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Human Machine
Interface & Dive In
Intuitive Engineering

Laravel
Laravel is an expressive and progressive web application framework for PHP. This cheat sheet
provides a reference for common commands and features for Laravel 8.

Human Machine
Interface & Dive In
Intuitive Engineering

# Getting Started
Requirements
PHP version >= 7.3
BCMath PHP Extension
Ctype PHP Extension
Fileinfo PHP Extension
JSON PHP Extension
Mbstring PHP Extension
OpenSSL PHP Extension
PDO PHP Extension
Tokenizer PHP Extension
XML PHP Extension
Ensure your web server directs all requests to your application's public/[Link] file, See:
Deployment
Windows
Install Docker Desktop

Install & enable WSL2

Ensure that Docker Desktop is configured to use WSL2

In WSL2 terminal:

$ curl -s [Link] | bash

$ cd example-app
$ ./vendor/bin/sail up

Access application via [Link]

Mac
Install Docker Desktop

In terminal:

$ curl -s [Link] | bash

$ cd example-app
$ ./vendor/bin/sail up

Access application via [Link]

Linux
$ curl -s [Link] | bash
$ cd example-app
$ ./vendor/bin/sail up

Installation via Composer

$ composer create-project laravel/laravel example-app
$ cd example-app
$ php artisan serve

Access application via [Link]

# Configuration
- .env
Retrieve values from .env file
env('APP_DEBUG');

// with default value

env('APP_DEBUG', false);

Determine current environment

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;

$environment = App::environment();

Accessing configuration values using "dot" syntax

// config/[Link] --> ['timezone' => '']
$value = config('[Link]');

// Retrieve a default value if the configuration value does not exist...

$value = config('[Link]', 'Asia/Seoul');

Set configuration values at runtime:

config(['[Link]' => 'America/Chicago']);

- Debug Mode
Turn on (local dev):
// .env file
APP_ENV=local
APP_DEBUG=true
// ...

Turn off (production):

// .env file
APP_ENV=production
 APP_DEBUG=false
//
- Maintenance Mode
Temporarily disable application (503 status code)
php artisan down

Disable maintenance mode

php artisan up

Bypass Maintenance Mode

php artisan down --secret="1630542a-246b-4b66-afa1-dd72a4c43515"

Visit your application URL [Link]

dd72a4c43515 to set a cookie and bypass the maintenance screen

# Routing
Router HTTP Methods
Route::get($uri, $callback);
Route::post($uri, $callback);
Route::put($uri, $callback);
Route::patch($uri, $callback);
Route::delete($uri, $callback);
Route::options($uri, $callback);

Multiple HTTP methods

Route::match(['get', 'post'], '/', function () {
//
});

Route::any('/', function () {
//
});

Basic Definition
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

// closure
Route::get('/greeting', function () {
return 'Hello World';
});

// controller action
Route::get(
'/user/profile',
[UserProfileController::class, 'show']

Dependency Injection
use Illuminate\Http\Request;

Route::get('/users', function (Request $request) {

// ...
});

Type hint concrete dependencies for auto-injection

View Routes
// Argument 1: URI, Argument 2: view name
Route::view('/welcome', 'welcome');

// with data
Route::view('/welcome', 'welcome', ['name' => 'Taylor']);

Route only needs to return a view.

- Route Model Binding
Implicit binding
With closure
use App\Models\User;

Route::get('/users/{user}', function (User $user) {

return $user->email;
});

// /user/1 --> User::where('id', '=', 1);

With controller action

 use App\Http\Controllers\UserController;
use App\Models\User;

// Route definition...
Route::get('/users/{user}', [UserController::class, 'show']);

// Controller method definition...

public function show(User $user)
{
return view('[Link]', ['user' => $user]);
}

With custom resolution column

use App\Models\Post;

Route::get('/posts/{post:slug}', function (Post $post) {

return $post;
});

// /posts/my-post --> Post::where('slug', '=', 'my-post');

Always use a different column to resolve

// in App\Models\Post
public function getRouteKeyName()
{
return 'slug';
}

Multiple models - second is child of first

use App\Models\Post;
use App\Models\User;

Route::get('/users/{user}/posts/{post:slug}', function (User $user, Post $po

return $post;
});

Convenient way to automatically inject the model instances directly into your routes
- Route Parameters
Capture segments of the URI within your route
 Required parameters
Route::get('/user/{id}', function ($id) {
return 'User '.$id;
});

With dependency injection

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

Route::get('/user/{id}', function (Request $request, $id) {

return 'User '.$id;
});

Optional Parameters
Route::get('/user/{name?}', function ($name = null) {
return $name;
});

Route::get('/user/{name?}', function ($name = 'John') {

return $name;
});

- Redirect Routes
HTTP 302 status
Route::redirect('/here', '/there');

Set the status code

Route::redirect('/here', '/there', 301);

Permanent 301 redirect

Route::permanentRedirect('/here', '/there');

Regular Expression Constraints

Route::get('/user/{name}', function ($name) {
//
})->where('name', '[A-Za-z]+');

Route::get('/user/{id}', function ($id) {

//
 })->where('id', '[0-9]+');

Route::get('/user/{id}/{name}', function ($id, $name) {

//
})->where(['id' => '[0-9]+', 'name' => '[a-z]+']);

See also: Regex Cheatsheet

- Named Routes
Route names should always be unique
Route::get('/user/profile', function () {
//
})->name('profile');

See: Helpers
Fallback Routes
Route::fallback(function () {
//
});

Executed when no other routes match

- Route Groups
Middleware
Route::middleware(['first', 'second'])->group(function () {
Route::get('/', function () {
// Uses first & second middleware...
});

Route::get('/user/profile', function () {
// Uses first & second middleware...
});
});

URI Prefixes
Route::prefix('admin')->group(function () {
Route::get('/users', function () {
// Matches The "/admin/users" URL
});
});
 Name Prefix
Route::name('admin.')->group(function () {
Route::get('/users', function () {
// Route assigned name "[Link]"...
})->name('users');
});

Share attributes across routes

Accessing current route
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

// Illuminate\Routing\Route
$route = Route::current();

// string
$name = Route::currentRouteName();

// string
$action = Route::currentRouteAction();

# Helpers
- routes
Named route
$url = route('profile');

With parameters
// Route::get('/user/{id}/profile', /*...*/ )->name('profile);

$url = route('profile', ['id' => 1]);

// /user/1/profile/

With query string

// Route::get('/user/{id}/profile', /*...*/ )->name('profile);
 $url = route('profile', ['id' => 1, 'photos'=>'yes']);

// /user/1/profile?photos=yes

Redirects
// Generating Redirects...
return redirect()->route('profile');

Eloquent Models
echo route('[Link]', ['post' => $post]);

The route helper will automatically extract the model's route key. See Routing
- URL Generation
Generate arbitrary URLs for your application that will automatically use the scheme (HTTP or
HTTPS) and host from the current request
$post = App\Models\Post::find(1);

echo url("/posts/{$post->id}");

// [Link]

Current URL
// Get the current URL without the query string...
echo url()->current();

// Get the current URL including the query string...

echo url()->full();

// Get the full URL for the previous request...

echo url()->previous();

Named Route URL

$url = route('profile');

See Named Route

Error Handling
public function isValid($value)
{
 try {
// Validate the value...
} catch (Throwable $e) {
report($e);

return false;
}
}

Report an exception but continue handling the current request

HTTP Exceptions
// page not found
abort(404);

Generate an HTTP exception response using status code

# Controllers
Basic
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Models\User;

class UserController extends Controller

{
public function show($id)
{
return view('[Link]', [
'user' => User::findOrFail($id)
]);
}
}

Define a route for this controller method:

use App\Http\Controllers\UserController;

Route::get('/user/{id}', [UserController::class, 'show']);

#- Requests
CSRF Protection
Laravel automatically generates a CSRF "token" for each active user session.
This token is used to verify that the authenticated user is the person actually making the requests.
Get current session's token:
Route::get('/token', function (Request $request) {
$token = $request->session()->token();

$token = csrf_token();

// ...
});

POST, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE forms should include a hidden CSRF _token field in the form to
validate the request.
<form method="POST" action="/profile">
@csrf

<!-- Equivalent to... -->

<input type="hidden" name="_token" value="{{ csrf_token() }}" />
</form>

See Forms
- Accessing Request
Get an instance of the current request by type-hinting the controller action or route closure
// controller action
class UserController extends Controller
{
public function store(Request $request)
{
$name = $request->input('name');
}
}

// closure
 Route::get('/', function (Request $request) {
//
});

See Routing
- Path
The request's path information
$uri = $request->path();

// [Link] --> foo/bar

Match path to pattern

Verify that the incoming request path matches a given pattern
// * is wildcard
if ($request->is('admin/*')) {
//
}

Determine if the incoming request matches a named route

if ($request->routeIs('admin.*')) {
//
}

- URL
Full URL for the incoming request
// URL without the query string
$url = $request->url();

// URL including query string

$urlWithQueryString = $request->fullUrl();

// append data to query string

$request->fullUrlWithQuery(['type' => 'phone']);

Request Method
$method = $request->method();

// verify that the HTTP verb matches a given string

 if ($request->isMethod('post')) {
//
}

Client IP
$ipAddress = $request->ip();

Headers
$value = $request->header('X-Header-Name');

$value = $request->header('X-Header-Name', 'default value');

// determine if the request contains a given header

if ($request->hasHeader('X-Header-Name')) {
//
}

// retrieve a bearer token from the Authorization header

$token = $request->bearerToken();

- Content Type
Return an array containing all the content types accepted by the request
$contentTypes = $request->getAcceptableContentTypes();

Boolean check for content types are accepted by the request

if ($request->accepts(['text/html', 'application/json'])) {
// ...
}

- Input
Retrieve all the incoming request's input data as an array
$input = $request->all();

Retrieve all the incoming request's input data as a collection

$input = $request->collect();

// retrieve subset as collection

$request->collect('users')->each(function ($user) {
 // ...
});

See Helpers
Retrieve user input (also gets values from query string)
$name = $request->input('name');

// with default value if none present

$name = $request->input('name', 'Sally');

Access array inputs

$name = $request->input('[Link]');

$names = $request->input('products.*.name');

Retrieve all the input values as an associative array:

$input = $request->input();

Only retrieve values from the query string:

$name = $request->query('name');

// with default value

$name = $request->query('name', 'Helen');

Retrieve all the query string values as an associative array:

$query = $request->query();

Boolean Input Values

Helpful for checkbox inputs or other booleans. Return true for 1, "1", true, "true", "on", and
"yes".
All other values will return false
$archived = $request->boolean('archived');

- Dynamic Properties
Access inputs via properties.
If not found as an input, the route parameters will be checked.
 $name = $request->name;

Retrieve Partial Input

$input = $request->only(['username', 'password']);

$input = $request->only('username', 'password');

$input = $request->except(['credit_card']);

$input = $request->except('credit_card');

- Check Existence
Determine if value(s) present
if ($request->has('name')) {
//
}

// check if ALL values are present

if ($request->has(['name', 'email'])) {
//
}

// if any values are present

if ($request->hasAny(['name', 'email'])) {
//
}

- Old Input
Retrieve input from the previous request
$username = $request->old('username');

Or use the old() helper

<input type="text" name="username" value="{{ old('username') }}">

See: Helpers
See: Forms
- Uploaded Files
 Retrieve uploaded file from request
$file = $request->file('photo');

$file = $request->photo;

Get file path or extension

$path = $request->photo->path();

$extension = $request->photo->extension();

Store uploaded file with a randomly generated filename

// path where the file should be stored relative to
// the filesystem's configured root directory
$path = $request->photo->store('images');

// optional 2nd param to specify the filesystem disk

$path = $request->photo->store('images', 's3');

Store uploaded file and specify the name

$path = $request->photo->storeAs('images', '[Link]');

$path = $request->photo->storeAs('images', '[Link]', 's3');

# Views
Intro
Laravel Docs - Views
<!-- View stored in resources/views/[Link] -->

<html>
<body>
<h1>Hello, <?php echo $name; ?></h1>
 </body>
</html>

- Pass Data to Views

As an array
return view('greetings', ['name' => 'Victoria']);

Using with()
return view('greeting')
->with('name', 'Victoria')
->with('occupation', 'Astronaut');

Access each value using the data's keys

<html>
<body>
<h1>Hello, {{ $name }}</h1>
<!-- Or -->
<h1>Hello, <?php echo $name; ?></h1>
</body>
</html>

- view helper
Return a view from a route with the view() helper
Route::get('/', function () {
return view('greeting', ['name' => 'James']);
});

See: View Routes and Helpers

Subdirectories
// resources/views/[Link]
return view('[Link]');

# Blade Templates
 Intro
Laravel Docs - Blade Templates
Blade is the templating engine included in Laravel that also allows you to use plain PHP.
- Views
Blade views are returned using the view() helper
Route::get('/', function () {
return view('welcome', ['name' => 'Samantha']);
});

See: Views
Comments
{{-- This comment will not be present in the rendered HTML --}}

- Directives
if Statements
@if (count($records) === 1)
I have one record!
@elseif (count($records) > 1)
I have multiple records!
@else
I don't have any records!
@endif

isset & empty

@isset($records)
// $records is defined and is not null...
@endisset

@empty($records)
// $records is "empty"...
@endempty

Authentication
@auth
// The user is authenticated...
@endauth
 @guest
// The user is not authenticated...
@endguest

Loops
@for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++)
The current value is {{ $i }}
@endfor

@foreach ($users as $user)

<p>This is user {{ $user->id }}</p>
@endforeach

@forelse ($users as $user)

<li>{{ $user->name }}</li>
@empty
<p>No users</p>
@endforelse

@while (true)
<p>I'm looping forever.</p>
@endwhile

Loop Iteration:
@foreach ($users as $user)
@if ($loop->first)
This is the first iteration.
@endif

@if ($loop->last)
This is the last iteration.
@endif

<p>This is user <!--swig7--></p>

@endforeach

See more: Laravel Loop Variable

- Displaying Data
Blade's echo statements {{ }} are automatically sent through PHP's htmlspecialchars
function to prevent XSS attacks.
Display the contents of the name variable:
 Hello, {{ $name }}.

Display results of a PHP function:

The current UNIX timestamp is {{ time() }}.

Display data without escaping with htmlspecialchars

Hello {!! $name !!}
- Including Subviews
Include a Blade view from within another view.
All variables that are available to the parent view are also available to the included view
<div>
<!-- resources/views/shared/errors/[Link] -->
@include('[Link]')

<form>
<!-- Form Contents -->
</form>
</div>

- Raw PHP
Execute a block of plain PHP
@php
$counter = 1;
@endphp

- Stacks
Blade allows you to push to named stacks which can be rendered in another view or layout.
Useful for javascript libraries required by child views
<!-- Add to the stack -->
@push('scripts')
<script src="/[Link]"></script>
@endpush

Render the stack

 <head>
<!-- Head Contents -->

@stack('scripts')
</head>

Prepend to the beginning of a stack

@push('scripts')
This will be second...
@endpush

// Later...

@prepend('scripts')

# Forms
Intro
Laravel Docs - Forms
- CSRF Field
Include a hidden CSRF token field to validate the request
<form method="POST" action="/profile">
@csrf

...
</form>

See: CSRF Protection

- Method Field
Since HTML forms can't make PUT, PATCH, or DELETE requests, you will need to add a hidden
_method field to spoof these HTTP verbs:

<form action="/post/my-post" method="POST">

@method('PUT')
 ...
</form>

Validation Errors
<!-- /resources/views/post/[Link] -->

<label for="title">Post Title</label>

<input id="title" type="text" class="@error('title') is-invalid @enderror">

@error('title')
<div class="alert alert-danger">{{ $message }}</div>
@enderror

See: Validation
- Repopulating Forms
When redirecting due to a validation error, request input is flashed to the session.
Retrieve the input from the previous request with the old method
$title = $request->old('title');

Or the old() helper

<input type="text" name="title" value="{{ old('title') }}">

# Validation
Intro
Laravel Docs - Validation
If validation fails, a redirect response to the previous URL will be generated.
If the incoming request is an XHR request, a JSON response with the validation error messages will
be returned.
Logic
// in routes/[Link]
Route::get('/post/create', [App\Http\Controllers\PostController::class, 'cre
 Route::post('/post', [App\Http\Controllers\PostController::class, 'store']);

// in app/Http/Controllers/PostController...
public function store(Request $request)
{
$validated = $request->validate([
// input name => validation rules
'title' => 'required|unique:posts|max:255',
'body' => 'required',
]);

// The blog post is valid...

}

- Rules
Can also be passed as an array
$validatedData = $request->validate([
'title' => ['required', 'unique:posts', 'max:255'],
'body' => ['required'],
]);

after:date
Field must be a value after a given date.
'start_date' => 'required|date|after:tomorrow'

Instead of a date string, you may specify another field to compare against the date
'finish_date' => 'required|date|after:start_date'

See before:date
after_or_equal:date
Field must be a value after or equal to the given date.
See after:date
before:date
Field must be a value preceding the given date.
The name of another field may be supplied as the value of date.
See after:date
alpha_num
Field must be entirely alpha-numeric characters
boolean
Field must be able to be cast as a boolean.
Accepted input are true, false, 1, 0, "1", and "0"
confirmed
Field must have a matching field of {field}_confirmation.
For example, if the field is password, a matching password_confirmation field must be present
current_password
Field must match the authenticated user's password.
date
Field must be a valid, non-relative date according to the strtotime PHP function.
email
Field must be formatted as an email address.
file
Field must be a successfully uploaded file.
See: Uploaded Files
max:value
Field must be less than or equal to a maximum value.
Strings, numerics, arrays, and files are evaluated like the size rule.
min:value
Field must have a minimum value.
Strings, numerics, arrays, and files are evaluated like the size rule.
mimetypes:text/plain,...
File must match one of the given MIME types:
'video' => 'mimetypes:video/avi,video/mpeg,video/quicktime'

File's contents will be read and the framework will attempt to guess the MIME type, regardless of
the client's provided MIME type.
mimes:foo,bar,...
Field must have a MIME type corresponding to one of the listed extensions.
'photo' => 'mimes:jpg,bmp,png'

File's contents will be read and the framework will attempt to guess the MIME type, regardless of
the client's provided MIME type.
Full listing of MIME types & extensions
nullable
Field may be null.
numeric
Field must be numeric.
password
Field must match the authenticated user's password.
prohibited
Field must be empty or not present.
prohibited_if:anotherfield,value,...
Field must be empty or not present if the anotherfield field is equal to any value.
prohibited_unless:anotherfield,value,...
Field must be empty or not present unless the anotherfield field is equal to any value.
required
Field must be present in the input data and not empty.
A field is considered "empty" if one of the following conditions are true:
The value is null.
The value is an empty string.
The value is an empty array or empty Countable object.
The value is an uploaded file with no path.
required_with:foo,bar,...
Field must be present and not empty, only if any of the other specified fields are present and not
empty
size:value
 Field must have a size matching the given value.
For strings: number of characters
For numeric data: integer value (must also have the numeric or integer rule).
For arrays: count of the array
For files: file size in kilobytes
// Validate that a string is exactly 12 characters long...
'title' => 'size:12';
// Validate that a provided integer equals 10...
'seats' => 'integer|size:10';
// Validate that an array has exactly 5 elements...
'tags' => 'array|size:5';
// Validate that an uploaded file is exactly 512 kilobytes...
'image' => 'file|size:512';

unique:table,column
Field must not exist within the given database table
- Validate Passwords
Ensure passwords have an adequate level of complexity
$validatedData = $request->validate([
'password' => ['required', 'confirmed', Password::min(8)],
]);

Password rule object allows you to easily customize the password complexity requirements
// Require at least 8 characters...
Password::min(8)

// Require at least one letter...

Password::min(8)->letters()

// Require at least one uppercase and one lowercase letter...

Password::min(8)->mixedCase()

// Require at least one number...

Password::min(8)->numbers()
 // Require at least one symbol...
Password::min(8)->symbols()

Ensure a password has not been compromised in a public password data breach leak
Password::min(8)->uncompromised()

Uses the k-Anonymity model via the [Link] service without sacrificing the user's privacy
or security
Methods can be chained
Password::min(8)
->letters()
->mixedCase()
->numbers()
->symbols()

Display Validation Errors

<!-- /resources/views/post/[Link] -->

<h1>Create Post</h1>

@if ($errors->any())
<div class="alert alert-danger">
<ul>
@foreach ($errors->all() as $error)
<li><!--swig13--></li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</div>
@endif

<!-- Create Post Form -->

See: Validation Errors

- Optional Fields
You will often need to mark your "optional" request fields as nullable if you do not want the
validator to consider null values as invalid
// publish_at field may be either null or a valid date representation
$request->validate([
'title' => 'required|unique:posts|max:255',
'body' => 'required',
 'publish_at' => 'nullable|date',
]);
- Validated Input
Retrieve the request data that underwent validation
$validated = $request->validated();

Or with safe(), which returns an instance of Illuminate\Support\ValidatedInput

$validated = $request->safe()->only(['name', 'email']);

$validated = $request->safe()->except(['name', 'email']);

$validated = $request->safe()->all();

Iterate
foreach ($request->safe() as $key => $value) {
//
}

Access as an array
$validated = $request->safe();

$email = $validated['email'];

# Session
Intro
Laravel Docs - Session
Laravel ships with a variety of session backends that are accessed through a unified API.
Memcached, Redis, and database support is included.
Configuration
Session configuration is in config/[Link].
By default, Laravel is configured to use the file session driver
- Check Isset / Exists
Returns true if the item is present and is not null:
if ($request->session()->has('users')) {
//
}

Returns true if present, even if it's null:

if ($request->session()->exists('users')) {
//
}

Returns true if the item is null or is not present:

if ($request->session()->missing('users')) {
//
}

- Retrieving Data
Via Request
// ...
class UserController extends Controller
{
public function show(Request $request, $id)
{
$value = $request->session()->get('key');

//
}
}

Pass a default value as the second argument to use if the key does not exist
$value = $request->session()->get('key', 'default');

// closure can be passed and executed as a default

$value = $request->session()->get('key', function () {
return 'default';
});

Via session helper

Route::get('/home', function () {
// Retrieve a piece of data from the session...
 $value = session('key');

// Specifying a default value...

$value = session('key', 'default');

// Store a piece of data in the session...

session(['key' => 'value']);
});

See: Session Helper

All Session Data
$data = $request->session()->all();

Retrieve and Delete

Retrieve and delete an item from the session
$value = $request->session()->pull('key', 'default');

- Store Data
Via a request instance
$request->session()->put('key', 'value');

Via the global "session" helper

session(['key' => 'value']);

Push a new value onto a session value that is an array

// array of team names
$request->session()->push('[Link]', 'developers');

#- Logging
Configuration
Configuration options for logging behavior is in config/[Link].
By default, Laravel will use the stack channel when logging messages, which aggregates multiple
- Levels
All the log levels defined in the RFC 5424 specification are available:
emergency
alert
critical
error
warning
notice
info
debug
Log Facade
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

Log::emergency($message);
Log::alert($message);
Log::critical($message);
Log::error($message);
Log::warning($message);
Log::notice($message);
Log::info($message);
Log::debug($message);

Contextual Info
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

Log::info('User failed to login.', ['id' => $user->id]);

# Deployment
Intro
 Laravel Docs - Deployment
E b di ll li i ' bli /i d h fil
- Optimization
Composer's autoloader map
composer install --optimize-autoloader --no-dev

Configuration Loading
Be sure that you are only calling the env function from within your configuration files.
Once the configuration has been cached, the .env file will not be loaded and all calls to the env
function for .env variables will return null
php artisan config:cache

Route Loading
php artisan route:cache

View Loading
php artisan view:cache

- Debug Mode
The debug option in your config/[Link] determines how much information about an error is
actually displayed to the user.
By default, this option is set to the value of the APP_DEBUG environment variable in your .env file.
In your production environment, this value should always be false.
If the APP_DEBUG variable is set to true in production, you risk exposing sensitive configuration
values to end users.

# Also see
Laravel Docs
Laracasts
Laravel API

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