 How much time is required to transmit the image if the modem is 28kbps?
 Estimate these two values if it were a binary image.

 Solution: (a) The number of bits required to represent a gray scale image (A pixels in a
grayscale image uses 8 bits) is given as follows:
2.5 𝑋 150 𝑥 2 𝑋 150 𝑋 8 = 375 𝑋 300 𝑋 8 = 112,500 𝑋 8 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 9,00,000 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠

 (b) The total time taken to transmit the image is as follows:


𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 9,00,000
= = 32.14 𝑠
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 28,000

 (c) If it were a binary image, then the number of bits required to represent the image
can be calculated as follows:
2.5 𝑋 150 𝑥 2 𝑋 150 𝑋 1 = 375 𝑋 300 𝑋 1 = 112,500 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
 Thank You

You might also like