Balances on
Transient Processes
Chapter 11
Animes Kumar Golder
Department of Chemical Engineering
General Balance Equation
• A system is said to be in a transient (or unsteady-state)
condition if the value of any system variable changes with time
• Batch and semibatch process systems are always transient: in a
batch system, if nothing is changing with time then nothing is
happening, and in a semibatch system (which has an input
stream but no output stream or vice versa) at least the mass of
the system contents must vary with time
Differential Balances
Relates instantaneous rates of change at a moment in time
Example:
Accumulation in the system:
Boundary/ initial condition to solve this equation
Example 11.1-1 F&R
Balance on A:
Integral Balances
• Relate changes that occur over a finite time period
Example 11.1-2 F&R
Differential balance:
1.)
Integral balance:
2.)
Material Balances
• Also verify that the mathematical solution remains within the bounds of
physical reality - that it does not become negative, for example, or that
it does not exceed the total capacity of the system
[Example 11.2-2 F&R]
Solution:
By water balance:
Solving this equation with V=1.2 m3 at t =0 and t=t at V=V
Confirm initial condition
Confirm differential form
A plot of the derived expression for V(t) is as follows:
[Example 11.2-3 F&R]
Energy Balances on Single-phase
Nonreactive Processes
0 0
No accumulation of mass
• Temperature and composition of the system contents do not vary with position
within the system Tout = Tsys =T
• No phase changes or chemical reactions take place within the system
• Û and Ĥ are independent of pressure
• Mean heat capacities Cv and Cp of the system contents (and of the inlet and outlet
streams) are independent of composition and temperature, and hence unchanging
with time
• Tr is a reference temperature at which Ĥ is defined to be zero and M is the mass
(or number of moles) of the system contents
Open System:
Closed System:
Example 11.3-1 F&R
A well-stirred batch reactor wrapped in an electrical heating mantle
is charged with a liquid reaction mixture. The reactants must be
heated from an initial temperature of 25 °C to 250 °C before the
reaction can take place at a measurable rate. Use the data given
below to determine the time required for this heating to take place.
Reactants : Mass =1.50 kg
Cv= 0.900 cal/(g.°C)
Reactor : Mass = 3.00 kg
Cv = 0.120 cal/(g.°C)
Heating rate: =500.0 W
• Negligible reaction and no phase changes during heating
• Negligible energy added to the system by the stirrer
Solution:
o The closed system has constant volume and the energy input due to the
stirrer is presumed negligible, = 0
We know: MCv = 7150 J/°C
tf =3220 s (53.7 min)
[=500 J/s]
Problem 11.3 F&R
Methanol is added to a storage tank at a rate of 1200 kg/h and is
simultaneously withdrawn at a rate (t) (kg/h) that increases linearly with
time. At t= 0, the tank contains 750 kg of the liquid and =750 kg/h. Five
hours later equals 1000 kg/h.
a) Calculate an expression for (t), letting t = 0 signify the time at which
=750 kg/h, and incorporate it into a differential methanol balance,
letting M (kg) be the mass of methanol in the tank at any time.
b) Integrate the balance equation to obtain an expression for M(t) and
check the solution two ways. For now, assume that the tank has an
infinite capacity.
c) Calculate how long it will take for the mass of methanol in the tank to
reach its maximum value, and calculate that value. Then calculate the
time it will take to empty the tank.
d) Now suppose the tank volume is 3.40 m3. Draw a plot of M versus t,
covering the period from t=0 to an hour after the tank is empty. Write
expressions for M(t) in each time range when the function changes.
Methanol density is 0.792 kg/L.
Solution:
(t ≥ 19.54)
Simultaneous Transient Balances
Example 11.4-1 F&R
An aqueous solution containing 0.015 mol/L of species A is fed into a holding tank
that initially contains 75 liters of pure water. The reactant decomposes at a rate
r = [mol A/(L.s)]=0.0375CA
where CA (mol A/L) is the concentration of A in the tank. The volumetric feed rate
of the solution, (t), increases linearly over a 10-second period from 0 to 25 L/s
and stays constant at that rate thereafter until the tank is filled to the desired level.
The density of the feed stream is constant.
a) Write transient balances for the total mass of the tank contents and the mass
of A in the tank. Convert the equations to differential equations for V(t) (the
volume of the tank contents) and CA(t) (the concentration of A in the tank) and
provide initial conditions.
b) Sketch the shapes of the plots you would expect for the volume of the tank
contents, V(L), and the concentration of A in the tank, CA (mol/L), versus
time.
c) Outline how the equations would be solved to derive an expression for CA(t)
for the period from 0 to 60 s.
Solution:
A flowchart of the process:
a Total mass balance: accumulation input (kg/s)
ρ(kg/L).V(L)= Total mass of the tank contents (kg)
ρ(kg/L). (L/s)= Mass flow rate of the feed stream (kg/s)
Balance on A: Accumulation (mol A/s) = Input - Consumption
b Plot V versus t
o Initial condition at t= 0, V= 75 L
o During the first 10 seconds, ⁄ =2.5t
o At t=10 seconds, ⁄ =25 L/s and thereafter remains constant
Plot CA versus t
o Initial condition at t= 0, CA= 0 (pure water free of A)
c Substituting 2.5t for (t)
Substituting (t)=25 L/s
Problem 11.12 F&R
A 40.0 ft3 oxygen tent initially contains air at 68 °F and 14.7 psia. At a
time t=0, an enriched air mixture containing 35.0% v/v O2 and the balance
N2 is fed to the tent at 68 °F and 1.3 psig at a rate of 60.0 ft3/min, and gas
is withdrawn from the tent at 68 °F and 14.7 psia at a molar flow rate
equal to that of the feed gas.
a) Calculate the total (N) lb-moles of gas (O2+N2 ) in the tent at any time.
b) Let x(t) equal the mole fraction of oxygen in the outlet stream. Write a
differential mole balance on oxygen, assuming that the tent contents
are perfectly mixed (so that the temperature, pressure, and
composition of the contents are the same as those properties of the exit
stream). Convert the balance into an equation for dx/dt and provide an
initial condition.
c) Integrate the equation to obtain an expression for x(t). How long will
it take for the mole fraction of oxygen in the tent to reach 0.27?
Solution:
Problem 11.22 F&R
Density of iron: 7.7 g/cm3
Solution:
Reproduces enthalpy balance
Thanks..
| End of Chapter 11 |
