Force

●​ Force is an action applied to an object that can alter its state of rest or change its
motion.
●​ A push or pull acting on some objects is called a Force.SI Unit of Force is Newton
and CGS Unit is Dyne.
●​ 1N=10^5 Dyne

●​

Effect of Forces

●​ When two objects interact with each other, a force is exerted between them.
●​ Forces are always exerted by one object on another object i.e to apply force at least
two objects are required.
●​ Effect of force depends on both magnitude and direction. Force is a vector quantity.
●​ Force can bring a change in the state of motion or rest.
●​ A force can either accelerate or decelerate (means that it can change speed) a
moving object.
●​ A force can alter the direction of a moving object.
●​ A force can induce rotational movement in an object.
●​ Force can change the shape of an object.
TYPES OF FORCES

Contact Forces

A contact force is a force that acts only when two objects are touching.

1. Muscular Force

The force applied using muscles of the body.​

Example: Lifting a bag, kicking a football, or pushing a table.

2. Friction

The force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.​

Example: Rubbing hands together to produce heat, or a car stopping due to brakes.

3. Tension

The force transmitted through a string, rope, or cable when it is pulled tight.​
Example: A bucket hanging from a rope in a well, or a swing being pulled.

4. Mechanical Force

The force that results when one object physically pushes or pulls another.​
Example: A hammer hitting a nail, or a person pushing a stalled car.

Non-Contact Forces

A non-contact force is a force that acts even when objects are not touching.

1. Magnetic Force

The force between magnets or magnetic materials like iron.​

Example: A magnet attracting a paperclip, or repelling another magnet.

2. Electrostatic Force

The force between charged bodies, whether they are similar or different.​
Example: A rubbed balloon attracting small bits of paper, or static electricity
shocking your finger.

3. Gravitational Force

The force that pulls all objects with mass towards each other.​
Example: An apple falling from a tree, or the Earth holding the Moon in orbit.
1. Force can change the state of motion or rest

If something is not moving, force can make it start moving.​

If something is moving, force can make it stop.

Examples:

●​ When you push a sleeping shopping cart, it suddenly starts rolling.​

●​ When a goalkeeper jumps and blocks a football, it goes from zooming to

frozen.​

●​ When a fan is switched off, the blades slowly stop because of air resistance —
a force at work!​

2. Force can increase or decrease the speed of a moving object

Force can make something go faster (accelerate) or slow down (decelerate).

Examples:

●​ When you press the accelerator in a car, the car zooms ahead — force is
increasing speed.​

●​ When a cyclist presses the brakes, the cycle slows down — that’s force
reducing speed.​

●​ When a skater pushes off the ground, they gain speed with each push.​

3. Force can change the direction of a moving object

A moving object can be made to go in a different direction using force.

Examples:

●​ When you’re playing table tennis and you flick the ball sideways, it bounces in
a new direction.
●​ Wind hitting a flying kite makes it sway and swoop in different directions.​
4. Force can cause rotation

Force can make things spin or rotate.

Examples:

●​ When you spin a fidget spinner, it rotates with a flick.​

●​ Turning the handle of a manual water pump makes the wheel spin.​

●​ Rotating a key in a lock opens the door — force in action!​

5. Force can change the shape of an object

Force can squish, stretch,cracking, compressing or bend things, changing their

shape.

Examples:

●​ Pressing clay into a mold changes its shape.​

●​ Sitting on a soft cushion makes it flatten under your weight.​

●​ Stretching a rubber band makes it longer — but let go, and snap! Back to
shape.​

📌 What is Net Force?

●​ Net Force is the total force acting on an object.​

●​ It is found by adding all the forces acting on the object, considering their
directions.​

●​ If forces are in the same direction, you add them.​

●​ If forces are in opposite directions, you subtract them.​

●​ The net force decides whether an object will move, stop, speed up, slow down,
or change direction.​
🔍 Key Pointers About Net Force:
●​ If net force = 0, the object stays still or keeps moving at constant speed
(Balanced force).​

●​ If net force ≠ 0, the object will accelerate (Unbalanced force).​

●​ Direction matters! Always check which way the forces are pushing or pulling.​

🎯 Examples of Net Force:

Example 1: Forces in the Same Direction

Two kids push a box from the same side.

●​ One applies 5 N, the other 3 N.​

👉
●​ Net Force = 5 N + 3 N = 8 N (forward)​
The box moves forward with 8 N of force.​

Example 2: Forces in Opposite Directions

One kid pushes a table to the right with 10 N, another pushes to the left with 6 N.

👉
●​ Net Force = 10 N – 6 N = 4 N (right)​
The table moves to the right.​

Example 3: Balanced Force (Net Force = 0)

Two people push a box with equal force in opposite directions — 7 N left, 7 N right.

👉
●​ Net Force = 7 N – 7 N = 0 N​
The box does not move. Forces are balanced.​

Example 4: Multiple Forces at Play

You push a sponge with 8 N, and friction pushes back with 3 N.

 👉
●​ Net Force = 8 N – 3 N = 5 N​
The sponge moves forward with 5 N of force.​

📌 Normal Force
●​ It is the support force given by a surface to an object resting on it.​

●​ Always acts perpendicular (90°) to the surface.​

●​ Example: A book resting on a table — the table pushes up to support the book.​

●​ It prevents objects from falling through solid surfaces.

●​ ​
📌 Spring Force
●​ It is the force exerted by a stretched or compressed spring.​

●​ Tries to bring the spring back to its original shape.​

●​ The more you stretch or compress, the stronger the force.​

●​ Example: Pulling a slingshot or jumping on a trampoline.

●​
●​

📌 Thrust
●​ Thrust is the force applied on a surface in a perpendicular (90°) direction.​

●​ It is just like a normal push, but straight onto the surface.​

●​ Unit: Newton (N)​

●​ Example: Pressing your palm flat against a wall.

●​ ​
 📌 Pressure

●​ Pressure is the effect of thrust spread over an area.​

●​ It tells us how much force is applied per unit area.​

●​ Formula:

●​ ​
Unit: Pascal (Pa)​
(1 Pa = 1 N/m²)​

●​ More area = less pressure, less area = more pressure.​

●​ Example: A sharp knife cuts better because it applies more pressure on a

smaller area.​

📌 Directly Proportional Relationship

●​ When one quantity increases, the other also increases.​

●​ When one quantity decreases, the other also decreases.​

●​ They change in the same direction.​

●​ Formula style:

●​ ​
Example:​
The cost of apples is directly proportional to the number of apples.​
(More apples → more cost, Fewer apples → less cost)​

📌 Inversely Proportional Relationship

●​ When one quantity increases, the other decreases.​

●​ When one decreases, the other increases.​

●​ They change in opposite directions.​

●​ Formula style:​

●​ Example:​
Speed and time are inversely proportional for a fixed distance.​
(More speed → less time, Less speed → more time)​
REASONING
1)why school bag have wide straps

A school bag (or shoulder bag) with a wide strap made of thick cloth exerts less pressure on
the shoulder of a child, making it more comfortable to carry. This is because the weight of
the bag is distributed over a larger area, reducing the pressure on any one part of the
shoulder. On the other hand, if the school bag has a strap made of a thin string, the weight of
the bag falls over a small area, resulting in greater pressure on the shoulder, which can
cause pain and discomfort.
Similarly, a person employed to carry heavy luggage or other loads is called a porter. We
often see porters at railway stations. When porters carry heavy loads like suitcases, they
place a thick, round piece of cloth on their heads. This cloth increases the area of contact
between the load and the head. Since the same load is spread over a larger area, the
pressure on the head decreases, making it easier and more comfortable to carry the load.

2)Why a Sharp Knife Cuts Better than a Blunt Knife

A sharp knife has a very thin edge on its blade. It cuts objects (like vegetables) better
because the force applied by our hand falls over a very small area of the object. This creates
high pressure, which helps the knife cut through the object easily.

On the other hand, a blunt knife has a thicker edge, so the same force falls over a larger
area. This results in less pressure, making it difficult to cut the object.

Similarly, a razor blade has very sharp edges to produce high pressure, allowing it to cut
things easily. An axe also has a sharp edge so that it can cut materials like wood more
effectively.

3)Why the Depression is Much More When a Man

Stands on a Cushion than When He Lies Down
When a man stands on a cushion, only his two feet (which have a small area) are in contact
with the cushion. Due to this, the entire weight of the man falls on a small area, producing
high pressure. This large pressure causes a deep depression in the cushion.

On the other hand, when the same man lies down on the cushion, his whole body (which
has a larger area) is in contact with the cushion. In this case, his weight is distributed over a
much larger area, producing less pressure, which results in a shallow depression in the
cushion.

Other Examples Based on the Same Principle

1) Tractors have broad tyres so that the pressure on the ground is reduced, and the tyres do
not sink into the soft soil of the fields.

2) Army tanks have wide steel belts over their wheels to reduce pressure on the ground,
preventing them from sinking.

3) Wooden or concrete sleepers are placed under railway tracks to distribute the weight of
the train over a larger area, reducing pressure and preventing the tracks from sinking into
the ground.
4) Snow shoes have large, flat soles to spread the body weight over a large area, producing
less pressure on the soft snow and preventing the wearer from sinking.

5) It is easier to walk on soft sand with flat shoes rather than shoes with small or pencil
heels. Flat shoes have a larger contact area, resulting in less pressure on the sand, so they
don’t sink easily. In contrast, heels have a small contact area, which creates greater
pressure, causing them to sink into the sand, making walking difficult.

Absolutely! Here's a crisp and clear theory + example + reason on pressure exerted by

📘💧
liquids and how it changes with depth, explained in pointer format — easy to remember
and perfect for school notes

🌊 Pressure Exerted by Liquids – Key Points

📌 Theory
●​ Liquids exert pressure on the walls and bottom of the container they are in.​

●​ This pressure is due to the weight of the liquid above a given point.​

●​ The deeper you go into a liquid, the more pressure you feel.​

📌 Relation with Depth

Where:
 ●​ P = Pressure​

●​ d= Depth (or height) of liquid column​

➡️ This means:
●​ As depth increases, pressure increases.​

●​ As depth decreases, pressure decreases.​

📌 Reason
●​ Every layer of liquid has weight and pushes down on the layers below.​

●​ So, the deeper you go, the more liquid is above you, adding more weight.​

●​ That’s why pressure increases with depth — it’s the weight of all the liquid above that
point pressing down.​

📌 Example
●​ A diver feels more pressure underwater the deeper they go.​

●​ A dam is built thicker at the bottom because water pressure is greater at greater
depths.​

●​ If you poke holes in a bottle filled with water at different heights, water from the
lowest hole comes out with the most force — because pressure is higher at the
bottom.​

💥 Why Do the Walls of a Container Feel Pressure?

📌 Molecules are always moving
 ●​ In liquids and gases, particles (molecules) are constantly moving in all directions.​

●​ They collide with each other and with the walls of the container.​

📌 Each collision creates a tiny force

●​ When a molecule hits the wall, it exerts a tiny force on it.​

●​ Millions of these collisions happen every second, adding up to a continuous push

on the wall.​

📌 That "push" is what we call pressure

●​ The force due to all these collisions per unit area of the wall is called pressure.​

●​ More collisions = more pressure​

●​ Faster molecules = stronger collisions = higher pressure​

📌 Pressure in liquids is due to depth + molecular movement

●​ In liquids, pressure increases with depth because molecules at lower levels have
more weight above them.​

●​ They collide more strongly with the container walls — especially at the bottom.​

📌 Example to imagine:
●​ Think of the inside of a balloon: the air molecules inside are bouncing off the
walls all the time — that’s what keeps the balloon inflated.​

●​ In water, the molecules near the bottom of a tank are under more pressure due to
both collisions and weight above.​