APPENDIX A

Survey Methodology
The indicators in the Global Findex 2021 database are drawn from survey data covering almost 145,000 people
in 139 economies, representing 97 percent of the world’s population (see table A.1 for a list of the economies
included). The survey was carried out over the 2021 and 2022 calendar years by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup
World Poll, which since 2005 has annually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than
160 economies and in over 150 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The
target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and up.

Interview procedure
In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face
interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than
80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of
ongoing COVID-19–related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these
economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed
face-to-face in 2017 (see map A.1). These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size,

MAP A.1
Economies that switched from face-to-face to phone surveys in 2021

Sources: Global Findex Database 2021; Gallup World Poll.

Note: Iraq was surveyed using a phone-based survey in 2017 but switched to face-to-face in 2021.

Survey Methodology 3
phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where
Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued
guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into
consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in
these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership.1 All
samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. In 2021, however,
phone surveys were not a viable option in 16 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys
because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for 16 of these economies, including
Mexico and Vietnam, were collected through face-to-face interviews in 2022 and were released in early 2023.
In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary
sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved
through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based
on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used.
Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs,
interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact
and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an
interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used.
Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed,
and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys,
the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent.2 In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender
matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer’s gender.
In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years,
using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where
mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.
The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline
and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based
on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no
landline presence (less than 20 percent).
For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher,
random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration
method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline
penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach
a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Data preparation
Data weighting is used to ensure a nationally representative sample for each economy. Final weights consist
of the base sampling weight, which corrects for unequal probability of selection based on household size, and
the poststratification weight, which corrects for sampling and nonresponse error. Poststratification weights
use economy-level population statistics on gender and age and, where reliable data are available, education or
socioeconomic status. Table A.1 shows the data collection period, number of interviews, approximate design
effect, and margin of error for each economy as well as sampling details where relevant.

1. In 2019, mobile phone ownership was reported as 78 percent in Myanmar, 76 percent in Sri Lanka, and 69 percent in República Bolivariana de Venezuela.

4 The Global Findex Database 2021

Additional information about the Global Findex data, including the complete database, can be found at
http://www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.
Additional information about the methodology used in the Gallup World Poll can be found at
http://www.gallup.com/178667/gallup-world-poll-work.aspx.

Survey Methodology 5
TABLE A.1

Details of survey methodology for economies included in the

Global Findex 2021 survey and database

Exclusions and other

sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Region a
group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Afghanistan SAR Low Aug 8–Sep 1,002 1.6 3.9 Face- Dari, Gender-matched sampling was
27, 2021 to-face Pashto used during the final stage of
(HH)d selection.

Albania ECA Upper- Jun 29– 1,000 1.65 4 Face- Albanian People living in remote or
middle Aug 27, to-face difficult-to-access rural areas
2021 (HH)d were excluded. The excluded
area represents approximately 2
percent of the total population.

Algeria MENA Lower- Oct 2–Nov 1,002 1.88 4.2 Mobile Arabic
middle 1, 2021 telephone

Argentina LAC Upper- Oct 16, 1,003 2.51 4.9 Landline Spanish
middle 2021–Jan and
31, 2022 mobile
telephone

Armenia ECA Upper- Aug 5–Dec 1,000 1.59 3.9 Face- Armenian Settlements near territories
middle 12, 2021 to-face disputed with Azerbaijan
(HH)d were not included for security
reasons. The excluded area
represents approximately 3
percent of the total population.

Australia HI High Oct 4– Nov 1,000 1.66 4 Landline English

14, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Austria HI High Oct 18– 1,000 1.64 4 Landline German

Nov 12, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Azerbaijan e ECA Upper- Oct 14, 1,008 1.63 4 Face- Azeri, Kelbadjaro-Lacha,
middle 2022 – Feb to-Face Russian Nakhichevan, East Zangezur,
27, 2023 (HH)* and Nagorno-Karabakh
territories not included. These
areas represent approximately
18% of the total population.

Bangladesh SAR Lower- Feb 27– 1,000 1.27 3.5 Face- Bengali
middle Mar 30, to-face
2022 (HH)d

Belgium HI High Nov 10– 1,012 1.32 3.5 Landline French,

Dec 30, and Dutch
2021 mobile
telephone

Benin SSA Lower- Jul 26–Aug 1,000 1.49 3.8 Face- Bariba,
middle 12, 2021 to-face Fon,
(HH)d French

6 The Global Findex Database 2021

 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Bolivia LAC Lower- Sep 11– 1,000 2.14 4.5 Mobile Spanish
middle Oct 20, telephone
2021

Bosnia and ECA Upper- Oct 2–Nov 1,000 1.81 4.2 Landline Bosnian
Herzegovina middle 8, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Botswana e SSA Upper- Sep 25 – 1,000 1.81 4.2 Face- English, Sampling units of population
middle Oct 21, to-face Setswana size less than 50 are excluded
2022 (HH)d   from the sampling frame. This
exclusion is approximately 4%
of the population of Botswana.

Brazil LAC Upper- Jul 21–Sep 1,002 2.39 1.5 Landline Portu-
middle 10, 2021 and guese
mobile
telephone

Bulgaria ECA Upper- Sep 14– 1,005 1.64 4 Landline Bulgarian

middle Oct 26, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Burkina Faso SSA Low Aug 1,000 1.51 3.8 Face- Dioula, Some communities in the
16–Sep 7, to-face French, East and Sahel regions were
2021 (HH)d Fulfulde, excluded for security reasons.
Moore The areas represent 4 percent
of the total population.

Cambodia EAP Lower- Aug 1,000 1.95 4.3 Face- Khmer Koh Kong, Stueng Treng, Otdor
middle 28–Oct 5, to-face Meanchey, and Kep provinces
2021 (HH)d were excluded. These areas
represent approximately 3
percent of the total population
of Cambodia.

Cameroon SSA Lower- Jun 11–Jul 1,000 1.49 3.8 Face- French, Some arrondissements in
middle 4, 2021 to-face English, the Extreme North region,
(HH)d Fulfulde the Northwest region, and
the South West region were
excluded for security reasons.
Neighborhoods with less
than 50 households were also
excluded from the sample. The
exclusion represents 20 percent
of the total population.

Canada HI High Sep 3–Oct 1,007 1.39 3.6 Landline English, Northwest Territories, Yukon,
26, 2021 and French and Nunavut (representing
mobile approximately 0.3 percent of
telephone the Canadian population) were
excluded.

Survey Methodology 7
 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Chad e SSA Low Oct 9 – 1,000 1.73 4.1 Face- French, Because of security issues
Nov 12, to-face Chadian and difficult terrain, seven
2022 (HH)d Arabic, regions are excluded from the
Ngambaye sampling: Lac, Ouaddaï, Wadi
Fira, Bourkou, Ennedi, Tibesti,
Salamat. In addition, the North
Kanem and Bahr El Gazal North
districts were excluded due to
accessibility issues. Quartiers/
villages with less than 50
inhabitants are also excluded
from sampling. The excluded
areas represent 23% of the
population.

Chile HI High Aug 20– 1,000 1.52 3.8 Face- Spanish

Dec 22, to-face
2021 (HH)d

China EAP Upper- Nov 29, 3,500 2.66 2.7 Mobile Chinese Tibet was excluded from the
middle 2021–Jan telephone sample. The excluded areas
4, 2022 represent less than 1 percent of
the total population of China.

Colombia LAC Upper- Oct 5–Nov 1,000 1.5 3.8 Landline Spanish
middle 23, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Comoros e SSA Lower- Aug 5 – 1,000 1.52 3.8 Face- French,

middle Sep 27, to-face Comorian
2022 (HH)d

Congo, SSA Low Aug 16 – 1,000 1.97 4.4 Face- French, Parts of Province Orientale,
Democratic Sep 19, to-face Lingala, Nord Kivu, Sud Kivu,
Repubic of 2022 (HH)d Swahili Katanga were excluded due
The e to insecurity. Geographic
exclusions represent 19% of
the population.

Congo, Rep. SSA Lower- Jun 25–Jul 1,000 1.62 3.9 Face- French,
middle 21, 2021 to-face Kituba,
(HH)d Lingala

Costa Rica LAC Upper- Sep 23– 1,001 1.41 3.7 Landline Spanish
middle Nov 5, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Côte d’Ivoire SSA Lower- Oct 28– 1,000 1.62 3.9 Face- French,
middle Nov 27, to-face Dioula
2021 (HH)d

Croatia HI High Sep 30– 1,001 1.57 3.9 Landline Croatian

Nov 9, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Cyprus HI High Oct 5– Nov 1,019 2.11 4.5 Landline Greek,

17, 2021 and English
mobile
telephone

Czech HI High Nov 1–Dec 1,005 1.45 3.7 Landline Czech

Republic 18, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Denmark HI High Sep 3–Oct 1,002 1.74 4.1 Mobile Danish

12, 2021 telephone

8 The Global Findex Database 2021

 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Dominican LAC Upper- Aug 1–30, 1,000 1.32 3.6 Face- Spanish
Republic middle 2021 to-face
(HH)d

Ecuador LAC Upper- Oct 5– Dec 1,000 1.66 4 Landline Spanish

middle 2, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Egypt, Arab MENA Lower- Sep 4–28, 1,003 1.53 3.8 Face- Arabic Frontier governorates (Matruh,
Rep. middle 2021 to-face Red Sea, New Valley, North
(HH)d Sinai, and South Sinai)
were excluded, as they are
remote and represent a small
proportion of the population of
the country. The excluded areas
represent less than 2 percent of
the total population.

El Salvador LAC Lower- Sep 22– 1,002 1.61 3.9 Face- Spanish
middle Nov 24, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Estonia HI High Oct 20– 1,001 1.32 3.6 Mobile Estonian,

Nov 21, telephone Russian
2021

Eswatini e SSA Lower- Nov 1–Nov 1,000 1.58 3.9 Face- English,
middle 29, 2022 to-face Siswati
(HH)d

Ethiopia e SSA Low Sep 22– 1,000 1.47 3.8 Face- Amharic, Due to ongoing conflict
Nov 16, to-face Oromo and security issues, Tigray,
2022 (HH)d Gambella, Harari regions were
excluded. The excluded areas
represent approximately 7% of
the total population.

Finland HI High Sep 9–Nov 1,000 1.49 3.8 Mobile Finnish

10, 2021 telephone

France HI High Oct 18– 1,000 1.61 3.9 Landline French

Nov 15, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Gabon SSA Upper- Nov 4–16, 1,020 2.36 4.7 Mobile French,
middle 2021 telephone Fang

Gambia, SSA Low Sep 10– 1,000 1.44 3.7 Face- English,
The e Oct 30, to-face Pulaar,
2022 (HH)d Wolof,
Malinke

Georgia ECA Upper- Jul 29–Dec 1,000 1.42 3.7 Face- Georgian, South Ossetia and Abkhazia
middle 5, 2021 to-face Russian were not included for the safety
(HH)d of the interviewers. In addition,
very remote mountainous
villages or those with less than
100 inhabitants were also
excluded. The excluded areas
represent approximately 8
percent of the total population.

Germany HI High Oct 18– 1,000 2.34 4.7 Landline German

Nov 13, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Survey Methodology 9
 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Ghana SSA Lower- Jul 27– Sep 1,000 1.48 3.8 Face- English, Localities with less than 100
middle 11, 2021 to-face Ewe, Twi, inhabitants were excluded from
(HH)d Dagbani, the sample. The excluded areas
Hausa represent approximately 4
percent of the total population

Greece HI High Oct 1–29, 1,003 2.2 4.6 Landline Greek

2021 and
mobile
telephone

Guatemala e LAC Upper- Jun 29–Oct 1,000 1,43 3.7 Face- Spanish
middle 6, 2022 to-face
(HH)d

Guinea SSA Low Sep 4–27, 1,000 1.4 3.8 Face- French,
2021 to-face Malinke,
(HH)d Pular,
Soussou

Honduras LAC Lower- Sep 22– 1,000 1.98 4.4 Face- Spanish
middle Dec 21, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Hong Kong HI High Aug 1,003 1.18 3.4 Landline Chinese

SAR, China 18–Nov 9, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Hungary HI High Nov 15– 1,003 1.9 4.3 Landline Hungarian

Dec 17, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Iceland HI High Oct 5–31, 502 1.38 5.1 Landline Icelandic

2021 and
mobile
telephone

India SAR Lower- Jul 30–Oct 3,000 1.34 2.1 Face- Assamese, Excluded populations living in
middle 18, 2021 to-face Bengali, Northeast states and remote
(HH)d Gujarati, islands and Jammu and Kashmir.
Hindi, The excluded areas represent
Kannada, less than 10 percent of the total
Malayalam, population.
Marathi,
Odia,
Punjabi,
Tamil,
Telugu

Indonesia EAP Lower- Jul 7–Oct 1,062 1.42 3.6 Face- Bahasa
middle 15, 2021 to-face Indonesia
(HH)d

Iran, Islamic MENA Upper- Sep 14–20, 1,005 1.26 3.5 Landline Farsi
Rep. middle 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Iraq MENA Upper- Nov 1–Dec 1,012 1.66 4 Face- Arabic,

middle 9, 2021 to-face Kurdish
(HH)d

Ireland HI High Oct 18– 1,000 1.9 4.3 Landline English

Nov 13, and
2021 mobile
telephone

10 The Global Findex Database 2021

 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Israel HI High Aug 15– 1,000 1.16 3.3 Face- Hebrew, The sample does not include
Nov 26, to-face Arabic the area of East Jerusalem. This
2021 (HH)d area is included in the sample of
Palestinian Territories.

Italy HI High Oct 18– 1,000 2.51 4.9 Landline Italian

Nov 13, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Jamaica LAC Upper- Sep 17– 502 1.36 5.1 Face- English
middle Nov 24, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Japan HI High Sep 29– 1,010 1.28 3.5 Landline Japanese For landline random digit
Dec 16, and dialing, excluded 12
2021 mobile municipalities near the nuclear
telephone power plant in Fukushima.
These areas were designated
as not-to-call districts due
to the devastation from the
2011 disasters. The exclusion
represents less than 1 percent
of the total population of Japan.

Jordan MENA Upper- Nov 8–Dec 1,009 1.38 3.6 Mobile Arabic
middle 1, 2021 telephone

Kazakhstan ECA Upper- Sep 3–Oct 1,000 1.46 3.8 Face- Russian,
middle 19, 2021 to-face Kazakh
(HH)d

Kenya SSA Lower- Jun 19–Jul 1,000 1.37 3.6 Face- English,
middle 18, 2021 to-face Swahili/
(HH)d Kishwahili

Korea, Rep. HI High Sep 8–Oct 1,011 1.59 3.9 Landline Korean
31, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Kosovo ECA Upper- Jul 3–Oct 1,000 1.55 3.9 Face- Albanian,
middle 4, 2021 to-face Serbian
(HH)d

Kyrgyz ECA Lower- Aug 26– 1,000 1.43 3.7 Face- Kyrgyz,
Republic middle Oct 23, to-face Russian,
2021 (HH)d Uzbek

Lao People’s EAP Lower- Aug 30– 1,000 1.49 3.8 Face- Lao Excluded Xaisomboun Province,
Democratic middle Dec 14, to-face Xayaboury Province, and some
Republic 2021 (HH)d communes that are unreachable
or have security considerations.
In addition, during fieldwork
Attapu and Houaphan were
also excluded due to COVID-19
(COVID-19 red zones). The
excluded areas represent
approximately 14 percent of the
total population.

Latvia HI High Nov 10– 1,006 1.55 3.8 Mobile Latvian,

Dec 10, telephone Russian
2021

Lebanon MENA Upper- Oct 26– 1,022 1.24 3.4 Landline Arabic
middle Nov 6, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Survey Methodology 11
 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Lesotho e SSA Lower- Sep 9–Dec 1,025 1.87 4.2 Face- English,
middle 29, 2022 to-face Sesotho
(HH)d

Liberia SSA Low Jul 27–Sep 1,000 1.53 3.8 Face- English,
6, 2021 to-face Pidgin
(HH)d English

Lithuania HI High Oct 20– 1,009 1.79 4.1 Landline Lithuanian

Dec 3, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Madagascar e SSA Low Jun 18–Sep 1,000 1.47 3.8 Face- French, Regions that were unsafe or
6, 2022 to-face Malagasy unreachable were excluded
(HH)d from the sample. This excluded
areas represent approximately
17% of the total population.

Malawi SSA Low Aug 2–13, 1,000 1.42 3.7 Face- Chichewa,
2021 to-face English,
(HH)d Tumbuka

Malaysia EAP Upper- Dec 17, 1,000 1.7 4 Face- Bahasa Labuan and Putrajaya were
middle 2021–Jan to-face Malay, excluded due to low population.
28, 2022 (HH)d Chinese, The excluded areas represent
English approximately 1 percent of the
total population.

Mali SSA Low Jul 15–Aug 1000 1.35 3.6 Face- French, The regions of Gao, Kidal, Mopti,
11, 2021 to-face Bambara and Tombouctou were excluded
(HH)d for security reasons. Quartiers
and villages with less than 50
inhabitants were also excluded
from the sample. The excluded
areas represent 23 percent of
the total population.

Malta HI High Sep 14– 1,000 1.41 3.7 Landline Maltese,

Nov 8, and English
2021 mobile
telephone

Mauritania e SSA Lower- Aug 19– 1,000 1.68 4.0 Face- French, Some communes in Hodh Ech
middle Oct 20, to-face Poulaar, Chargui and Hodh El Gharbi
2022 (HH)d Hassanya were excluded due to increasing
insecurity. The excluded areas
represent approximately 4% of
the population.

Mauritius SSA Upper- Oct 21– 1,000 2 4.4 Landline Creole,

middle Dec 13, and English,
2021 mobile French
telephone

Mexico e LAC Upper- Jul 8–Aug 1,000 1.45 3.7 Face- Spanish
middle 23, 2022 to-face
(HH)d

Moldova ECA Lower- Jul 12–Sep 1,000 1.25 3.5 Face- Romanian/ Transnistria (Prednestrovie)
middle 10, 2021 to-face Moldavian, excluded for safety of
(HH)d Russian interviewers. The excluded area
represents approximately 13
percent of the total population.

Mongolia EAP Lower- Aug 20– 1,000 1.49 3.8 Face- Mongolian
middle Oct 13, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Morocco MENA Lower- Oct 14–28, 1,000 1.84 4.2 Mobile Moroccan
middle 2021 telephone Arabic

The Global Findex Database 2021

 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Mozambique SSA Low Oct 28– 1,000 1.87 4.2 Face- Portu- Cabo Delgado province, as well
Dec 16, to-face guese, as a small number of districts in
2021 (HH)d Xichan- other provinces, were excluded
gana, for security reasons. The
Emakhuwa excluded areas represent 11
percent of the total population.

Myanmar EAP Lower- Oct 9–Nov 1,000 2.01 4.4 Mobile Myanmar,
middle 11, 2021 telephone Burmese

Namibia SSA Upper- Aug 29– 1,000 1.62 3.9 Face- English,
middle Oct 13, to-face Oshi-
2021 (HH)d vambo,
Afrikaans

Nepal SAR Lower- Sep 10– 1,000 1.45 3.7 Face- Nepali
middle Nov 19, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Netherlands HI High Oct 25– 1,000 1.39 3.7 Landline Dutch

Nov 27, and
2021 mobile
telephone

New Zealand HI High Sep 1,000 1.48 3.8 Landline English

27–Nov 7, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Nicaragua LAC Lower- Sep 15– 1,007 1.62 3.9 Face- Spanish
middle Nov 23, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Niger e SSA Low Sep 22– 1,000 1.58 3.9 Face- French, Some communes in the Agadez
Oct 18, to-face Hausa, region and Diffa region were
2022 (HH)d Zarma excluded because of insecurity.
In addition PSUs with fewer
than 25 households were also
excluded. The excluded area
represents approximately 8%
of the population.

Nigeria SSA Lower- Jul 15–Aug 1,000 1.91 4.3 Face- English, The states of Adamawa, Borno,
middle 20, 2021 to-face Hausa, and Yobe were excluded for
(HH)d Igbo, safety and security reasons.
Pidgin These states represent 7
English, percent of the total population.
Yoruba

North ECA Upper- Oct 22– 1,003 1.22 3.4 Landline Mace-
Macedonia middle Dec 12, and donian,
2021 mobile Albanian
telephone

Norway HI High Aug 31– 1,001 1.94 4.3 Mobile Norwegian

Oct 17, telephone
2021

Pakistan SAR Lower- Oct 16– 1,002 1.72 4.1 Face- Urdu Did not include Azad Jammu
middle Dec 14, to-face and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-
2021 (HH)d Baltistan. The excluded area
represents approximately 5
percent of the total population.
Gender-matched sampling was
used during the final stage of
selection.

Panama LAC Upper- Oct 4–Dec 1,002 1.64 4 Face- Spanish

middle 17, 2021 to-face
(HH)d

Survey Methodology 13
 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Paraguay LAC Upper- Sep 1–Nov 1,000 1.37 3.6 Face- Spanish,
middle 11, 2021 to-face Jopara
(HH)d

Peru LAC Upper- Aug 22– 1,000 1.34 3.6 Face- Spanish
middle Oct 21, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Philippines EAP Lower- Sep 20– 1,000 1.82 4.2 Mobile Filipino,
middle Nov 15, telephone Cebuano,
2021 Bicol,
Waray

Poland HI High Sep 11– 1,001 1.45 3.7 Landline Polish

Oct 22, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Portugal HI High Oct 8–Nov 1,002 1.74 4.1 Landline Portu-

8, 2021 and guese
mobile
telephone

Romania ECA Upper- Sep 4–Oct 1,001 1.44 3.7 Landline Romanian
middle 6, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Russian ECA Upper- Oct 4–Dec 2,011 1.54 2.7 Landline Russian
Federation middle 13, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Saudi Arabia HI High Sep 5–20, 1,019 2.02 4.4 Landline Arabic, Includes Saudis, Arab
2021 and English, expatriates, and non-Arabs
mobile Hindi, who were able to complete the
telephone Urdu interview in Arabic, English,
Urdu, or Hindi.

Senegal SSA Lower- Aug 1,000 1.49 3.8 Face- French,

middle 17–Sep 9, to-face Wolof
2021 (HH)d

Serbia ECA Upper- Sep 29– 1,001 1.95 4.3 Landline Serbian
middle Dec 3, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Sierra Leone SSA Low Jun 16–Jul 1,001 1.46 3.7 Face- English,
19, 2021 to-face Krio,
(HH)d Mende

Singapore HI High Nov 23, 1,000 1.24 3.4 Face- English, Twenty-eight of 55 Planning
2021–Jan to-face Chinese Areas were excluded due to
17, 2022 (HH)d zero or small population size,
accounting for less than 3
percent of the total population.
In addition, individuals living
in private condos or landed
properties were excluded,
representing approximately
20 percent of households in
Singapore.

Slovak HI High Sep 28– 1,005 1.51 3.8 Landline Hungarian,

Republic Nov 6, and Slovak
2021 mobile
telephone

14 The Global Findex Database 2021

 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Slovenia HI High Nov 1,000 1.97 4.4 Landline Slovene

10–Dec 8, and
2021 mobile
telephone

South Africa SSA Upper- Aug 6–Nov 1,014 1.71 4 Face- Afrikaans,
middle 8, 2021 to-face English,
(HH)d Sotho,
Xhosa,
Zulu

South Sudan SSA Low Oct 13– 1,001 1.84 4.2 Face- Arabic, Some areas were excluded due
Dec 14, to-face Bari, Dinka, to territorial dispute, security
2021 (HH)d English, reasons, or inaccessibility.
Juba The excluded areas represent
Arabic, approximately 10 percent of the
Nuer, total population. In addition, 40
Zande percent of the primary sampling
units (PSUs) were replaced
during fieldwork, primarily due
to flooding.

Spain HI High Oct 18– 1,000 1.86 4.2 Landline Spanish

Nov 13, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Sri Lanka SAR Lower- Nov 11– 1,005 2.47 4.9 Mobile Sinhala,
middle Dec 28, telephone Tamil
2021

Sweden HI High Sep 29– 1,006 1.44 3.7 Landline Swedish

Nov 9, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Switzerland HI High Oct 18– 1,000 1.76 4.1 Landline German,

Nov 12, and French,
2021 mobile Italian
telephone

Taiwan, HI High Aug 16– 1,000 1.88 4.3 Landline Chinese

China Sep 14, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Tajikistan ECA Lower- Aug 18– 1,000 1.67 4 Face- Tajik

middle Oct 11, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Tanzania SSA Lower- Aug 2–29, 1,001 1.54 3.9 Face- Swahili,
middle 2021 to-face Kishwahili
(HH)d

Thailand EAP Upper- Oct 11– 1,017 2.68 5.09 Mobile Thai
middle Dec 1, telephone
2021

Togo SSA Low Sep 4–21, 1,000 1.66 4 Face- French,

2021 to-face Ewe
(HH)d

Tunisia MENA Lower- Sep 24– 1,000 1.29 3.5 Face- Arabic
middle Oct 16, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Türkiye ECA Upper- Nov 24– 1,000 1.41 3.7 Landline Turkish
middle Dec 17, and
2021 mobile
telephone

Survey Methodology 15
 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Regiona group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Uganda SSA Low Sep 12– 1,000 1.46 3.7 Face- Ateso, Three districts in the North
Oct 5, to-face English, region were excluded for
2021 (HH)d Luganda, security reasons– Kotido,
Runyan- Moroto, and Nakapiripirit.
kole The excluded areas represent
2 percent or less of the total
population.

Ukraine ECA Lower- Sep 27– 1,001 1.88 4.3 Landline Russian,
middle Oct 14, and Ukrainian
2021 mobile
telephone

United Arab HI High Oct 19– 1,000 1.41 3.7 Mobile Arabic, Includes only Emiratis, Arab
Emirates Nov 17, telephone English, expatriates, and non-Arabs
2021 Hindi, who were able to complete the
Urdu interview in Arabic, English,
Hindi or Urdu

United HI High Oct 18– 1,000 1.47 3.8 Landline English

Kingdom Nov 12, and
2021 mobile
telephone

United HI High Oct 5–Dec 1,007 1.61 3.9 Landline English,

States 27, 2021 and Spanish
mobile
telephone

Uruguay HI High Aug 24– 1,000 1.29 3.5 Face- Spanish

Nov 20, to-face
2021 (HH)d

Uzbekistan ECA Lower- Aug 1,000 1.65 4 Face- Uzbek,

middle 12–Oct 6, to-face Russian
2021 (HH)d

Venezuela, LAC Upper- Oct 4–Nov 1,000 1.72 4.1 Landline Spanish
RB middle 24, 2021 and
mobile
telephone

Vietnam e EAP Lower- Jun 22– 1,000 1.3 3.5 Face- Vietnam-
middle Aug 13, to-face ese
2022 (HH)d

West Bank MENA Lower- Aug 16– 1,000 1.3 3.5 Face- Arabic Areas with security concerns
and Gaza middle Sep 22, to-face close to the Israeli borders,
2021 (HH)d areas that are accessible only
to special Israeli permit holders,
and areas with population
concentrations of less than
1,000 people were excluded.
The excluded areas represent
less than 2 percent of the total
population. The sample includes
East Jerusalem.

16 The Global Findex Database 2021

 Exclusions and other
sampling details
Data Margin (samples are nationally
Income collection Number of Design of Mode of representative unless
Economy Region a
group date interviews effect b error c interviewd Languages otherwise noted)

Yemen, Rep e MENA Low Nov 7, 1,000 1.9 4.3 Face- Arabic Al Baydaa, Al Jawf, Mareb,
2022–Jan to-face Sadah, the Island of Socotra,
10, 2023 (HH)d and several districts in other
governorates were excluded
due to their small size,
remoteness or security issues.
The excluded areas represent
approximately 23% of the
population. In addition, due to
the ongoing security situation,
during field over one-fourth
of the PSUs were replaced
with a similar PSU in the same
province.

Zambia SSA Lower- Aug 31– 1,000 1.54 3.9 Face- Bemba,
middle Sep 28, to-face English,
2021 (HH)d Lozi,
Nyanja,
Tonga

Zimbabwe SSA Lower- Jun 26– 1,000 1.4 3.7 Face- English,
middle Aug 8, to-face Shona,
2021 (HH)d Ndebele

Note: EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA = Middle East and North Africa (referred to as
MNA in Global Findex 2017); SAR = South Asia (referred to as SAS in Global Findex 2017); SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa.
a. Regions exclude high-income economies (HI) and may differ from common geographic usage.
b. The design effect calculation reflects the weights and does not incorporate the intraclass correlation coefficients because they vary by question. Design effect
calculation: n*(sum of squared weights)/[(sum of weights)*(sum of weights)].
c. The margin of error is calculated around a proportion at the 95 percent confidence level. The maximum margin of error was calculated assuming a reported
percentage of 50 percent and takes into account the design effect. Margin of error calculation: √(0.25/N)*1.96*√(DE). Other errors that can affect survey
validity include measurement error associated with the questionnaire, such as translation issues, and coverage error, where a part of the target population has
a zero probability of being selected for the survey.
d. Hand-held (HH) data collection.
e. In these countries, data collection took place in 2022 due to COVID-19 related issues that restricted earlier access.

Survey Methodology 17
APPENDIX B

TABLE B.1

Indicator table
ACCOUNT OWNERSHIP, 2021

Adults with an account Women with an account Poor adults with an account
Economy (%) (%) (%)a

Afghanistan 10 5 6

Albania 44 46 27

Algeria 44 31 32

Argentina 72 74 65

Armenia 55 52 45

Australia 99 100 98

Austria 100 100 100

Azerbaijan b 46 39 36

Bangladesh 53 43 49

Belgium 99 99 98

Benin 49 40 41

Bolivia 69 63 56

Bosnia and Herzegovina 79 70 72

Botswana b 59 54 48

Brazil 84 81 82

Bulgaria 84 84 74

Burkina Faso 36 31 25

Cambodia 33 33 23

Cameroon 52 49 34

Canada 100 100 99

Chad b 24 23 24

Chile 87 87 86

China 89 87 83

Colombia 60 56 48

Comoros b 34 29 27

Congo, Dem. Rep. b 27 20 18

18 The Global Findex Database 2021

Congo, Rep. 47 44 33

Costa Rica 68 61 57

Côte d’Ivoire 51 37 44

Croatia 92 90 84

Cyprus 93 93 91

Czech Republic 95 93 95

Denmark 100 100 100

Dominican Republic 51 49 39

Ecuador 64 58 59

Egypt, Arab Rep. 27 24 20

El Salvador 36 29 23

Estonia 99 100 99

Eswatini b 66 69 61

Ethiopia b 46 39 35

Finland 100 99 99

France 99 100 98

Gabon 66 61 59

Gambia b 33 28 29

Georgia 70 71 62

Germany 100 100 100

Ghana 68 63 55

Greece 95 93 92

Guatemala b 37 34 34

Guinea 30 24 24

Honduras 38 29 27

Hong Kong SAR, China 98 98 96

Hungary 88 87 81

Iceland 100 100 100

India 78 78 78

Indonesia 52 52 47

Iran, Islamic Rep. 90 85 87

Iraq 19 15 14

Ireland 100 100 99

Israel 93 92 89

Italy 97 97 95

Jamaica 73 72 68

Japan 98 99 98

Jordan 47 34 37

Kazakhstan 81 84 82

Indicator Table 19
Kenya 79 75 67

Korea, Rep. 99 99 97

Kosovo 58 47 52

Kyrgyz Republic 45 44 44

Lao PDR 37 38 23

Latvia 97 98 94

Lebanon 21 17 13

Lesotho b 64 62 59

Liberia 52 44 42

Lithuania 94 90 91

Madagascar b 26 25 15

Malawi 43 38 33

Malaysia 88 88 83

Mali 44 41 38

Malta 96 95 93

Mauritania b 23 16 23

Mauritius 91 89 91

Mexico b 49 42 32

Moldova 64 63 54

Mongolia 98 99 98

Morocco 44 33 34

Mozambique 49 39 34

Myanmar 48 46 33

Namibia 71 69 56

Nepal 54 50 45

Netherlands 100 99 99

New Zealand 99 99 97

Nicaragua 26 22 21

Niger b 12 10 12

Nigeria 45 35 33

North Macedonia 85 80 78

Norway 99 100 99

Pakistan 21 13 18

Panama 45 43 32

Paraguay 54 55 48

Peru 57 53 46

Philippines 51 47 34

Poland 96 96 94

Portugal 93 90 88

20 The Global Findex Database 2021

 Romania 69 66 57

Russian Federation 90 90 86

Saudi Arabia 74 63 67

Senegal 56 50 48

Serbia 89 90 84

Sierra Leone 29 25 21

Singapore 98 97 96

Slovak Republic 96 94 91

Slovenia 99 98 98

South Africa 85 86 78

South Sudan 6 4 4

Spain 98 97 98

Sri Lanka 89 89 87

Sweden 100 100 99

Switzerland 99 99 99

Taiwan, China 95 94 93

Tajikistan 39 39 38

Tanzania 52 46 39

Thailand 96 93 98

Togo 50 44 39

Tunisia 37 29 32

Türkiye 74 63 61

Uganda 66 65 51

Ukraine 84 81 80

United Arab Emirates 86 87 83

United Kingdom 100 100 100

United States 95 97 91

Uruguay 74 76 63

Uzbekistan 44 39 41

Venezuela, RB 84 80 78

Vietnam b 56 53 41

West Bank and Gaza 34 26 17

Yemen b 12 5 7

Zambia 49 45 33

Zimbabwe 60 54 47

Source: Global Findex Database 2021.

Note: Data for all indicators are available at http://www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.
a. Adults in the poorest 40 percent of households. Data are based on household income quintiles.
b. In these countries, data collection took place in 2022 due to COVID-19 related issues that restricted earlier access.

Indicator Table 21
APPENDIX C

Global Findex Glossary

Account (%): The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with
someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution (financial institution account), or report personally
using a mobile money service in the past year (see mobile money account).
Borrowed any money (%): The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money (by themselves or
together with someone else) for any reason and from any source in the past year.
Borrowed any money using a mobile money account (%): The percentage of respondents who report borrowing
any money using a mobile money account in the past year.
Borrowed for health or medical purposes (%): The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any
money for health or medical purposes in the past year.
Borrowed from a formal financial institution (%): The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any
money from a bank or another type of financial institution or using a credit card in the past year.
Borrowed from a savings club (%): The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from an
informal savings club in the past year.
Borrowed from family or friends (%): The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from
family, relatives, or friends in the past year.
Can use a mobile money account without help from anyone, including a mobile money agent (%): The
percentage of respondents who report that they can use a mobile money account without the help of another
person, including a mobile money agent.
Can use an account at a bank or financial institution without help if they opened one (% without an
account): Among the share of respondents without an account, the percentage of respondents who report they
could use an account at a bank or a financial institution without help, if they opened one.
Coming up with emergency money in 30 days: possible and not difficult or somewhat difficult (%): The
percentage of respondents who say it is possible and not difficult at all or somewhat difficult to come up with 1/20
of gross national income (GNI) per capita in local currency units in 30 days.
Coming up with emergency money in seven days: possible and not difficult or somewhat difficult (%): The
percentage of respondents who say it is possible and not difficult at all or somewhat difficult for them to come up
with 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency units in seven days.
Experience or continue to experience severe financial hardship as a result of the disruption caused by
COVID-19: very worried (%): The percentage of respondents who are very worried that they will experience or
continue to experience severe financial hardship as a result of the disruption caused by COVID-19.

22 The Global Findex Database 2021

Financial institution account (%): The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves
or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or post office that falls under
prudential regulation by a government body. 1
First financial institution account ever was opened to receive a wage payment (%): The percentage of
respondents who report opening a financial institution account for the first time to receive a wage payment.
First financial institution account ever was opened to receive money from the government (%): The
percentage of respondents who report opening a financial institution account for the first time to receive money
from the government.
Has access to the internet (%): The percentage of respondents who report having access to the internet.
Has an inactive account (%): The percentage of respondents who report neither a deposit into nor a withdrawal
from their account in the past year. This also includes making or receiving any kind of digital payment.
Made a digital in-store merchant payment for the first time after COVID-19 started (%): The percentage
of respondents who report that after COVID-19 started, they used for the first time a debit or credit card, or a
mobile phone, to make a purchase in-store.
Made a digital merchant payment (%): The percentage of respondents who report using a debit or credit card,
or a mobile phone, to make a purchase in-store, or to pay online for an internet purchase.
Made a digital merchant payment for the first time after COVID-19 started (%): The percentage of
respondents who report that the first time they used a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone, to make a purchase
in-store or to pay online for an internet purchase, happened after COVID-19 started.
Made a digital online merchant payment for an online purchase (%): The percentage of respondents who
report using the internet to buy something online in the past year.
Made a digital online payment for an online purchase for the first time after COVID-19 started (%): The
percentage of respondents who report that they used the internet to buy something online for the first time after
COVID-19 started.
Made a digital payment (%): The percentage of respondents who report using mobile money, a debit or credit
card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account; or who report using the internet to pay bills or to
buy something online or in a store in the past year. This includes respondents who report paying bills or sending
remittances directly from a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year.
Made a utility payment (%): The percentage of respondents who report making regular payments for water,
electricity, or trash collection in the past year.
Made a utility payment: using an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally making
regular payments for water, electricity, or trash collection in the past year directly from a financial institution
account or a mobile phone.
Made a utility payment: using an account for the first time after COVID-19 started (%): The percentage
of respondents who report personally making regular payments for water, electricity, or trash collection using a
financial institution account or a mobile phone for the first time after COVID-19 started.

1. Data on adults with a financial institution account include respondents who reported having an account at a bank or at another type of financial
institution, such as a credit union, a microfinance institution, a cooperative, or the post office (if applicable). The data also include an additional 3 percent
of respondents in 2021 who reported receiving wages, government transfers, a public sector pension, or payments for agricultural products into a
financial institution account in the past year; paying utility bills or school fees from a financial institution account in the past year; or receiving wages,
government transfers, or agricultural payments into a card in the past year. The definition does not include nonbank financial institutions such as pension
funds, retirement accounts, insurance companies, or equity holdings such as stocks. As used throughout the report, financial institution refers to a formal
financial institution.

Global Findex Glossary 23

Made a utility payment: using cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally making
regular payments for water, electricity, or trash collection in the past year using cash only.
Made or received a digital payment (%): The percentage of respondents who report using mobile money, a debit
or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account—or report using the internet to pay bills
or to buy something online or in a store—in the past year. This includes respondents who report paying bills,
sending or receiving remittances, receiving payments for agricultural products, receiving government transfers,
receiving wages, or receiving a public sector pension directly from or into a financial institution account or
through a mobile money account in the past year.
Made digital in-store merchant payments (%): The percentage of respondents who report using a debit or credit
card, or a mobile phone, to make an in-store purchase.
Mobile money account (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally using a mobile money service
to make payments, buy things, or to send or receive money in the past year.2
Most worrying financial issue: money for old age (%): The percentage of respondents whose primary financial
worry is that they will not have enough money for old age.
Most worrying financial issue: money to pay for monthly expenses or bills (%): The percentage of respondents
whose primary financial issue is that they will not have enough money for monthly expenses or bills.
Most worrying financial issue: paying for medical costs in case of a serious illness or accident (%): The
percentage of respondents whose primary financial issue is that they will not have enough money for medical
costs in the case of a serious illness or accident.
Most worrying financial issue: paying school or education fees (%): The percentage of respondents whose
primary financial issue is that they will not have enough money to pay school fees.
Owns a mobile phone (%): The percentage of respondents who report owning a mobile phone.
Owns a debit or credit card (%): The percentage of respondents who report having a debit or credit card.
Received a public sector pension (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving a pension
from the government, military, or public sector in the past year.
Received a public sector pension: in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally
receiving a pension from the government, military, or public sector in the past year in cash only.
Received a public sector pension: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally
receiving a pension from the government, military, or public sector in the past year directly into a financial
institution account, into a card, or through a mobile phone.
Received digital payments (%): The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile money account, a debit
or credit card, or a mobile phone to receive a payment into an account in the past year. This includes respondents
who report receiving remittances, receiving payments for agricultural products, receiving government transfers,
receiving wages, or receiving a public sector pension directly into a financial institution account or into a mobile
money account in the past year.

2. Data on adults with a mobile money account include respondents who reported personally using services included in the GSM Association’s Mobile
Money for the Unbanked (GSMA MMU) database to pay bills or to send or receive money in the past year. The data also include an additional 2 percent
of respondents in 2021 who reported receiving wages, government transfers, a public sector pension, or payments for agricultural products through
a mobile phone in the past year. Unlike the definition of account at a financial institution, the definition of mobile money account does not include the
payment of utility bills or school fees through a mobile phone. The reason is that the phrasing of the possible answers leaves it open as to whether those
payments were made using a mobile money account or an over-the-counter service.

24 The Global Findex Database 2021

Received government payments (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving any
payment from the government (government transfers, public sector pension, or public sector wages) in the past
year. This includes payments for educational or medical expenses, unemployment benefits, subsidy payments, or
any kind of social benefits. It also includes pension payments from the government, military, or public sector, as
well as wages from employment in the government, military, or public sector.
Received government payments: in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally
receiving payments from the government (government transfers, public sector pension, or public sector wages)
in the past year in cash only.
Received government payments: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally
receiving payments from the government (government transfers, public sector pension, or public sector wages) in
the past year directly into a financial institution account, into a card, or through a mobile phone.
Received government transfer (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving any
transfer from the government in the past year. This includes payments for educational or medical expenses,
unemployment benefits, subsidy payments, or any kind of social benefits. It does not include a pension from the
government, military, or public sector; wages; or any other payments related to work.
Received government transfer or pension (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving
any transfer or pension from the government in the past year. This includes payments for educational or medical
expenses, unemployment benefits, subsidy payments, or any kind of social benefits. It also includes payments for
a pension from the government, military, or public sector.
Received government transfer or pension: cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally
receiving a government transfer or pension in the past year in cash only.
Received government transfer or pension: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report
personally receiving any transfer or pension from the government in the past year into a financial institution
account, into a card, or through a mobile phone.
Received government transfer: cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving
any transfer from the government in the past year in cash only.
Received government transfer: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally
receiving any transfer from the government in the past year directly into a financial institution account, into a
card, or through a mobile phone.
Received payments for agricultural products: in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report
personally receiving money from any source for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in
the past year in cash only.
Received payments for agricultural products: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report
personally receiving money from any source for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in
the past year directly into a financial institution account, into a card, or through a mobile phone.
Received payments for the sale of agricultural products, livestock, or crops (%): The percentage of respondents
who report personally receiving payments from any source for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce,
or livestock in the past year.
Received private sector wages (%): The percentage of respondents who report being employed in the private
sector and receiving any money from their employer in the past year in the form of a salary or wages for doing work.
Received private sector wages: in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report being employed in
the private sector and receiving any money from their employer in the past year in the form of a salary or wages
for doing work in cash only.

Global Findex Glossary 25

Received private sector wages: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report being employed
in the private sector and receiving any money from their employer in the past year in the form of a salary or wages
for doing work, and who received that money directly into a financial institution account, into a card, or through
a mobile phone.
Received public sector wages (%): The percentage of respondents who report being employed by the government,
military, or public sector and receiving any money from their employer in the past year in the form of a salary or
wages for doing work.
Received public sector wages: in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report being employed by
the government, military, or public sector and receiving any money from their employer in the past year in the
form of a salary or wages for doing work, and who received that money in cash only.
Received public sector wages: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report being employed
by the government, military, or public sector and receiving any money from their employer in the past year in
the form of a salary or wages for doing work, and who received that money directly into a financial institution
account, into a card, or into a mobile money account.
Received wages (%): The percentage of respondents who report receiving any money from an employer in the
past year in the form of a salary or wages for doing work. This does not include any money received directly from
clients or customers.
Received wages into an account: paid higher-than-expected fees (%): The percentage of respondents who report
paying higher fees than expected to receive a salary or wages.
Received wages: in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who report receiving any money from an
employer in the past year in the form of a salary or wages for doing work, and who received it in cash only.
Received wages: into an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report receiving any money from
an employer in the past year in the form of a salary or wages for doing work, and who received it directly into a
financial institution account, into a card, or through a mobile phone.
Saved any money (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally saving or setting aside any money
for any reason and using any mode of saving in the past year.
Saved at a financial institution (%): The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money
at a bank or another type of financial institution in the past year.
Saved at a financial institution or using a mobile money account (%): The percentage of respondents who
report saving or setting aside any money at a bank or another type of financial institution or using a mobile
money account to save in the past year.
Saved for old age (%): The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money in the past
year for old age.
Saved money using a mobile money account (%): The percentage of respondents who report saving money
using a mobile money account.
Saved using a savings club or a person outside the family (%): The percentage of respondents who report
saving or setting aside any money in the past year by using an informal savings club or a person outside the family.
Sent or received domestic remittances (%): The percentage of respondents who report personally sending or
receiving any of their money in the past year to or from a relative or friend living in a different area of their country.

26 The Global Findex Database 2021

Sent or received domestic remittances: in-person and in cash only (%): The percentage of respondents who
report personally sending or receiving any of their money in the past year to or from a relative or friend living in
a different area of their country and who sent or received it in-person and in cash only.
Sent or received domestic remittances: through a money transfer service (%): The percentage of respondents
who report personally sending or receiving any of their money in the past year to or from a relative or friend
living in a different area of their country and who sent or received it over the counter in a branch of their financial
institution, through a mobile banking agent, or through a money transfer service.
Sent or received domestic remittances: using an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report
personally sending or receiving any of their money in the past year to or from a relative or friend living in a
different area of their country and who sent or received the money using a financial institution account or a
mobile money account.
Store money using a financial institution or a mobile money account (%): The percentage of respondents who
report keeping money in a financial institution account or a mobile money account.
Use a mobile phone or the internet to make payments, buy things, or to send or receive money using a
financial institution account (%): The percentage of respondents who report that in the past year they used
a mobile phone or the internet to make payments, buy things, or to send or receive money using a financial
institution account.
Used a credit or a debit card (%): The percentage of respondents who report using their own credit or debit card
in the past year.
Used a mobile phone or the internet to access a financial institution account (%): The percentage of
respondents who report that in the past year they used a mobile phone or the internet to make a payment, make
a purchase, or to send or receive money through their financial institution account.
Used a mobile phone or the internet to access an account (%): The percentage of respondents who report that
in the past year they used a mobile phone or the internet to make a payment, make a purchase, or to send or receive
money through their account.
Used a mobile phone or the internet to check account balance (%): The percentage of respondents who report
using a mobile phone or the internet to check their balance for a financial institution account in the past year.
Used a mobile phone or the internet to pay bills (%): The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile
phone or the internet to pay bills in the past year.
Used a mobile phone or the internet to send money (%): The percentage of respondents who report using a
mobile phone or the internet to send money to a relative or friend in the past year.
Worried about not being able to pay for medical costs in case of a serious illness or accident: very worried
(%): The percentage of respondents who are very worried about not being able to pay for medical costs in the case
of a serious illness or accident.
Worried about not being able to pay school fees or fees for education: very worried (%): The percentage of
respondents who are very worried about not being able to pay school fees or fees for education.
Worried about not having enough money for monthly expenses or bills: very worried (%): The percentage of
respondents who are very worried about not having enough money to pay for monthly expenses or bills.
Worried about not having enough money for old age: very worried (%): The percentage of respondents who
are very worried about not having enough money for old age.

Global Findex Glossary 27