Workik Com Top Angular Interview
Workik Com Top Angular Interview
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Performance: Angular provides better performance compared to
AngularJS due to improved change detection and a better algorithm for
data binding.
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'my-angular-app';
}
Q3: What are Angular Directives and how are they categorized?
Directives in Angular are special markers in the DOM that tell Angular to do
something with a DOM element (e.g., change its appearance, behavior, or
layout). Directives are categorized into three types:
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Component Directives: These directives with a template. The most
common type of directive, they are defined using the @Component
decorator.
Attribute Directives: These directives change the appearance or
behavior of an element, component, or another directive. For example,
ngClass and ngStyle .
Structural Directives: These directives change the DOM layout by adding
or removing DOM elements. For example, ngIf , ngFor , and ngSwitch
.
Q4: What is Data Binding in Angular and what are its types?
Data Binding in Angular is a mechanism to coordinate the communication
between the component class and the DOM. It helps in defining the
connection between the UI and the business logic. There are four types of
data binding in Angular:
Interpolation: Used to bind data from the component to the DOM.
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Q5: Explain Angular Services and Dependency Injection.
Services in Angular are singleton objects that can be used to share data,
logic, and functions across different components in an application. They are
typically used to encapsulate business logic and data access, making the
code more modular and easier to test.
Dependency Injection (DI): DI is a design pattern used to implement IoC
(Inversion of Control), allowing a class to receive dependencies from external
sources rather than creating them itself. Angular's DI system provides the
dependencies a component or service needs by injecting them into the
constructor.
Example of a Service:
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class DataService {
getData() {
return ['data1', 'data2', 'data3'];
}
}
@Component({
selector: 'app-data',
templateUrl: './data.component.html'
})
export class DataComponent implements OnInit {
data: string[];
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constructor(private dataService: DataService) {}
ngOnInit() {
this.data = this.dataService.getData();
}
}
Q6: What is Angular's lifecycle, and can you explain the lifecycle hooks?
Angular lifecycle refers to the series of events that happen from the creation to the
destruction of a component or directive. Angular provides lifecycle hooks that allow
developers to tap into these events and perform actions at specific points.
Lifecycle Hooks:
ngOnChanges() : Called when an input/output binding value changes.
ngOnInit() : Called once after the first ngOnChanges() . Ideal for component
initialization.
ngDoCheck() : Called during every change detection run, allowing for custom
change detection.
ngAfterContentInit() : Called once after the first ngDoCheck() when
content is projected into the component.
ngAfterContentChecked() : Called after ngAfterContentInit() and
after every subsequent ngDoCheck() .
ngAfterViewInit() : Called once after the first
ngAfterContentChecked() when the component's view (and child views) is
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initialized.
ngAfterViewChecked() : Called after ngAfterViewInit() and after every
subsequent ngAfterContentChecked() .
ngOnDestroy() : Called just before the component or directive is destroyed. Ideal
for cleanup tasks.
2. Define Routes: Create an array of routes where each route maps a URL path to a
component.
@NgModule({
imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
exports: [RouterModule]
})
export class AppRoutingModule {}
4. Use Router Outlet: Add in your main HTML template where you want the routed
components to be displayed.
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Q8: Explain Angular Forms and the difference between Template-driven
and Reactive Forms.
Angular Forms are used to handle user input and validation. There are two types of forms
in Angular:
Template-driven Forms:
Simple and easy to use.
Suitable for simpler forms.
Form logic is defined in the template using directives.
Relies on Angular's two-way data binding ( ngModel ).
Example:
Reactive Forms:
More powerful and scalable.
Suitable for complex forms.
Form logic is defined in the component class.
Uses FormControl and FormGroup for managing form state and validation.
Example:
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Q9: What are Angular Modules and why are they important?
Angular Modules (NgModules) are containers for a cohesive block of code dedicated to an
application domain, a workflow, or a closely related set of capabilities. An Angular app is
modularized into multiple modules, and each module defines a compilation context for a
set of components, directives, and pipes.
Importance of Angular Modules:
Organizing Code: Modules help organize an application into cohesive blocks of
functionality.
Separation of Concerns: Promotes separation of concerns by grouping related code
together.
Lazy Loading: Enables lazy loading, which improves performance by loading
modules only when needed.
Reusability: Facilitates code reusability across different parts of the application.
Example:
@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}
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Scaffolding: Quickly generates boilerplate code for components, services, modules,
and more using commands like ng generate component .
Building: Handles the build process with commands like ng build , optimizing the
application for production.
Development Server: Provides a development server with live reload capabilities
using ng serve .
Testing: Simplifies running unit tests and end-to-end tests with commands like ng
test and ng e2e .
Configuration: Manages configuration for different environments, making it easier to
switch between development, staging, and production settings.
Example Commands:
Q11: What is a Pipe in Angular, and how do you create a custom pipe?
A Pipe in Angular is a way to transform data in templates. Pipes can be used to format
strings, dates, numbers, and more.
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Creating a Custom Pipe:
1. Generate the Pipe:
@Pipe({
name: 'custom'
})
export class CustomPipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(value: string, ...args: any[]): string {
// Transformation logic
return value.toUpperCase();
}
}
Q12: What is Angular Dependency Injection (DI) and how does it work?
Angular Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern that allows a class to receive its
dependencies from external sources rather than creating them itself. DI is used to
increase modularity and testability of the code.
How DI Works:
1. Injectable Decorator: Services and other classes can be marked as injectable using the
@Injectable decorator.
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@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class MyService {
constructor() { }
}
@NgModule({
providers: [MyService]
})
export class AppModule { }
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
constructor(private myService: MyService) { }
}
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OnPush: Checks only when an input property changes or an event occurs.
@Component({
selector: 'app-my-component',
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
templateUrl: './my-component.component.html'
})
export class MyComponent {
// Component logic
}
ng add @nguniversal/express-engine
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npm run build:ssr
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
runOutsideAngular() {
this.ngZone.runOutsideAngular(() => {
// Code to run outside Angular's zone
});
}
runInsideAngular() {
this.ngZone.run(() => {
// Code to run inside Angular's zone
});
}
}
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2. Use NgZone.runOutsideAngular : Perform operations that do not need to
trigger change detection outside the Angular zone.
3. Use NgZone.run : Bring the code back into the Angular zone if it needs to update the
UI.
Q16: What are Angular Guards and how are they used?
Angular Guards are used to control access to routes in an Angular application. They are
functions that can control whether a user can navigate to a particular route or not. There
are four types of guards:
CanActivate: Determines if a route can be activated.
CanActivateChild: Determines if a child route can be activated.
CanDeactivate: Determines if a route can be deactivated.
CanLoad: Determines if a module can be loaded lazily.
Using CanActivate Guard:
1. Create a Guard:
@Injectable({
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providedIn: 'root'
})
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
canActivate(
next: ActivatedRouteSnapshot,
state: RouterStateSnapshot): Observable | Promise | bool
// Logic to determine if the route can be activated
return true; // or false
}
}
promise.then(value => {
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// handle resolved value
}).catch(error => {
// handle error
});
2. Observables:
Multiple Values: An Observable can emit multiple values over time.
Lazy Execution: An Observable does not start emitting values until it is subscribed to.
Cancellable: Observables can be cancelled using unsubscribe() .
API Methods: subscribe() , unsubscribe() , operators like map , filter
, merge .
Q18: What is Angular's HttpClient, and how do you use it for making HTTP
requests?
Angular's HttpClient is a service used to make HTTP requests to remote servers. It is part
of the @angular/common/http package and provides a simplified API for making
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HTTP calls.
Using HttpClient:
1. Import HttpClientModule :
@NgModule({
imports: [HttpClientModule],
})
export class AppModule {}
2. Inject HttpClient:
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class DataService {
private apiUrl = 'https://api.example.com/data';
getData(): Observable {
return this.http.get(this.apiUrl);
}
}
@Component({
selector: 'app-data',
template: `{{ item }}`
})
export class DataComponent implements OnInit {
data: any[];
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constructor(private dataService: DataService) {}
ngOnInit() {
this.dataService.getData().subscribe(data => {
this.data = data;
});
}
}
Q19: What is Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation in Angular and what are its
benefits?
Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation is a process in Angular where the Angular compiler
compiles the application during the build time, before the browser downloads and runs the
code. This is opposed to Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation, which happens in the browser
during runtime.
Benefits of AOT Compilation:
Faster Rendering: Since the application is compiled during build time, the browser
can render the application faster.
Smaller Bundle Size: The compiler is not included in the application bundle, resulting
in a smaller bundle size.
Earlier Error Detection: Errors are caught during the build phase, making debugging
easier and faster.
Enhanced Security: AOT compilation prevents injection attacks by compiling
templates to JavaScript, which makes it difficult to manipulate the application
structure.
Using AOT Compilation: AOT compilation can be enabled by running the build command
with the --aot flag:
ng build --aot
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Both Renderer2 and ElementRef are used to interact with the DOM in Angular, but they
serve different purposes and have different use cases.
1. ElementRef:
Direct Access: Provides direct access to the DOM element. It is generally
discouraged to use ElementRef for direct DOM manipulation due to potential security
risks and cross-platform compatibility issues.
@Component({
selector: 'app-sample',
template: `Sample`
})
export class SampleComponent implements OnInit {
constructor(private el: ElementRef) {}
ngOnInit() {
this.el.nativeElement.querySelector('#myDiv').style.colo
}
}
2. Renderer2:
Abstraction Layer: Provides an abstraction layer for interacting with the DOM,
making the code more secure and compatible across different platforms.
@Component({
selector: 'app-sample',
template: `Sample`
})
export class SampleComponent implements OnInit {
constructor(private renderer: Renderer2, private el: Eleme
ngOnInit() {
const div = this.el.nativeElement.querySelector('#myDiv'
this.renderer.setStyle(div, 'color', 'blue');
}
}
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Renderer2 is generally preferred for DOM manipulation to ensure compatibility and
security.
Q1: The following Angular code is supposed to fetch data from an API and
display it, but it is not working as expected. Identify and fix the errors.
(Basic)
@Component({
selector: 'app-data',
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template: `
{{ item.name }}
`
})
export class DataComponent implements OnInit {
data: any[];
ngOnInit() {
this.http.get('https://api.example.com/data')
.subscribe(response => this.data = response);
}
}
Q2: Write an Angular component that displays a list of users and a button
to add a new user. Requirements: Display the list of users in a table. Include
a button that, when clicked, adds a new user to the list.
(Basic)
@Component({
selector: 'app-timer',
template: `{{ message }}`
})
export class TimerComponent implements OnInit {
message: string = 'Waiting...';
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ngOnInit() {
setTimeout(() => {
this.message = 'Time's up!';
}, 3000);
}
}
Q4: The following Angular component has an error that prevents it from
compiling. Identify and fix the error.
(Basic)
@Component({
selector: 'app-greeting',
template: `{{ greeting }}`
})
export class GreetingComponent implements OnInit {
greeting: string;
constructor() {}
ngOnInit() {
this.greeting = 'Hello, World!';
}
}
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import { Component, Input, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-counter',
template: `{{ counter }}`
})
export class CounterComponent implements OnInit {
@Input() counter: number;
constructor() {}
ngOnInit() {
setInterval(() => {
this.counter++;
}, 1000);
}
}
Q6: Improve the performance of the following Angular service that fetches
data from an API.
(Intermediate)
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class DataService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
getData(): Observable {
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return this.http.get('https://api.example.com/data');
}
}
@Component({
selector: 'app-item-list',
template: `
{{ item }}
`
})
export class ItemListComponent {
@Input() items: string[];
}
Q8: Improve the performance of the following Angular pipe that formats a list
of names.
(Intermediate)
@Pipe({
name: 'formatNames'
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})
export class FormatNamesPipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(names: string[]): string {
return names.map(name => name.toUpperCase()).join(', ');
}
}
Q9: Write an Angular service that fetches a list of posts from an API and
caches the results to avoid multiple API calls.
(Advanced)
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Q10: Predict the output of the following Angular component.
(Advanced)
@Component({
selector: 'app-counter',
template: `{{ count }}`
})
export class CounterComponent implements OnInit {
count: number = 0;
ngOnInit() {
setInterval(() => {
this.count++;
}, 1000);
}
}
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OVERVIEW OF ANGULAR
What is Angular?
Angular is a platform and framework for building single-page client
applications using HTML and TypeScript. It is maintained by Google
and is widely used for developing dynamic and modern web
applications. Angular provides a robust structure for building large-
scale applications with features like two-way data binding,
dependency injection, and component-based architecture.
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