ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Standard Condition
Part 1
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Source of Energy:
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝐻𝑉 where:
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
ma/f mexhaust 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
IP
IP = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
FP
BP = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
BP
EP = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
A. Indicated Power - power done in the cylinder and measured by an
indicator.
Solving first the indicated mean effective pressure:
𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝐴𝑐 , 𝑚2 ) 𝑠. 𝑠. ,
𝑚
𝑃𝑚𝐼 =
ℓ, 𝑚
where: 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑠. 𝑠. = 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
ℓ = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑
Therefore: IP = 𝑃𝑚𝐼 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝐿 𝑥 𝑁𝑠 in kW
where: 𝑃𝑚𝐼 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜋𝐷2
A = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = ; 𝑚2
4
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒
𝑛
𝑐 𝑎 (2)
𝑁𝑠 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 60
𝑠
again: 𝑐 − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑎 − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑛 − 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑠 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒
B. Brake Power / Shaft Power / Developed Power → power delivered to the
shaft measured by (a) for low speed – prony brake, and (b) for high speed
- dynamometer
Standard Prony Brake Arrangement
Where Brake Tare (Tare wt.) is the effective weight of the brake arm when
brake band in loose
so that, Torque (T) = net scale x arm, kN-m
T = 𝑃𝑛 x 𝐿 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑡. −𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑊𝑡. 𝑥 𝐿
2𝜋𝑇𝑛 𝜋𝑇𝑛 , in KW
therefore: 𝐵𝑃 = =
60 30
or: 𝐵𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚𝐵 x 𝐴 x 𝐿 x 𝑁𝑆 , in KW
𝑃𝑚𝐵 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
where:
C. Mechanical Efficiency
𝐵𝑃
𝜂𝑚 = × 100% Variation of the equation is given by:
𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐵𝑃
𝑃𝑚𝐵 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁𝑆
= × 100%
𝑃𝑚𝐼 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁𝑆 so that, 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐼𝑃 − 𝐵𝑃
𝑃𝑚𝐵
= × 100% 𝐼𝑃 − 𝐹𝑃
𝑃𝑚𝐼 thus, 𝜂𝑚 = 𝑥 100%
𝐼𝑃
𝐹𝑃
= 1− 𝑥 100%
𝐼𝑃
D. Generator Efficiency
𝐸𝑃
𝜂𝑔 = × 100%
𝐵𝑃
E. Combined Mechanical and Electrical Efficiency
𝜂𝑀𝐸 = 𝜂𝑚 × 𝜂𝑔
[Link]/search?q=diesel+engine+generator
Example 1: An engine has 14 cylinders, with a 13.6 cm bore, and a 15.2 cm
stroke, and develops 2,850 KW at 1800 rpm. The clearance volume of each
cylinder is 380 𝑐𝑚3 . Determine (a) compression ratio, and (b) brake mean
effective pressure.
Given:
𝑐 = 14 𝐵𝑃 = 2,850 𝐾𝑊
𝐷 = 13.6 𝑐𝑚 𝑛 = 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐿 = 15.2 𝑐𝑚 𝑉2 = 380 𝑐𝑚3
[Link]/Thermodynamics-What-is-cut-off-ratio-How-does-it-affect-the-thermal-
efficiency-of-a-diesel-engine
Required:
(a) compression ratio, 𝑟𝑘 then:
(b) brake mean effective pressure, 𝑃𝑚𝐵 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉𝐷
𝑉1 = 380 + 2,208.062
Solution:
(a) compression cycle = 2,588.062 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉1
𝑟𝑘 = thus:
𝑉2
Since: 2,588.062 𝑐𝑚3
𝑟𝑘 = 3
= 6.81
380 𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁𝑠
𝜋 13.6 2
= 15.2 = 2,208.061𝑐𝑚3
4
(b) brake mean effective pressure, 𝑃𝑚𝐵
𝐵𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚𝐵 × 𝑉𝐷
𝐵𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚𝐵 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁𝑆
𝐵𝑃
Thus: 𝑃𝑚𝐵 =
𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁𝑆
𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
2,850 ;
𝑃𝑚𝐵 = 𝑠
1800
𝜋 0.136 𝑚 2 14 × 1 × 60 × 2 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒
0.152 𝑚 ;
4 4 𝑠
𝑘𝑁
= 6,146.31 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚
Example 2: Calculate the bore and stroke of a six cylinder engine that delivers
22.4 KW at 1,800 rpm with a ratio of bore to stroke of 0.71. Assume the mean
effective pressure in the cylinder is 620 kPa, and the mechanical efficiency is
85%.
Given:
𝐵𝑃 = 22.4 𝐾𝑊
𝑐=6
𝑛 = 1,800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐷
= 0.71 𝑃𝑚𝑖 = 620 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐿
Note: The bore to stroke ratio gives you a 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ. 𝐸𝑓𝑓. = 85%
hint of what type of an engine you dealing
with:
• D/L > 1 it is more likely a gasoline
engine.
• D/L < 1 it is more likely a diesel engine
Solution:
𝐵𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚𝐵 × 𝐴 × 𝐿 × 𝑁𝑆
𝑃𝑚𝐵
where: 𝜂𝑚 = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑚𝐼
𝑃𝑚𝐵 = 0.85 620 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 527 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Also: 𝐵𝑃
𝐿×𝐴=
𝑃𝑚𝐵 × 𝑁𝑆
22.4 𝐾𝑊
𝐿×𝐴=
1,800
6 × 1 × × 2
527 𝑘𝑃𝑎 60
4
𝜋𝐷2
(𝐿) = 0.0004722 𝑚3
4
𝐷
But: 𝐿=
0.71
Therefore:
𝐷 𝜋𝐷2
= 0.0004722 𝑚3
0.71 4
𝐷3 1.0619 = 0.0004722 𝑚3
𝐷 = 0.0753 𝑚 ≈ 7.53 𝑐𝑚
𝐿 = 0.10606 𝑚 ≈ 10.61 𝑐𝑚
