"~4¥¥4UUUUULDUDUVULEEEEnyy | arid a Probability Theoty aud Stochastic Procite Duit-) Probability Tha oy: | SET DEFINITIONS: ‘ boa cotlecton of objects 5 +A seb the objects axe Called elemento of she bet and \ | f i may be* Cong teins j £4! Suk of voltages » Seb of elas _ ‘etl A set be usually clonelad by a capit | : lowe | a hd wcepromnled boy a SO case Lotti." : Doe Tha ‘a Bo onw clomenl- of so a aca: ae | ip wo inet san clement of Ae | woe age | A sob Apecipied by jhe Conte of two braces | $2. Thee too metndls | -exctatoyy fee Apecipging he tonttct } Tabubai multiod /rostor 2 Rule, mothod | cet build form. Tabular mitrod: n this method , tho clematis are, enumerated explicitly #: All itu! bhveen 5 and 10 would be £67,8,94 . fRule_method: A seth content to defermines by some rue. “Auth os 3 iutegect blo 54 mg This method oo wefel when the bie io Sosge Countatle set: A be in bald ty bo countable f° ib ‘elument Con be pub in eur -to-oue Covrespovolene wet tr the nokwal Rumbess - | Uncoumdette heb af a Bek not countable | then wb ds yncounrotle * ke Rube method, a cats depnsd bg tote A common prepay possensed by doe. ehemenls 8 ee get, in Commen | : B= er plot. ; | A vabdud bar can also be used 1 the place | | Spe colon (:) - : ba: qhe cok Atl 4a, \bs 254 io wen @& Aofartek, | whore K.a, nobwol : : yumbr <5). ” Rcbability theory, Tukodinced pe pebing horned Tordomyus nabrse op problema. Probeabil he resins, prob able. Sa 90 at and hie wer appl ed rrobobilty fe exkoad- au infin poe radon Lato) FignelLVG 744s uoUuUUUEyY, wuterest - To accompli tke fA _ Matemattd Coneps €alled random vasralilas. - Inctroduction fe probabili fandom signal, -4 random signa ty a Hew tant that can be Chasackeriged only In Some proba- -biliebe manner: $n qenual tk aan, be efor davined 07 und ovired wove per £4: i hthen WE, tafe a broadcast wadio receiv, the wavefeun couusieg the: ‘pice’, when obseaved on an oscilloscope ,. would appear ao wit tine vonderly fluichabing -velkage : “ Ue be underiratle ,, Anew ‘te Pugems od Quilty bo Rekha ‘wot progian, and 2 weir me bik akan, J. Inpoemadion SPUR pee orpeee br ae cwind. “ped pied 4. yarouds weather Conolibows fuck the. donsity aud’ giip) cloud apeat wet ie 9 ae two fosvgs bp Ww Cone Charartenrying ravdiom Aetgnels or of- a vasiely pow dascr a ae ' qt yandom’ P blo ee fia prow ‘ ti 2 How be bong ie audom (a of $0 as t creole “he nm interest rat thon we shall modu“= To accomplish tho second, wo. shall ontop Onset matremakial conmpt called a wandem prow. lf ew probabilaty tarovy . . > Severo approaches | ectat per the ception and dixewwion ‘of probabilihy. > oniy two Of hase dae voorty of modun — Lae Conidaxaton while all ethers we mately of hurtoritad fntevert. > Fired depiiben user relabive LAE deftiition of probability turtich gives» A Op phiptal truighly ushich i popular toh + Second approach wich oxiomatie: definition. Leh te’ met mattematicaly ‘soded ‘of al approaches. those Conceple are ba ' : ’ ! | : ' | Pov ty the {vin oduichion “of tho. lonu - of probability bu racaany ‘pak “to0 ‘pral- develop carton glenn te of sek thactyEIN COG CULELULUE ENVY SuOOnN aN, eS Wi Pa number of alement fs’ called ~ set Fille set- A $12,344 A get tthe Tu piite Number Of elements 9 AL _ seb = a Lakeger sy Nall cal . A sot which Covtain «no elimenb bs called denoted & Null set/ Emphy cet] veld set and ta ‘ g:.. ‘ fe . . mulsple of 2, ee odd Single kon ser: : j ' . cabled ae coutal wing onl [One element St eal set af . “te Ae teh ina : ; i “Subset: bel te < > If weq olément « 4 a, gee A also brows ae ‘9 calted a subset op B- : Ac nw ACH. rides ta , > ap 4 te nat a subst of b BAe oe w AGB> myewny get ty th aubseh Ce ACR > Ntullace th ag Aubsee of ang Aah A be ped, “> Acw $ Bac then ACG. Sp a Ath A" cowlaing 'n! elemen then A will have 9” subseh - Sqi Let vied Mun { mebath os0 14% by, Sach, {iC ona © , fay fb} > Ip Ab a Aubsee Bf B then ® bo neperred| At RDA. cc +o as Aupersel, of. A+, wollen ou, ce > Any Subset A ba sald 2 be a propor © [- } puek 120% Subse of another het Pip oA tay Subs qe . and the atleast na element Of & z dtat doe not belong to 4 ie Ach and AEB-C Cc eq: Ar $164 » Be 31,4463, ; é oa 4Ah a propr subst of BR lone as é ACB TWO, peta A and & ase egual (ho : ow ty thotr mombers ‘on AAML - ; : ‘ c Catversal_sak: : f © DEG an non-emphy sok fot which ong tele Lunde comvideabion to %, Sub sel - ee ow siine BySvoy get ty fh subsee Ge ACH > Nullace bb gq subse of ang see A be PCA > Ace $ Bec thn ACG. | ae Sy a det ~A' cowtains ‘n! clemena then “A witli} have 27 subseb - a Sq: Leb AS fa.b,cg Han to subse O98 $b, faz $b}, feh, Yaby, gach, 1c ‘sion § > Tp Aw a sub see bp B then & ia vejened « to as Auperset, of 4, written ous ae e ‘ > Ang subsct Ab ald te be o propo ‘ i \ ° i ‘ Subset — of another Se & ipod fas suback 76 and true vo atleast one elemont Of & ; teak do not belong te4- Le Ach and Ate. eg: Ae fneh 7 Be th 48s, , | > 4 hb a propre subst oF BR, ola neotdtur a ACB. Two, aes and aw eaual th aud uly ty thoix members ‘one £AmL - : Cuiversal seb: ‘ 7, Y oh? Norge e ich any see Wd comvidmabion ts &. kub sob . f> | nol th TW avbeth ve ACR / Ree eee At yuh Ug eure aye pie pe > Ach fF bac Nha ACG “> Yy a Atl “A covdaina ty! alements then A wil) hove 9” cubseb “> Ip Ah a hubseh by he tun & » oye c Lot Ae jab0% Nun (W yubsey O40. ; Rg. n25 a , 4% Avy fets Sask’ fare, 1H 1 fab, & do as Auporned, of A, uveMery 24 Bn. ! ” ~ Any Aubsd A b sald to be oa POO On co Lube — of anokhes hie & ip A te. Subse 5Oe and dthrve % abbosf one alemank Of c has coe wot belong toh fe Act, ond AEBS a: c y e > hh a poopy tub 1B oP donetid a acpi. two sets & and & ast eouos tf aud © only t Wain rarer oss. Orne - Ars by 4 Be £1, 4,63, eA oe Tb an non.-emphy | rhe hoe wh Wd. condlpabion ho shoot, "4 “ ee te eediagcany Ft a pletorial — vepresontabon of cel. the set by Yepresent ed by the futertor of universal Qa recta wgte ' | | > Ms Subse are represented 4b draw kittiin tte vechangee ° + A ba Subse oF By Hen ebrete representing ho seh A ob dtawn within The chrete represenFng dhe Seb B- > a te sea + and.& have no Common elemen hey aut disjoint seb: They One pepresented Ciretoy WHE RO Commer Ana © ° Te the cob + and B an net disjoint be ane. representes by Clretes useee , Soma, Commen Gf) ° =~ = gj P- } x] wer and xen). ‘ < ‘ if 5 ef 3. Complement: The abs elute Complument + oF conte Oh a Sh A hh te sok of cloments Wal— fo he Wdiven sal get U and does not _ belong to 4 aud 6 denotid os Ac- nevis) ZAZAwEevVVvEDETT YS e CVvVvVVVVVUUUUUUUYU > The Appecne of fwd zety A and &, ato refered bo os relative Complman of © wrt a bh tha set of eteranh — belong by A and not belong to a. The b denotid as 8. AND on Now o&& Avh > A\O -$xfrenr, 4m}, Alge bra_ of Sela 1) Traspendend law a) AvA> A by Ana = a >: Dwsoviative Low’: a) (Ave)ue ~ AUB) — an (aoe) 2 piskabubive laws: a) sulend= avedaaes)’ by 40 (809 an autand: 7) Idenbh, Laws; a Aub: Are woh D auU: ¢) ANU: yA. d) Ang-= ¢g 6) Complement laws WY svat. y ) anat= 4 ee OA = Ae 4) 4Uc. e) go =0 +) Demorgan « lows D Auey aSnat B) (ana) ~ afvas, Poockuct Sof: aR. produek of two 4eh oy el Ba deb oF all ordered pairs (a,b) shoe aes and bee 4 denstid as AXA. ARBs {obiaed bes}, “Fo ASE T e=faay Axw = x0 10), Ctr) 1 C2 aSl2.15)}> _ 222 PC PUUUUDOELUEVVYYY N Beblems bokek Us Sabedetgy: Asfabede} &= Sa, egh 1 C$ be dg] pind a ave - uU- ‘ cre s Coes Shieh i} beg pe ecepy ec) cfna = faced? x . e ny ee d) Caves) = i aye det $7 3012-98 on =f pa pedeye batty © ~ fob ah goer 4 | joven} e) BAA = face egy 1 Sa,b,¢,be} 2 4) ‘efuc = Sa,ce.q}u foe hah: . > fbi th vp betas ~3 bem as p (aro* 3 Caney fpamieteh~ fo ebt 5 2 Saedy > foetias h) Ana) - fpametegnt tai} Fg= U below, shade 2 On dhe ven diagcdm shown os by ofva 6) BAAS od) BAe ) dyeSot’ nee J aa) A\GB = AWB 4 oe a C2 4 : 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ( 4 4) WAS 2 fufrenh EAT = Pxsren, cee snes ‘“YY ADOUNIY YS fe kab A = $2,349) Be $355 reofsak, Belen product se AKERS i | 3 (St Sickest ph yr fe? . sat; goo ; ee . at! cae + : _ ae oO 3-3 —~+ ee ey ry : < ee ic 1,3), G4) ’ (2) 3,3), (23,4) ? (2) 5,4) 4 (843), 4) of 33,3,Q8)3 (3 5,3) ) 13,5,4)} : (2.5,Counting Techuetgue These techniques ae also vopeund > £2 as — nabeul Analy - There technique are fet deliminy the number Of outcomes An experiment without direct numeration beg Couting . : The basic prncple of countg ts at % "th ome acbuily y performed fA ky di voays aud Abt thing second cacti) done fn kK differed von ss ele, aud ff able the = nth ackwty ta ky Aff ferent: sways, Hen | cpanel we aU thee n achiiba can ke pi : ‘ Kr ky kn Upp exent Ways: ‘ * A person has 2 pens aud 5. Pendle e-bay | B® select a peo and then OH pened. i ‘ 7 , 15 . 1 j Sot! pe 15 Ways Lo kek us Conidae 2 pew be Pry Po, Py aud © penis by YEYEI Va, Yo YE - P, Se The Aree Pocs\ le © ol Zs DAL a4 ‘ tp U1) nn) (A 1%s)(P, ws) ZN ds So Chive) (Pv) (4%) cx le iS G05) (ean) (Pas) (Pa,003) y. en (ta, uy) (P, uc) ‘iae A vrangema nf of nt! dinbinct object iy, ways in called permutation , foc erxampk ABC can be Orvang ed in & Ai}fere WG as ABC, WAC, BCA, ACA, CAB, COA - Ths thet ase G6 diffuse — pemutabou fot 2eloman be permulid — In genoa ‘p *n' elements ae Lo : in then dt pirat element con bo auusngsd . n aifpomnt wap, gecend alemend can la anonged = ae “y Uned v0 curd so” fa tnd sony td Hed 0 ty elms s . > > ~ : »~ Hence fee wembt- of pan gr} 2 al > el a) Ca ; . » 4 ] 7 out selected Sg ay oko ene Salman ok SUR > a tek containing nm elemin > : uta aut hun bg os. : eed 4 ange (neve) = 7 ce MP, : mitn-l) tn-)} p(n) = Mpa s | el on c-ny) Or > Mp rene be C01 J iAsb 5 of Hoo Letters ast al kee outs of ey ota than poate’ dl edt aab,aba; "baa? ' / Pie ati be pyecls of which 19, obj wookCs thee NMP nh : : Fa ate Thus from pet of 0,0 alite, ny objec ase a a difpoent- pssille pean mph 9 NeBL me a. 7 Comb inal ms, SelecBom of 7 clement ae x oO on element yal Prout qaun any nn” 4 tet prdab of elements fa Kowa as Com id taba The total Combinabru of ‘n’ element ag hak. a Hye fh given won (nay ++ s(n-e4) oat iil rh aaa Sample Space! A Sample Ape 4 Teumtustogy arsoutatad wth probally sey “a Ce Ng! bal Commats Of obk postiute outcomes oa random eepeabmenl/, Cock outcome b called Sample Poovat «, Expeel mek An. cere, “prow ied Cetin & Pred ace a Tesulh Ang Observed oH or Mul OL of tgp I Pebumuale "s pa ‘ed ie Predictors ‘exper . # Undettiondetic oy ag peu ment I Debecmink abe & : bubcome cas hehe Pea mae Sho ry BSN Me, predicted with ¢ : Por tena ep Ulnient ty kung etodys “she Expelnenk » . 7 Wn, A BARE Din nnLEO E YG ~— ~~ _ _ _ ~ - - ~ = - Pandom (rpetinunt © he resulli ef an obaervalron asc Called 4 Cub conus PE tne cxpeciment + An experimenl & called a rondom exptimod Gib Oukcone cannot ke medicted. Typical — examples of Qa yaudom erpedioenk aut toe roll of o die, te foas of a cin. drawing a card fiom ao clock or cunctivg a usage wignsl for tramimicion pom Sever = mews sq Plad dhe Aap pou fet dhe expttined of tossing a coin (a) one and 1b) twie - a) Thae axe two poste putcomes, heads ov tails thvy SeSuiry, \ by Thee One fom pow oukcomes . They are \ pales ef head and oily 2 Ths \ S= SHH WT, TH, TTS fq 2: snd “ta Kamyle space ae expences of Eoasing o coin vepeakely avd of Coumivg He number of fotses yoyuiwed unl Aa fest Appears * . che fudy3- of vole, tha doe. O48 ipl numba op oultomes . /te Samp ke space . Consider ro experiment — of tosaivg a coin Tht Sample space can ke | S=CHH, HT, THI TTY Te & calkd a fine omy le separ : Counka ‘wbinile Sample Space: Sie 2 bulb Consider Han bese Of Light Unb) tb bum oub ta -recomded $={0-D, 0:.01,0:0>: wk . . ° courte! The above; samp spa called F wpe sample spor Event: An event ‘a. aimaply a su of pore We Oubtomes, TO be mow apecpie » on overt We a Subse A op Tht tamper Apolo S. -: c 2h. hee AY ioe ‘the event amociated ow) te cpeimd Eye Lat fhe Aample space 6 WUD, U Se} Ay + An OAtn number o¢cuts te AyiSo Gh c c Cc Cc © c c : < sek of evens th hald by be exhautbied « ( ‘ { Tete ededlos alt he pr are Who ‘evandy » Ent In toweug A coin, he oubcome CON ky ett Head or Toul aud trex v powdle tubtome. wo oH So. an. Ort omee NAY, VUVUTTET TT EE —— ee i aa M Sxceluine Eventr: Two entnts A and & awe said to Me mutual e . ' clu ve ib Huy Cannot occur togattue * te Tp te oecurenu Of one of fee erm prechides tHe Occusenwe Of alk others thon ‘ f even is Aaid to ua mutually exncttmur + fq: in @ towing & Coin, both heod and tail Cannot happen’ ak the Aame Ree - Equally Mealy event Tk, one of te even cannsh We expected le prepuence to anpitecs Hren * to happen curr ewenle ate Said tp We equally Lia Eq: in | toss a coin, the tom of the hem . by the toll to equally Musly Tnolependsnt Events ; Two event ow. Said te be indepevrdent if Aoppentng ov foilue of one does not Oppel tne: happening or pad le pf other: DeplusHow of Probability ; sae qk goveral dxpinitiny at avalllotle ~stond fre probability. Arnong - depird Hows OAL ) Rulabve prepuency depo 2) Clawbual (or) Antomabe ole ftv Hon suck a seb oa= 1 a Relabre Frey van CANE defini ben 2G Consider frat an cxpesment © ts repeated — nHme and bt A'and & be two even asoctated whi E. Lab ny and Ng be Be num Of Fimes, that the enon A and event ® occu cumong Hoe nw vepebbiong vespecvele . ~“ The} = velabHye pep ueney of fut etnt A is in He WW vepebinu Of Eb defined ay 4 uc The relating ene, hos she whi properbes: re - pelle “F Okey 6 fy =] ff avd © ih A Pccurs every Hone among n tenant e 3B fy-o f aud ouly th Amotcuxs omong © he rapettion. 2 The Meaiting Value of the gelotye peyuen c 0 I dalled bo! te f ta OCcuvente 1 pro Uy, Of emus ¢ A be rl ass . < Play EU Lins #4» 2 le MA a0 oe® claws’ col Definition (0) dciomatic bepiaition An experiment sopeated number of Hrres» Event A pecuts kK t¥net’ Oh yp “A posithle outcomes . he probability of enen # can le defined ay =e favoualle outiomy ok wa PCa) Total no OF outcomes Axton of probability fot He bh oe PAV SI! This aviom étalis probability of ud) A [es soe ‘andl on equ be Zo’ @ equal to 1 and not a wugabre numba + Oe pose! ay ips * and. & ae mutnally exclunive p(4ve) ~ pCa) + PLA) > any nubs of ‘muku ally exe we REAR Cie Pry Ose aw P i wh), thew mutually exclude eve Phy UA, VAS) * plait PUA) 4 Hee f o The above axe also roped tp Atoms even - > wrive ort Ae uvuy CULULULLTTUTT IVE Tuo LUWVYY Fa y vue probability Problems on pecmochoshins aud combinations + How many permutabors aw tue fe four cc dakew from a 62- Cad deck ? Sot 6 : ! e Set, Sh]. BLXSIRSOKGT (2-4) (ayi = 6441400 «XA wach has Hive allele — fusm whom 0 3- 7 member — team bh, te be — golechecof fet a compel Hew Many Auch teank could be salected ? Sot: Beg = Sle A 213l IKK IX X : 3 (a Ta how many woays can 4 boys and 3 qs Shwe gl a row 4 oo 4 th) Tr how many ways com dry ah (a a vow ff cn “ihe boys and girl ose each fo dit togetar - on ‘ot. . . — e ta) #1, b) There ane two poserbilities . “4 21 Bs Pat GiGrG3, aud GiCrGs titra, Ov vo ' 7 4UR3l = aux =luy wary. + ce; Ra dbhal Hl ok 4 2eIYY + DEE Way 4) How man: © car number platis can be mode. tf toch ¢ h plate Contains a2 Attfeed te Her, petlowed By = 3 Aippernt aigib . : = : c Sol) Thue ave 2b liters ae PF) Pay c PRR (0.404) be omg? 2 The tal no: 6h plates 26 ¥ 2x LOX 4xg ~ Ligaoon, ¢ ) bol problem Uh the tral oligtt’ Ga c ) oe { t r PF nit wa 8 st ldigat po A‘ The total no of Pals = 26425 x9KaKe = Allsop.—— _—_ ra Be aah ex of dé ck peumdationg a foured from alll 04 the Letters OF th word peeve ELEVEN, ttanee Letter, auc alike Sol: in Ake word él —— = 10 LUST $0 6) How mony ef fhm begin avd end with Sot" = ° EXXx ne = - axgy2y): 24 4 ? By cy owl of them have, 36's togelt . Sot! the. piAbibbo aw oe xx GEER) XEEEXK, CEERI , mee 24 was - d) How mauy begs with E avd end with 0. EXXXXn Whe eis. &) 4 class tontains 9 boys and Sais a a) Sm how many ways can de kent A committee of 4) ») tow many of them will covbain akluo gids \ $ “ ©) Hors many. of foam, avi ll Contain exactty 7 ql 1 ~~ YUUYLY WHVVVET PTea ®. Ite, = 44s b) Alleat gue a : = 344 3ey-Aeg F 2:46, $3GqIG ~ 344 ie it e) 3e)-4¢, = 252 - Back bel Fag wlite and tte : fy mvade What to He proba~ Her order | A jan contains A sample OF Sy + “bthy took tae Cample & In fwhile ; black, white , black}! Se. tetal ways 5p, = 120 oF pes ; ug aived » WA 2CpRBCPICIACY = N27 Qepared probally = > ©of". & 4 die fs wodahted so dab even cumbia have Came Chowne of pee ee odd , numbers have He same chance of appessin and ech enor number fe hele as reds be appes as any odd number. Pind The prcbabjlh, dak ®) an evn number appears + a pam numbéss appears C) an odd number appears h 4) am edd prime numba appears black welole black .-vuuUY OVCULULLELEUUUUV YY YY oo}: a deb Py > ren MUMber Py 3 edd AUmbe Serf r, 3, 48 SY B evtn WUmbweys ound * zodd numbers . | BPP BPy =) “given Pye DPz_ a) pPlewn no) > P(2) + pla) +P 6) says tb pon = £22 4 ata aS > peg. Par V4 By P( Prime no) = P(2) + p(s) PS) Wee ee = 244 4 qa 4 2. ? (odd no) = Pu)t p(ay FP = LAgtg oe d Pp odal wime'ns) = » Pl P ie yy A bor contains 6 vn at auccuwnv 5 Bue bal Thee bolls ant . . te pro Pind ad, WWE andl Blue 2 trem We bot: do “ghawn In the Or : : ack ball i») replaced iy wet veflaud + Sot! pC ball ip wed) a 2 se r( 2° ball yb P(e pall bm wtat) = 4. ye 1 1S Isc,{o- OF joo Shidents , 60 ae 4 i fyanth , -F0 art thduyi Spaucish and 20 are f t | Qh a Shan Shusliping french and Spawleh Th » chosen at -voudom Haun, find det probabsiihy Haak due Stwolenk fo a) shwalepiag, French OF Spoussh SD shading peitear Prach! abv Spanish’. Sots, ) P(AUB) = Pla) + Pla) - PLANB) = "bo+5o0 “20 = 40 ro Po od 179 ey My, aw Cords Poskbntig. - i . “t 53 re 7 : wo Pa | Foke ¥ ooo , YR wth 9 : 26m (Zhe TS Bamenf Ta Spee igeb wy ce 2 ~_ m= RARNANANRAOHONNNANNE CHALE E fe \- Ate lee, L : “RL £3 3 : . 4 a 4 : 1 : “Yo g Vo. bt : rea ey, AS Py eg tae wick == BB : BR 18 = king iyy 4 fa Om cad % dawn from ula clack Of 52 Cardy kthat the Probability of the card being etthoy. a wed or telng 7 ao 3H! P(R) = 26, ~ 2% Hee Se Ba Paes ua Soy B2q Bp P (Rk) m2 eo S2q bh: . "OODLE YD P(RUK) = PR) 4 P(x) ~ P(enk) Faby. a a Brig Sk Bg na : ores ‘| RT One coud ty ceaton at xandom from oe Op Cards Hen” show Hal qe an an bing heat ore fnrdepenalonr ; geting Net ole Capea Sane Sot! Plays WO = BC) SL. PCH) > Bey aa Pee ae S24G. q an P(aoH).= 1 25 Pwo ae el 3 = Lb p(ao#) = play #8)” 4 se fadeperdeat Of ea atiadh pasel, meeatetiartie qrobeblll Two ‘Cpls ALL a We jou? Hak atlat pm tail on : wot gs jG), (H)1) , to, Hw) err) Pe 3fy moines ) iinWey pars toln tr bowed five Benet unrhab a the Probalsliby of alteast hauing One head? ddl Total wor Of woays = 7282 Probability ap nohead ™ ? ras = 4 Probability of howing abteas. |hdad in £ b eee = 3) 5 tyes = ) aalle om 15a) Two, dit aw rolled. Ffud. tho probalslity, a getting Hh gunu of (0 or Sot : ‘i le pace va: da oe a. Cia) Cia) Cus) Cue) (1) 12>, (13), (24) (a5), Gd) 8) 2) G8) BY) Bs) Ld) Uva), (y.2) (3) (a4) (us) (uid) (51) (62) (sa) (Sin) (558) (5:8) (61) (a) 063) (bru) (853) (678) Probab I hy of qa Uo ov ny p(seio) + P(s2h) E Favoucalle outcomes Oe = £416) 155), (516) GG Tha eylvad «Pret oe : oe. yw ef sum= 4) ; = £Cye) C25)» BA) y Hid) 1 (812) GD Pls) +6 24 XSiVVEVUVVV YY —*YYUUUDLEE thy Be FR K sume nh Be {C316}, Ces ) (106), (514) 1515), (5:6) C614 ),C68), i (615) 4, : ea)? 4 eb 34 ii "ex {104 sum} C= £516), C015) 6.4)} Re eee 3h ie QW) Plane) = ple) ple) = Lad EL Ab day We 4 1 4g independent cuonks Ib. Prove the pelloustng folonb hes UW) pla) = 1 pla) tli) Any 2 evens A and & a) plalae) > p(B) ~ P(4ne) by plan a) > pla) —P(An@) Prob! ytd an experiment, One tn Has evens ort event A. quarter nok frbobilhy of net a ie FM fro bability of emt mM), pla!) = rte) yw : alri @ TH any experiment, A be oo “paste aud Complement of AB A! * piaval) = Plady peal Placa) aualeg o Aaaleg ney = prays pea PF ) = plate plat) -o pla) = 1-P(A). : > plslaa) > Pla) ~P(A98) A 6 ne “NB ane) pe (40m) v lang) ple) > Pi(AMe) v (aor) ay : - : : 08 = Plan) + (eines) - iis hae A ‘ PB) * plane) + Plaln®) -0 q © plalan) = Pla) -Plane) ‘ 8 ‘ P(ane’) = Pla)— plang) « z a s 4 | ANB 'anwt trem venn di v pan A= [ans vane’) Pa) : Ps (48) 0 (ane! “= plane) + (ane) — 0 Plana!) = Pla) -P(anm) , 'F- 4,8 ax any two se. Then prove the joe 8 pana) ~ 908) -P0) cS h no! trem venn dann p(avlane')) * fi P(A) = plane) =F wind he prebotitly of OG pe ta Hod Ove pia) + Pao” 04 Bh siebuetk of 4 ae (ms) +P aaa lee ca) Da (a) AO “at pum card dato, and Jock ioe comme cnr olnaws ner beg replaced Probabi ath * “et :aay a ee abiliby of owt ey [een bing g pack asi ee . 4 = 4 y | 1q ate | ve boas "boy Coutaiiy 5 ved, 4 while 1 6 black bolls & balls are chawn al random, if both. a0. black ball, wha ty do probability? fot co We, .. Fo to Ap tovdalas white ard y red. balls. And’ % Aecond b Coutoins Y woltte aud @ sed ball Pure of the bog to selected ab random anf 2 balls gre drawn. find te probability ont | Whig andl otha ty wed - 7 Sot: fag -l bag Ww, 4k yw aR T= lo Jel. Probabi hty at. selacty any ons ae Ly Probabi\, ny of drawing ong white and pre xed ball pom Baad = Ly 6unuty , 10G,. Probobility af dea wng ome red & OW whike pom Bae Oy 4 x Uy ve Probabits ty of aaa ia Ie bag § bog 5 A yee b= 2a rope 2 ie 6s ¢ c ¢ < < « 4 4y PCAN) in called Hue Join probabiby wstdch tutersedt- fin Jeint Probability det bos tutes «4 Onto \ Kantple NG | \ l P(ana) = PlA)a Pla) ~ P(AuB) hang s 5 ~ “Th yobab\it ke probability > > che > az ih Pao babs kt ~ Condihionral 4 ont ptt, nen yeLo probabili | Given Aome & S : a an an » we define due condibenal probeliliby oF | » ~~ ental -A gen & by > ne) = Plata) = Pare 7 ee fade rm ook probability plAle) Sienply veplck we vine 2. nat Ha probabilily of am evenh A met 5 > on second erent & - i saan 7 luwve ew ea @ ae. kwo mubvally exc! ae 2 vadibolod probably 2 we e plane)=d. F Couae boven . sys mie tho soy Condtibrvel probabilily bahalp n wayote n 5 ie plane) and Pir) K numbers awitm > condih mal proleability sobspe dhe 7 s)e) . me hoo wing pe Aond & at any fe then p(Aley > p(Ana) P (6) Sub A=6,x > Pp _ EOS OCOUUE LED EVUUY Set: pea) = plural) = SH Sel Joo. pe) = Plst) = oe oO - P(c) = Plioow) > 32 e0' Joint probabiliba, pcane) = e(uran §)) = 2e 2 8 P (aoc) = a4 plan =o I: tonal probablina (ene ne) aero 26 P(a]e) = Pray bafta P(4le) - plaod _ 9 Pe) Plsle) = ples) = atheo pals) s plana)= Pll a) PG P (o|4) aay ? 2 a lek _trobebihy eorton A 4 4 4 ‘ A there Angarenk: Givin thak ON mubrally ochume elod Bry Hide N Whore den eyralt 6, ex eset the probably of any oot A, pA) Can be wortthee, ta staan oF condition probats ti ie Pla) =, SP (Alon) Mon) Now cut ball & Faken pom wns: | What bh the probability sae ne Z Sot: Probabs lity of deawi a feo sabite bells f lun A 6 PlAi) = be, Prob aa | ob of bauslng a black balk fron von & Pls) = ac. 4 Prob Re oe drawing ore black ball ¢ ve wile © boll Huw PIAS) = by K 34 Prob oF faeausing a black boll pon a] When 2 Wite balk aco Placed) P(B)A1) = Bey TOG P(ol4s) = ag 10c - 4 ‘ 4 4 ( 4 4 4 ( ( ( ( ‘ « ‘ Pl bj Aa) 2 >be. toy - From total Probability Reotem - ; #(2) = S_ P[Blan) Plan) nei ; 4 ‘ 1 > |6) = PIPUn) eC} + Fela #00) 4 relay