G LAS S PR ODU C TS 12.

1 9
Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight
inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Sheet Glass AA, A, B SS 3/32 (2.4) 60 × 60 (1525 × 1525) 1.22 • Verify maximum sizes with
DS 1/8 (3.2) 60 × 80 (1525 × 2030) 1.63 glass manufacturer.
Float or Plate Mirror 1/4 (6.4) 75 sf (7 m2) 3.28 • Any glass 1/8" (3.2) or thicker can
Glazing 1/8 (3.2) 74 × 120 (1880 × 3050) 1.64 be tempered, except for patterned
1/4 (6.4) 128 × 204 (3250 × 5180) 3.28 or wired glass; tempered glass
5/16 can also be incorporated into
Heavy Float or Plate Glazing (7.9) 124 × 200 (3150 × 5080) 4.10
3/8 insulating or laminated glass
(9.5) 124 × 200 (3150 × 5080) 4.92
1/2 units.
(12.7) 120 × 200 (3050 × 5080) 6.54
5/8 • Reflective coatings may be
(15.9) 120 × 200 (3050 × 5080) 8.17
3/4 applied to float, plate, tempered,
(19.1) 115 × 200 (2920 × 5080) 9.18
7/8 laminated, or insulating glass.
(22.2) 115 × 200 (2920 × 5080) 11.45
Patterned Glass Various 1/8 (3.2) 60 × 132 (1525 × 3355) 1.60
patterns 7/32 (5.6) 60 × 132 (1525 × 3355) 2.40
Wired Glass Polished-mesh 1/4 (6.4) 60 × 144 (1525 × 3660) 3.50
Patterned-mesh 1/4 (6.4) 60 × 144 (1525 × 3660) 3.50
Parallel wires 7/32 (5.6) 54 × 120 (1370 × 3050) 2.82
1/4 (6.4) 60 × 144 (1525 × 3660) 3.50
3/8 (9.5) 60 × 144 (1525 × 3660) 4.45
Laminated Glass (2) 1/8" float 1/4 (6.4) 72 × 120 (1830 × 3050) 3.30
Heavy float 3/8 (9.5) 72 × 120 (1830 × 3050) 4.80
1/2 (12.7) 72 × 120 (1830 × 3050) 6.35
5/8 (15.9) 72 × 120 (1830 × 3050) 8.00
Tinted Glass Bronze 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64 • Solar energy transmission reduced
3/16 (4.8) 120 × 144 (3050 × 3660) 2.45 35% to 75%
1/4 (6.4) 128 × 204 (3250 × 5180) 3.27 • Visible light transmission reduced
3/8 (9.5) 124 × 200 (3150 × 5080) 4.90 32% to 72%
1/2 (12.7) 120 × 200 (3050 × 5080) 6.54
Gray 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64
3/16 (4.8) 120 × 144 (3050 × 3660) 2.45
1/4 (6.4) 128 × 204 (3250 × 5180) 3.27
3/8 (9.5) 124 × 200 (3150 × 5080) 4.90
1/2 (12.7) 120 × 200 (3050 × 5080) 6.54
Insulating Glass Glass edge units
(2) 3/32" sheets 3/16" air space 3/8 (9.5) 10 sf (0.9 m2) 2.40 • R-value = 1.61
(2) 1/8" sheets 3/16" air space 7/16 (11.1) 24 sf (2.2 m2) 3.20 • R-value = 1.61
Metal edge units
(2) 1/8" 1/4" air space 1/2 (12.7) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 • R-value = 1.72
1
Sheet, plate, or float /2" air space 3/4 (19.1) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 • R-value = 2.04
(2) 3/16" 1/4" air space 5/8 (15.9) 34 sf (3.2 m2) 4.90 • R-values for units w/ 1/2" (12.7)
Plate or float 1/2" air space 7/8 (22.2) 42 sf (3.8 m2) 4.90 air space and low-e coating:
1
(2) /4" 1/4" air space 3/4 (19.1) 50 sf (4.6 m2) 6.54 e = 0.20, R = 3.13
Plate or float 1/2" air space 1 (25.4) 70 sf (6.5 m2) 6.54 e = 0.40, R = 2.63
e = 0.60, R = 2.33
*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
12.2 0 NAI LS

• 4d • 6d • 8d • 10d • 12d • 16d • 20d Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end
11/2" 2" 21/2" 3" 31/4" 31/2" 4" pointed and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering
(38) (51) (64) (75) (85) (90) (100) into wood or other building materials as a fastener.

Material
• Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of
aluminum, copper, brass, zinc, or stainless steel.
• Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
• The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.

Length and Diameter of the Shank

• Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
• Common nails • For general construction (2d to 60d) • Nails range in length from 2d, about 1" (25) long, to 60d,
about 6" (150) long.
• Nail length should be about 3 × thickness of the material
• Box nails • For light construction (2d to 40d) being secured.
• Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
• Casing nails • For finish work (2d to 40d) hardwood rather than for softwood.

Form of the Shank

• Finishing nails • For cabinetry (2d to 20d) • For greater gripping strength, nail shafts may be
serrated, barbed, threaded, fluted, or twisted.
• Nail shafts may be cement-coated for greater resistance
• Flooring nails • For fastening floor boards to withdrawal, or be zinc-coated for corrosion resistance.

Nail Heads
• Cut nails • For wood flooring • Flat heads provide the largest amount of contact area
and are used when exposure of the heads is acceptable.
• The heads of finish nails are only slightly larger than the
• Roofing nails • For fastening shingles shaft and may be tapered or cupped.
• Double-headed nails are used for easy removal in
temporary construction and concrete formwork.
• Double-headed nails • For temporary structures
Nail Points
• Most nails have diamond-shaped points.
• Masonry nails • For hammering into concrete or masonry • Sharp-pointed nails have greater holding strength but
may tend to split some woods; blunt points should be
used for easily split woods.
• Spikes • For fastening heavy timbers
Power-Driven Fasteners
• Pneumatic nailers and staplers, driven by a compressor,
• Power-driven studs • For driving into concrete or steel are capable of fastening materials to wood, steel, or
concrete.
• Powder-driven fasteners use gunpowder charges to drive a
variety of studs into concrete or steel.

CSI MasterFormat 06 06 00: Schedules for Wood, Plastics, and Composites

 S C REW S & BO LT S 12.2 1
Screws
Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically • Wood screw
threaded shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven
into wood or the like by turning, as with a screwdriver. • Drywall screw
Because of their threaded shafts, screws have greater
holding power than nails, and are more easily removable. • Machine screw
The more threads they have per inch, the greater their
gripping strength. Screws are classified by use, type of • Self-tapping screw
head, material, length, and diameter. • Flat head
• Material: steel, brass, aluminum, bronze, stainless steel • Sheet metal screw
• Lengths: 1/2" to 6" (13 to 150) • Oval head
• Diameters: up to 24 gauge • Cap screw
• Round head
The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8" (3) less • Set screw
than the combined thickness of the boards being joined, • Truss head
with 1/2 to 2/3 of the screw’s length penetrating the
base material. Fine-threaded screws are generally used • Pan head • Slotted head
for hardwoods while coarse-threaded ones are used for
softwoods. • Fillister head • Phillips head

Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to • Bugle head • Allen head
the base diameter of the threads. Some screws, such
as self-tapping and drywall screws, are designed to tap • Security head • Square drive
corresponding female threads as they are driven.

Bolts
Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a
head at one end, designed to be inserted through holes in • Lock nut • Machine bolt
assembled parts and secured by a mating nut. Carriage
bolts are used where the head may be inaccessible • Hexagonal head
during tightening. Lag bolts or screws are used in areas • Castellated nut • Square head
inaccessible to the placement of a nut or where an
exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a
joint fully. • Cap nut
• Lengths: 3/4" to 30" (75 to 760) • Carriage bolt
• Diameters: 1/4" to 11/4" (6 to 32) • Square neck

• Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber, or

plastic, used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint
to distribute pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction, • Spring-lock washer
or insulate incompatible materials.
• Lock washers are specially constructed to prevent a nut • Lag bolt or screw
from shaking loose. • External-tooth lock washer
• Load-indicating washers have small projections that are
progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the gap
between the head or nut and the washer indicating the
tension in the bolt.
12.2 2 MI SC ELLANEOU S FAS TENING S

• Expansion bolts are anchor bolts having a split casing that expands
mechanically to engage the sides of a hole drilled in masonry or concrete.
• Molly is a trademark for a brand of expansion bolt having a split, sleevelike
sheath threaded so that turning the bolt draws the ends of the sheath
together and spreads the sides to engage a hole drilled in masonry or the
inner surface of a hollow wall.

• Expansion shields are lead or plastic sleeves inserted into a predrilled hole
and expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it.

• Toggle bolts are used to fasten materials to plaster, gypsum board, and
other thin wall materials. They have two hinged wings that close against a
spring when passing through a predrilled hole and open as they emerge to
engage the inner surface of a hollow wall.

• Rivets are metal pins that are used for permanently joining two or more
structural steel members by passing a headed shank through a hole in
each piece and hammering down the plain end to form a second head. Their
use has been largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques of
bolting or welding.
• Explosive rivets, used when a joint is accessible from one side only, have an
explosive-filled shank that is detonated by striking the head with a hammer
to expand the shank on the far side of the hole.

Common types of adhesives: Adhesives

• Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where Adhesives are used to secure the surfaces of two materials together.
temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they Numerous types of adhesives are available, many of them tailor-made for use
may be weakened by exposure to heat or moisture. with specific materials and under specified conditions. They may be supplied in
• White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain, and the form of a solid, liquid, powder, or film; some require a catalyst to activate
is slightly resilient. their adhesive properties. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations
• Epoxy resins are extremely strong and may be used in the use of an adhesive. Important considerations in the selection of an
to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they adhesive include:
may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, • Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile and shear
epoxy glues will set at low temperatures and under wet stresses and weakest in resisting cleavage or splitting stresses.
conditions. • Curing or setting time: This ranges from immediate bonding to curing times
• Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof, and durable of up to several days.
for outdoor use, but they are flammable and their dark • Setting temperature range: Some adhesives will set at room temperature
color may show through paint. while others require baking at elevated temperatures.
• Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore • Method of bonding: Some adhesives bond on contact while others require
does not require clamping. It is generally used to secure clamping or higher pressures.
large sheet materials such as plastic laminate. • Characteristics: Adhesives vary in their resistance to water, heat, sunlight,
and chemicals, as well as their aging properties.