FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mining Engineering
Rock Mechanics(MEN-RME-411)
Intact Rock Behaviour
Presenation Outline
• Introduction and terminology
• Behaviour of isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
• Behaviour of isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
• Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
• Intact rock behaviour during tensile testing
• Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
• Mohr-Coloumb
• Hoek-Brown
• Others
Introduction
Why we need rock behaviour and failure process analysis?
• Analysis of a wide range of problems
requires the knowledge of the
failure process
• Tunnel design, slope stability
analysis, mining design
• Post failure stage is as important as
pre-failure stage in many
engineering problems
• Rock failure analysis is more
important than strength analysis
Introduction
Uniaxial compressive and tensile stress around an excavation
and failure in pillars
Introduction
Transition from Intact Rock to Rock mass-scales of rock mass
Introduction
• When intact rock is of concern
• Excavation in rock by drilling and blasting
• Stability of excavations
• Rock with discontinuities is of concern
• Equilibrium of blocks
• Slip surfaces on major faults
Terminology
Definitions & Concepts
• Fracture
• Planes of separation in the rock material
• Onset of fracture is not necessarily synonymous with failure or
attainment of peak strength
• Sthrength/peak strength
• Is the maximum stress, usually averaged over a plane that a rock can
sustain under a given set of conditions
• Brittle fracture
• A process by which a sudden loss of strength occurs across a plane
following little or no permanent (plastic) deformation
Terminology
Definitions & Concepts
• Brittle fracture
• (a) strain softening
• (b) strain hardening
Terminology
Definitions & Concepts
• Yield
• Occurs when there is a departure from elastic behavior i.e when
some of the deformation becomes irrecoverable
• Failure
• Is said to occur at the peak strength or be initiated at the peak
strength
• Effective stress
• Generally, it is considered as the stress which governs the gross
mechanical response of a porous material
Terminology
Definitions & Concepts
• Effective stress
• For soils and some rocks loaded under particular conditions, the
effective stresses, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 are given by
• Where 𝜎𝑖𝑗 are the total stresses, u is the pore pressure, 𝛼 ≤ 1 and
𝛿𝑖𝑗 is the Kronecker delta
Terminology and Concepts
Loading conditions and its effect on intact rock behaviour
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Uniaxial stress
Sketch of stress versus deformation in a uniaxial compression test
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing
• Suggested techniques for testing UCS and deformability of rock
material are provided in ISRM
• Essential features are:
• Specimen should be right circular cylinders having a height to
diameter ratio of 2.5-3 and a diameter of not less than NX core size
(≈ 54𝑚𝑚)
• Ends of specimen should be flat to within 0.02mm and should not
depart from perpendicularity to the axis of the specimen by more
than 0.05mm in 50mm (or 0.001 rad)
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing
• Essential features are:
• The use of capping materials or end surface treatments other than
machining is not permitted
• Specimen should be stored for no longer than 30 days in such a way
as to preserve the natural water content
• Load should be applied to the specimen ata constant stress rate of
0.5-1.0MPas-1
• Axial load and radial or circumferential strains or deformations
should be recorded throughout each test
• There should be a minimum of five replications of each test
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing and Interpretation
• When post-peak
deformations are recorded,
the cross-sectional area may
change as the specimen
progressively breaks up
• Recommend to present
experimental data as
force-displacement curves
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing and Interpretation
Tangent Young’s modulus
• Et is the slope of the axial stress-axial strain curve at
some fixed percentage, generally 50% of the peak
strength
Average Young’s modulus
• Eav is the average slope of tye more-or-less straight
line portion of the axial stress-strain curve
Secant Young’s modulus
• Es is the slope of the straight line joining the origin of
the axial stress-strain curve to a point on the curve at
some fixed percentage of the peak strength
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing and Interpretation
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing and Interpretation
Corresponding to any value of young’s modulus, a value of poisson’s ratio
may be calculated as:
Because of the axial symmetry of the specimen, the volumetric strain, 𝜀𝑣 , at
any stage of the test can be calculated as:
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Standard Procedure for UCS testing and Interpretation
Uniaxial
stress-stain
curves for six
rocks
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Post-peak behaviours: UCS testing and Interpretation
The post peak behaviors of the rocks studied may
be divided into two:
Class I
• Fracture propagation is stable in the sense that
work must be done on the specimen for each
incremental decrease in load-carrying ability
Class II
• Fracture propoagation is unstable or self
sustaining; to control fracture, energy must be
extracted from the material
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
Post-peak behaviours: UCS testing and Interpretation
• Axial force-axial
displacement curve
obtained for
Tennessee Marble
with post-peak
unloading and
reloading
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
UCS testing: Influence of End restraint
(a) Desired uniform deformation
of the specimen
(b) Deformation with complete
radial restraint at the
specimen-platen contact
(c) Non-uniform normal stress
and shear stress induced at
the specimen end as a result
of end restraint
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
UCS testing: Influence of H/D ratio
As the H/D (height to diameter)
ratio increases, a gretater
proportion of the sample volume
is subjected to an approximately
uniform state of uniaxial stress
It is for this reason that a H/D
ratio of at least 2.0 should be
used in laboratory testing of
compression testing of rock
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
UCS testing: Influence of testing machine stiffness
Results affected by the relative stiffnesses of the specimen and the testing
machine
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
UCS testing: Influence of testing machine stiffness
Post-peak
unloading
machines
that are:
(a) Soft
(b) Stiff, with
respect
to the
specimen
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
UCS testing: Influence of loading and unloading cycles
• As the discplacement increases
in the post-peak region, the
proportion of the total
displacement that is
irrecoverable increases
• The unloading-loading loop
shows some hysteresis
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression
UCS testing: Influence of strain rate
• ISRM recommends that a loading rate of 0.5-1.0 Mpas-1 be used in
uniaxial compression tests
• This corresponds to a time to the attainment of peak strength in the
order of 5-10min
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Testing principle
• The guiding principle is that the boundary conditions applied to the
specimen should simulate those imposed on the rock element in-situ
• Rarely achieved
• A general state of three-dimensional stress at a point can be represented
by three principal stresses 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎3 acting mutually on orthogonal
planes
• A plane of interest is the boundary of an underground excavation which is
a principal plane except the unusual case in which a shear stress is
applied to the boundary surface by the support
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Types of multiaxial compression
• In the general case, away from the excavation boundary or on the
boundary when a normal support stress, 𝜎3 , is applied, there will be a
state of polyaxial stress (𝜎3 ≠ 𝜎2 ≠ 𝜎3 ).
• The special case in which 𝜎2 = 𝜎3 is called triaxial stress. It is this form of
multiaxial stress that is most commonly used in laboratory testing
• On the boundary of anunsupported excavation, 𝜎3 = 0, hence a state of
biaxial stress exists
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Triaxial compression (𝜎1 > 𝜎2 = 𝜎3 )
• Carried out on cylindrical
specimen prepared in the same
manner as that for UCS
• Specimen placed inside a pressure
vessel and is subjected to a fluid
pressure, 𝜎3 , on its surface
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Triaxial compression (𝜎1 > 𝜎2 = 𝜎3 )
• Jacket usually made of rubber
compound is used to isolate the
specimen from the confining fluid
which is usually oil
• The axial stress, 𝜎1 is applied to
the specimen via a ram
• Pore pressure, u, may be applied
or measured through a duct which
connects with the specimen
through the base of the cell
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Triaxial compression
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Triaxial compression
Volumetric compression
under increasing mean
stress
Behaviour Isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression
Each Triaxial test showed by one Mohr circle
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Influence of confining pressure
Behavior in triaxial compression
(a) Transition from brittle to ductile
behavior
(b) Volumetric compression and
dilatancy
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Influence of confining pressure
Complete axial stress-axial strain
curves obtained in triaxial
compression tests o Tennessee
Marble at the confining pressures
indicated by the numbers on the
curves
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Influence of confining pressure
Stress difference versus axial strain curve as a function of confining pressure in
triaxial compression experiments on:
(a) Sandstone (b) Norite
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Influence of fluid pressure on rock strength
Effect of pore pressure given
in MPa by the numbers on
the curves on the stress-
strain behavior of a
limestone tested at a
constant confining pressure
of 69MPa
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Influence of height to diameter ratio
Influence of height to
diameter (H/D) ratio on
stress-strain curves obtained
in uniaxial compression tests
carried out on Wombeyan
Marble using (a) brush
platens, and (b) solid steel
platens (after Brown and
Gonano, 1974).
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Influence of height to diameter ratio
Effective factors on intact rock behaviour
Effect of temperature
Intact rock behaviour under indirect tensile stress
Brazilian Test
2𝑃 𝑃
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑡 = 0.636
𝜋𝑡𝑑 𝑡𝑑
Intact rock behaviour under indirect tensile stress
Brazilian Test>>Rock
failure at indirect
tensile test
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Stress – strain relations
(a) Linera elastic material
(b) Perfectly elastic material
(c) Elastic material
(d) Material with hysteresis
(e) Material with permanent
deformation
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Constitutive models
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Rock failure
• A failure criterion of a rock is an
expression that defines the stress
state at which the rock will fail
• Failure criteria can be analysed,
both from the perspective of
INTACT and DISCONTINOUS
behaviour
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Rock failure criterions
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Yield criteria
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Coulomb’s shear strength criterion
• Coloumb (1776) stated that the
shear strengths of rock and of soil
are made up of two parts
• A constant cohesion
• A normal stress-dependent
frictional component
• Thus, the shear strength that can
be developed on a plane such as
ab in the figure is:
• 𝑆 = 𝐶 + 𝜎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Coulomb’s shear strength criterion
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Coulomb failure criteria in terms of principal stresses
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Coulomb failure criteria
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Effect of Pore Pressure on Rock Strength
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Effect of Pore Pressure on Rock Strength
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion
• Marions and Hoek (2000)
have suggested that the
constant m for intact,mi,
varies with rock type in
the manner shown in
Table
• For s=1 and m>1:
𝜎𝑐
≈𝑚
𝜎𝑡
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion
• Normalised form of Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion
𝜎1 𝜎3 𝜎3
= + 𝑚 +𝑆 S=1
𝜎𝑐 𝜎𝑐 𝜎𝑐
• For uniaxial condition:
• 𝜎1 = 𝑆𝜎𝑐2 ≫≫ 𝑆 = 1
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion
Strength criteria for isotropic rock material
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion
The End
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