Analyzing Descriptive

Statistics (Part 2)
By: Dr Nurhayani Romeo
 3.1 GRAPHICAL TECNIQUES
3.1.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data

For quantitative data, we will learn about

i. time series graph
ii. frequency distribution table
iii. histogram
iv. frequency polygon
v. stem-and-leaf
vi. ogive
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph

• Graph that represents data that

occur over a specific period time of
time
• The graph is popular because their
visual characteristics reveal data
trends clearly and these graphs are
easy to create.
• A line graph is a visual comparison
of how two variables shown on the
x-axis and y-axis are related or vary
with each other.
3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)

Example 1
A doctor wishes to use the following
data for a presentation to show the
trend of dengue death from year 2007
until 2015. Draw a time series graph
for the data and summarize the
findings.
3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)

Count

Time

The graph shows a rise in number of dengue death through 2007 until
2010, and slowly decreases for the years 2011 and 2012. However, start
from 2013, it dramatically increases until 2015.
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS Creating Time Series

Step 1: Open Variable View Key in 2 Variables Name: Year and Dengue
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 2: Key in data given in Data View
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 3: Click Graph Menu Choose Chart Builder
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 4: Select Scatter/Dot from the Choose from box in the bottom-left-hand corner of the Chart
Builder dialogue box, as red circle below:
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 5: Drag-and-drop the top-left-hand option.
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 6: Drag the variable, Year, to the x-axis, and Dengue, to the y-axis. Click Ok.
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 7: From the Output Navigator, Double click to activate the Chart Editor.
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 8: Choose Add interpolation line on top of right tab.
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
It draws a line that connect every dot across the bottom.
 3.1.2.1 Time Series Graph (cont)
Step 9: Click on the dot, so they all selected. Press Delete button.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table
In Table 5, we show the example of quantitative of data where the variable involved is the
examination scores.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
When working with large quantitative data sets, it is often helpful to organize and summarize data
by constructing table called frequency distribution.

Steps to construct the frequency distribution are as follows:

1. Decide the number of classes by using Sturge’s formula, 𝑐 = 1 + 3.3 log 𝑛
= 1 + 3.3 log 45
= 6.4556
≈𝟔
2. Identify the class width or size of the class,
range
𝑖= , where range = highest − lowest
𝑐
45−6
=
6
= 6.5
≈𝟕
3. Decide the starting point of the class limit. Usually choose smallest
number, which is 6.
3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Steps to construct the frequency distribution are as follows (cont):
4. Identify the class limit, lower boundary and upper boundary.
Lower boundary = lower limits of the 1st class − 0.5
= 𝟓. 𝟓
upper limits of the class − lower limits of the next class
Upper boundary =
2
12+13
=
2
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
Class width = upper boundary − lower boundary
= 12.5 − 5.5
=𝟕

5. Determine the frequency of each class by using counting or tally method.

3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
The class midpoints are the value in the middle of the classes.

lower boundary+upper boundary

Class midpoint =
2
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS

Step 1: Open Variable View Key in Variable Name: Score

 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 2: Key in data given in Data View
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 3: Go to Transform Menu Click on Visual Binning
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 4: From Visual Binning box, move the appropriate Variables to the Variables to Bin. Click
Continue.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 5: Create by written Grouped in Binned Variable as seen in red circle. Both minimum and
maximum values been stated.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 6: Choose Excluded in Upper Endpoints as seen in red circle. Click on Make Cutpoints.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 7: Write 1 in First Cutpoint Location, Number of Cutpoints and Width. Click Apply.

Min value
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Now you can see that some values have been generated.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 8: Click Make Labels, then the highest value is 41. You can change this manually.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 9: Write 46 on HIGH as seen in red circle. Click Ok.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
You can see the label for 46 is missing as seen in red circle.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 10: Click Make Labels to generate class for 46, then click Ok .

Max value included

 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 11: Click Ok button again – 2x.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
You can see another column has been created in Data View.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 12: Click on Analyze Menu Descriptive Statistics Choose Frequencies
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
Step 13: Move variable Statistics Test Click on the into Variable (s) box
Step 14: Make sure tick Display frequency tables as seen in red circle. Click Ok.
 3.1.2.2 Frequency Distribution Table (cont)
The Output of Frequency Distribution Table:
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot
• method for visualizing the frequency with which certain classes of values occurs.
• each value are separated into two parts which are stem (on the left hand side) and leaf
(on the right hand side).
• The plot can help us to understand the distributional of data either symmetry, skew to
the left or skew to the right:
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Example:

The results of 22 students for a quiz of 30 multiple choice question are recorded as follows. Display
the data with a stem and leaf plot.
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Identify the stem and left (distinct each value in two parts). From the data, we can see that
the minimum number is 7 and the maximum number is 39. Meaning that, it is consisting
two digits. The first digit 0, 1, 2 and 3 can be used as a stem, while the leaf consists the
second digit. Draw a vertical line to separate stem and leaf. Stem at the left hand side, leaf
at the right hand side.

Stem Leaf
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Answer:

Stem Leaf
0 7 8 8 9
1 0 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 9
2 3 4 6 6 7 8
3 1 9
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS

Step 1: Open Variable View Key in Variable Name: Quiz

 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Step 2: Key in data given in Data View
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Step 3: Click on Analyze Menu Descriptive Statistics Choose Explore
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Step 4: Move variable Quiz to Dependent List
Step 5: Click Plots
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
Step 6: Check if the option Stem and Leaf is ticked as seen in red circle. Click Continue.
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot (cont)
You can choose to only Display Statistics, only Plots or Both.
Step 7: Click Ok
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot(cont)
The Output of Stem and Leaf:
 3.1.2.3 Stem and Leaf Plot(cont)
At the same time, you can see the Output of Box and Whisker Plot too:
 3.1.2.4 Histogram
• A graph that displays the data continuous vertical bar of various heights to represent the
frequencies of the classes.
• The bars in histogram are drawn adjacent to each other without leaving any gap between
them.
• Steps for constructing a frequency distribution are:

• Represent the class boundaries on the x-axis and

1
the frequency on the y-axis.

• Using the frequencies as the heights, draw

2
vertical bars for each class.
 3.1.2.4 Histogram (cont)
Example

The following Table 7 shows the summary of certain data that have been collected in one
research.
 3.1.2.4 Histogram (cont)
By using the data from Table 7, the histogram can be drawn.
 3.1.2.4 Histogram (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS

Step 1: Open Frequency Distribution Table (Data) - Score

 3.1.2.4 Histogram (cont)
Step 2: Click on Graph Menu Choose Histogram
 3.1.2.4 Histogram (cont)
Step 3: Click on the scale variable(s) of which you want a histogram to move it to the Variable.
Step 4: Click Ok.
 3.1.2.4 Histogram (cont)
Output of Histogram
 3.1.2.5 Frequency Polygon
• The alternative way to present the frequency distribution.
• A graph that displays the data by plotting frequencies against the class midpoints or
joining midpoints at the top of each histogram bar.
 3.1.2.5 Frequency Polygon (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS

Step 1: Open Frequency Distribution Table (Data) - Score

 3.1.2.5 Frequency Polygon (cont)
Step 2: Click on Graph Menu Choose Chart Builder
 3.1.2.5 Frequency Polygon (cont)
Step 3: Click on Line as seen in red circle.
Step 4: Drag the single line to the Chart preview.
 3.1.2.5 Frequency Polygon (cont)
Step 5: Drag Statistics Test (Binned) to the x- axis in Chart preview. Click Ok.
 3.1.2.5 Frequency Polygon (cont)
Output of Frequency Polygon

Simple Line Count of Statistics Test (Binned)

14

12

10

8
Count

0
<6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20 - 26 27 - 33 34 - 40 41 - 45 41+
Statistics Test (Binned)
 3.1.2.6 Cumulative Frequency Curve / Ogive
• is the sum of the frequencies accumulated up to the upper boundaries of the class.
• Before drawing a cumulative frequency curve, a cumulative frequency table which
comprises of the upper boundaries columns must be constructed first.
3.1.2.6 Cumulative Frequency Curve / Ogive (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS

Step 1: Open Frequency Distribution Table (Data) - Score

 3.1.2.6 Cumulative Frequency Curve / Ogive (cont)
Step 2: Click on Graph Menu Choose Line
 3.1.2.6 Cumulative Frequency Curve / Ogive (cont)
Step 3: Choose Simple Click Define
3.1.2.6 Cumulative Frequency Curve / Ogive (cont)
Step 4: Click on the scale variable(s) of which you want an ogive to move it to the Category Axis.
Step 5: Click Cum % from Line Represents as seen in red circle.
3.1.2.6 Cumulative Frequency Curve / Ogive (cont)
Step 6: Click Ok. Output of an ogive.

12000.0%

10000.0%

8000.0%
Cumulative Percent

6000.0%

4000.0%

2000.0%

0.0%
6 - 12 13 - 19 20 - 26 27 - 33 34 - 40 41 - 45
Statistics Test (Binned)
3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation

Mean Mode Median

the most common number the middle of the set of
the average of a data set
in a data set numbers

Use the mean to describe Arrange the data either When you have unusual
the sample with the in ascending or values, you can compare
single value that descending order, then the mean and the median
represents the center the middle value is your to decide which is the
of the data. median better measure to use.
3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation (cont)

SD
the most common measure of dispersion.

is the average distance from one to another points of

data.
3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation (cont)
Let’s practice using SPSS

Step 1: Open Entering Data / Raw Data

 3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation (cont)
Step 2: Click on Analyze Menu Descriptive Statistics Choose Frequencies
 3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation (cont)
Step 3: Click on any data of which you want to calculate by move it to the Variable (s).
Step 4: Click Statistics.
 3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation (cont)
Step 5: Choose any Frequencies Statistics that you want. Click Continue. Then, click Ok.
 3.2 Mean, Mode, Median And Standard Deviation (cont)
Output

From Figure, the mean score for English, Malay and

Mathematics subjects are 41.28, 46.66 and 40.90
respectively. The median values obtained are 51 for
both English and Malay and 40 for Mathematics. The
standard deviation for these subjects are 24.074,
22.255 and 17.522 respectively. The minimum scores
for English subject are 2 and maximum are 75. While
6 is the minimum and 76 is the maximum scores for
Malay. Next, the minimum and maximum value for
Mathematics subject is 16 and 86.
Thank you