2018

1. Question No.: 5(b)

Topic: Magnetic field lines around a current-carrying conductor
Description: Explain the right-hand thumb rule and draw the field pattern around a straight
current-carrying conductor.

2. Question No.: 7(a)

Topic: Electromagnetic Induction
Description: Define electromagnetic induction and state Faraday's laws.

MCQ:

 Which rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field lines around a current-
carrying conductor? a) Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule
b) Right-Hand Thumb Rule
c) Lenz’s Law
d) Ampere’s Law
Answer: (b) Right-Hand Thumb Rule

2019

1. Question No.: 4(c)

Topic: Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Description: Describe how a current-carrying conductor experiences a force in a magnetic
field. Mention the factors affecting the force.

2. Question No.: 6(b)

Topic: Transformer
Description: Explain the working of a transformer and derive the relation between input
and output voltage.

MCQ:

 The working principle of a transformer is based on: a) Ohm’s Law

b) Electromagnetic Induction
c) Joule’s Law
d) Newton’s Law
Answer: (b) Electromagnetic Induction

2020

1. Question No.: 5(a)

Topic: Electromagnets
Description: List two applications of electromagnets and explain how they work.

2. Question No.: 7(c)

Topic: Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule
Description: State Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule and apply it to determine the direction of force
on a conductor.
MCQ:

 Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule is used to determine: a) The direction of current in a conductor

b) The direction of force on a conductor in a magnetic field
c) The magnetic field direction in a solenoid
d) The voltage induced in a coil
Answer: (b) The direction of force on a conductor in a magnetic field

2021

1. Question No.: 4(b)

Topic: Magnetic Effects of Current
Description: Explain the principle and working of an electric bell.

2. Question No.: 6(a)

Topic: Induced EMF
Description: A coil is moved towards a magnet. Explain the phenomenon observed and its
applications.

MCQ:

 An electric bell works on the principle of: a) Magnetic Induction

b) Electromagnetic Induction
c) Heating Effect of Current
d) Chemical Effect of Current
Answer: (b) Electromagnetic Induction

2022

1. Question No.: 3(c)

Topic: AC vs DC Generator
Description: Differentiate between AC and DC generators with diagrams.

2. Question No.: 5(d)

Topic: Solenoid
Description: Explain why the magnetic field inside a solenoid is uniform and strong.

MCQ:

 The magnetic field inside a long solenoid is: a) Weak and Non-Uniform
b) Strong and Uniform
c) Zero
d) Randomly Oriented
Answer: (b) Strong and Uniform
2023

1. Question No.: 2(b)

Topic: Electromagnetic Induction
Description: Explain Lenz’s law and its significance in electromagnetic induction.

2. Question No.: 7(c)

Topic: Magnetic Field Strength
Description: State the factors affecting the strength of a magnetic field around a current-
carrying solenoid.

MCQ:

 Lenz’s Law is based on: a) Conservation of Energy

b) Conservation of Momentum
c) Conservation of Charge
d) Conservation of Mass
Answer: (a) Conservation of Energy

2024

1. Question No.: 4(a)

Topic: Moving Coil Galvanometer
Description: Describe the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer.

2. Question No.: 5(c)

Topic: Electromagnetic Devices
Description: Explain the construction and working of a simple electric motor.

MCQ:

 The function of a moving coil galvanometer is to: a) Measure Resistance

b) Detect Small Electric Currents
c) Convert AC to DC
d) Generate Electromagnetic Waves
Answer: (b) Detect Small Electric Currents

2025 (Expected Topics Based on Trends)

1. Topic: Transformer Efficiency

Expected Question: Explain how eddy currents affect the efficiency of a transformer and
how they can be minimized.

2. Topic: Magnetic Field due to Circular Loop

Expected Question: Derive the expression for the magnetic field at the center of a circular
current-carrying loop.
MCQ:

 Eddy currents can be minimized by: a) Using a Thick Copper Plate

b) Laminating the Core
c) Increasing the Coil Turns
d) Increasing the Magnetic Field
Answer: (b) Laminating the Core
1. AC Generator (Alternator)

An AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of alternating
current (AC).

Working Principle:

It works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that an EMF (Electromotive
Force) is induced in a conductor when it cuts through a magnetic field.

Construction:

 Armature (Coil): A rectangular coil (ABCD) rotates in a magnetic field.

 Magnetic Field: Provided by permanent magnets or electromagnets.

 Slip Rings: Two metal rings connected to the coil.

 Brushes: Carbon brushes press against slip rings and transfer current to the external circuit.

 Axis of Rotation: The coil rotates due to external mechanical energy (like water turbines,
wind, etc.).

Step-by-Step Working:

1. The coil (ABCD) is rotated inside the magnetic field.

2. As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux through it changes continuously.

3. According to Faraday’s Law, an induced current is produced in the coil.

4. The direction of current is determined by Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule:

o When the coil moves upward in a magnetic field, current flows in a particular
direction.

o When the coil moves downward, the direction of current reverses.

5. Due to continuous rotation, the current direction changes every half cycle, producing
Alternating Current (AC).

6. The slip rings ensure the AC output is smoothly transferred to the external circuit.

Key Features of AC Generator:

 Produces AC Voltage (current reverses direction periodically).

 Used in power stations, hydroelectric plants, and wind turbines.

2. DC Motor

A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Working Principle:

It works on Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, which states that when a current-carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force that causes motion.

Construction:

 Armature (Coil): A rectangular coil rotates inside the magnetic field.

 Magnetic Field: Provided by permanent magnets or electromagnets.

 Commutator (Split Rings): Ensures unidirectional current flow.

 Brushes: Transfer current from the external circuit to the rotating coil.

 Power Supply: A DC battery or source.

Step-by-Step Working:

1. Current flows through the coil (ABCD) from the battery.

2. According to Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule:

o A force is exerted on the coil sides due to the interaction between the magnetic
field and the current.

o One side of the coil moves upward, and the other side moves downward, causing
rotation.

3. The commutator (split ring) reverses the direction of current every half rotation, ensuring
the coil keeps rotating in the same direction.

4. The continuous rotation converts electrical energy into mechanical motion.

Key Features of DC Motor:

 Converts DC electricity into motion.

 Used in fans, electric vehicles, toys, and industrial machines.

Comparison of AC Generator & DC Motor

Feature AC Generator DC Motor

Converts mechanical energy to electrical Converts electrical energy to mechanical

Function
energy energy

Current Output Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Key
Slip Rings Split Ring (Commutator)
Component

Application Power plants, turbines Electric cars, fans

Difference Between AC Generator and DC Motor

Feature AC Generator DC Motor

Converts mechanical energy into Converts electrical energy into

Function
electrical energy mechanical energy

Based on Faraday’s Law of

Working Principle Based on Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule
Electromagnetic Induction

Type of Current
Produces Alternating Current (AC) Uses Direct Current (DC)
Output/Input

Key Component for

Uses Slip Rings Uses Split Ring (Commutator)
Current Flow

Direction of Current in Current changes direction every half Current flows in one direction with
the Coil rotation periodic reversal in coil

Direction of Coil Rotation due to an external Rotation due to magnetic force acting
Rotation mechanical force (like turbines) on the current-carrying coil

Used in power stations, wind Used in electric fans, cars, industrial

Application
turbines, hydroelectric plants machines

Working of the Coil in AC Generator and DC Motor

1. AC Generator Working Coil:

1. Rotation of Coil: The coil (ABCD) is rotated inside a magnetic field.

2. Change in Magnetic Flux: As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux through it changes
continuously.

3. Induced EMF & Current: According to Faraday’s Law, an induced current is produced in the
coil.

4. Reversing Current Direction:

o When the coil moves upward, current flows in one direction.

o When the coil moves downward, the current reverses (every half cycle).

o This results in Alternating Current (AC).

5. Slip Rings Role: The slip rings help transfer the alternating current to an external circuit
smoothly.

2. DC Motor Working Coil:

1. Power Supply to Coil: A DC battery provides current to the coil (ABCD).

2. Magnetic Field Interaction: The coil experiences a force due to the magnetic field and
current flow.

3. Rotation Due to Force:

o One side of the coil moves upward while the other moves downward (as per
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule).

4. Reversing the Current in Coil:

o The split ring commutator reverses current direction every half rotation.

o This ensures the coil keeps rotating in the same direction.

5. Mechanical Motion Output: The rotation of the coil produces mechanical energy, which
drives devices like fans, motors, etc..

Key Takeaways

 AC Generator: Produces AC by inducing current in a rotating coil.

 DC Motor: Uses DC to rotate a coil and produce mechanical motion.

 Slip Rings vs. Split Ring: Slip rings allow continuous AC flow, while the split ring
commutator ensures one-way coil rotation in DC motors.