N.

S TUITION
CHAPTER 5 – URBANISATION AND ITS
IMPACT
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Urbanisation is the movement of people from rural areas to:
i. Villages ii. Towns and cities
iii. Construction sites iv. None of these
2. Migrant labourers come from the rural to urban areas for:
i. Jobs ii. Better living
ii. Health facilities iv. All of these
3. Child survival rates are better in the:
i. Villages ii. Slums
ii. Cities iv. None of these
4. Urban centres are known for:
i. High crime rate ii. Low crime rate
ii. No crimes iv. None of these
5. Growth of industries leads to the problems of:
i. Pollution ii. Housing
ii. Water and Electricity iv. All of these
6. Cities have favourable work environment because caste is
not linked with:
i. Personal life ii. Education
iii. Profession iv. None of these
7. Young men and women are attracted to the urban areas for:
i. Low crime rate ii. Better education
ii. Nuclear type family iv. None of these
8. Slums are mostly found in:
i. Urban areas ii. Rural areas
iii. Remote areas iv. None of these
9. Rapid urbanisation began to take place in many countries
during the:
i. French Revolution ii. American Revolution
iii.Industrial Revolution iv. Cuban Revolution
10. There in increase in crime rates in urban areas because:
i. Police do not bother to bring criminals to justice
ii. Overpopulation puts a strain on law enforcement
system
iii. People in rural areas are in capable of committing any
crime
iv. Criminals migrate in huge numbers to urban areas

Fill in the blanks:

1. At present, around 54% of the global population lives in
urban areas.
2. The increasing use of machines for agricultural processes has
left many agricultural workers jobless.
3. Due to lack of affordable housing, settlements with very poor
living conditions are called slums develop in urban areas.
4. The first major spur in urbanisation occurred in the 18th
century.
5. The distribution of goods and services, and opportunities for
trade and commercial transactions are better in cities than in
rural areas.
6. Dharavi, Mumbai is the largest slum area in the world.
7. Expansion of urban areas lead to loss of forest land and
agricultural land.
8. Overpopulation in urban areas makes the job market more
competitive leads to increase in unemployment.
9. Karachi, Pakistan is the world’s largest city.
10. Shanghai, China is the second world’s largest city.
11. Mumbai, India is the third world’s largest city.
12. According to the Quality of Living Survey Vienna, Austria
offers the best quality of life.
13. According to the Quality of Living Survey Zurich,
Switzerland and Geneva, Switzerland offers the second and
third best quality of life, respectively.
14. The three most livable cities in the world are, in order:
Vancouver, Canada; Vienna, Austria; and Melbourne,
Australia.
State True or False:
1. Urbanisation has only positive impacts – False.
2. Most people move to urban areas for better employment –
True.
3. Industrialisation does not have a negative impact on the
environment – False.
4. In cities, people prefer to live in nuclear families – True.
5. Growth of urbanisation is same in all parts of the world –
False.
6. Asia and Africa have the highest rate of urbanisation – True.
7. Urbanisation leads to decrease in employment opportunities
– False.
8. High cost of living is a positive impact of urbanisation –
False.
9. Access to education is a positive impact of urbanisation –
True.
10. In urban areas, people depend mainly on agriculture for
their livelihood – False.
11. All people who live in cities are live in spacious
apartments – False.
12. Cities have well-developed systems of local transport –
True.
13. Overpopulation in urban areas results in congestion of
roads leading to higher commute times and increased level
of stress – True.
14. People living in villages are exposed to variety of cultures
– False.
Give reasons for the following:
1. Migration leads to urbanisation – When people move from
rural areas to urban areas, it contributes to the growth and
transformation of urban areas. This movement, often seeking
better economic, educational, or social opportunities,
increases the urban population and changes the
demographics and landscape of cities.
2. Urban centres provide more employment opportunity for
all – Urban centres are often hubs of economic activity,
attracting investment and stimulating job growth. Also,
industrialisation creates economic opportunity for a wider
range of people. Cities host a wider array of industries,
including manufacturing, IT, retail, and services, creating
jobs across different skill levels.
3. Transport is well developed in the cities – Urban centres
have a well-developed network of transport and
communication. Railways and roadways, telephone and
wireless services, postal services etc., are all well developed.
These facilities attract the rural people to the urban areas.
4. A factory job provides more financial security than
agriculture – In rural areas, people depend mainly on
agriculture for their livelihood. In India, agriculture depends
mainly on monsoon which is quite uncertain and irregular. In
case of drought, the rural people suffer great losses and often
migrate to cities for better earnings and financial security.
5. Pollution increases as urbanisation increases – As
population increases, there is more construction, increase in
the number of buildings and increased demands on
resources. Growth of industries in the cities cause problems
of environmental pollution. Improper disposal of industrial
waste is a major problem in industrial centres. Increasing
number of vehicles on the roads, growing slums and squatter
settlements add to air, land and water and noise pollution.
6. Urbanisation foster cultural diversity – People of many
religion and economic classes live and work together in
 cities, which create better understanding and harmony and
helps in removing social and cultural barriers.
7. Urban life is highly monotonous – Urban centres are
characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of
neighbourhood and community life are almost absent in the
cities. This may have adverse psychological effects on
individuals. People are often self-centred and they have less
concern for fellow human beings.
8. Urbanisation has negative impact on health –
Urbanisation has negative impact on health mainly due to
pollution and overcrowded living conditions. Contamination
of waterbodies can cause epidemics of waterborne diseases.
Polluted air causes respiratory diseases and can have serious
effects especially among the aged and children. Urbanisation
can also put added pressure on food supply systems.
9. Skilled craftsmen like weavers and blacksmiths move to
urban areas – Skilled craftsmen like weavers and
blacksmiths move to urban areas because the introduction of
machines in textile production, led to a decline in the demand
for handmade goods and a shift in the economic
landscape. Thus, they move in search of better opportunities.
Here their skills are absorbed by emerging industries and
factories.
10. People living in urban areas are more open-minded
than people who live in rural areas – People living in cities
are exposed to a variety of cultures. This usually makes them
more broad-minded and tolerant than people living in rural
areas.
11. Urban areas make efficient use of resources – Urban
areas make efficient use of resources. For example, multi-
storey apartments built on small tracts of land accommodate
a large number of people. Means of public transport like the
Metro rail and buses help save fuel and energy by
transporting millions of people in a day.
Define the following:
1. Urbanisation – Urbanisation is a process in which people
move from rural to urban areas because of which cities and
towns begins to grow. This movement of people leads to an
increase in size of the urban population.
2. Slum – Slums are urban areas that are heavily populated and
have very poor housing and living conditions.
3. Squatter settlement – These are shelters made of waste
materials or very cheap materials such as plastic sheets and
tin shades and the living conditions are very poor. The people
have no legal rights to the land they are built upon.
4. Industrial Revolution – The period of widespread and rapid
change in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries when largely
rural and agricultural societies became urban and
industrialised, with machines being used to produce goods
on a large scale in factories.
5. Infrastructure – The basic structures and facilities which
support human life, such as water supply, roads, power
supply, garbage disposal systems, sewage plants, housing,
cable networks, schools, hospitals, airports, bridges,
railways.
Answer the following questions in brief:
1. What happens when there is change in the size of
population?
Ans. Change in the size of population leads to other changes
such as land use pattern, economic activities, type of housing
societies and impact on culture.
2. State four main causes of urbanisation?
Ans. Four main causes of urbanisation are:
• Social factors: Many people migrate to cities to bring
about changes in their social life. Unlike the rural areas, in
the cities, caste is not linked with profession, therefore, the
opportunities to work in favourable environment increases
in cities.
• Transport and communication: Urban centres have a well-
developed network of transport and communication.
Railways and roadways, telephone and wireless services,
postal services etc., are all well developed. These facilities
attract the rural people to the urban areas.
• Better opportunities of education: Cities have better
opportunities for education. There are good schools,
colleges, universities and professional colleges such as
medical and engineering. So, young men and women are
attracted to the cities for better and higher education.
• Modernisation: Sophisticated technology, better
infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. are
some of the features of modernisation. Urban centres have
modern facilities. The rural people migrate to cities
 because they think that they can enjoy the modern
facilities and lead a comfortable life in cities.
3. What are the impacts of industrialisation on urban
areas?
Ans. Industrialisation creates employment opportunities.
People from the rural areas migrate to the urban areas because
there are more employment opportunities in the cities than at
the villages.
4. What are the positive impacts of urbanisation?
Ans. The positive impacts of urbanisation are:
• Migration of rural people to urban areas improves their
standard of living.
• Growth in the prosperity of towns and cities is a sign of
prosperous national economy.
• The coming together of economic and human resources
in one place leads to innovation and development in
business, science, technology and industry.
• It also leads to increase in employment opportunities.
• Access to education, healthcare services, social services
and cultural activities are more readily available to people.
• Schools, colleges and universities are developed in cities
and a variety of educational courses are available, offering
students a wide choice for their future careers.
5. Why are child survival rates better in urban areas?
Ans. Child survival rates better in urban areas because of better
access to healthcare facilities, sanitation, infrastructure,
including hospitals, clinics, and trained medical personnel. This
allows for timely diagnosis and treatment of illnesses, reducing
the risk of complications and mortality, especially among
infants and young children.
6. State four negative impacts of urbanisation?
Ans. Four negative impacts of urbanisation are:
• Problem of overpopulation and housing: Increasing
population has given rise to the problem of
accommodation, overcrowding in localities, growth of
slums, shortage of basic amenities such as shelter, water
and electricity, disposal of garbage and excessive traffic,
shortage of beds in hospitals and overcrowding in schools.
In developing countries, about one-third of urban
inhabitants live in slums. Slums are urban areas that are
densely populated and have very poor housing and living
conditions.
• Growth in the urban poor population: Rapid urbanisation
has led to the growth of urban poor population. Squatter
settlements can be seen on the outskirts of cities or on the
roadside. These are shelters made of waste materials or
very cheap materials such as plastic sheets and tin shades
and the living conditions are very poor. They do not have
access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation. These
people have no legal ownership of the land they live upon.
• Cost of living: High cost of living is a major problem in
the cities. In metropolitan cities such as Mumbai,
Bengaluru, etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups
to maintain a decent standard of living.
 • Stress: Urban life is characterised by stress which may
even strain family relations. In cities, most of the women
are working-women to meet the increasing cost of living.
Changing role of women in the family is creating stress in
the family which may strain family relations.
7. Why is the rate of crime higher in the cities?
Ans. Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes because
of the disparity between the rich and poor and social
deprivation. Therefore, crimes such as theft, dacoity, cheating,
fraud, pick-pocketing and murder are common in urban areas.
8. What are the ways to reduce the negative impacts of
urbanisation?
Ans. Ways to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation are:
• Developing sustainable and environment friendly cities.
• Government should pass laws for the protection of
environment and enforce them strictly.
• Government should encourage sustainable use of urban
resources and support an economy based on sustainable
environment such as investment in green infrastructure,
sustainable industries, recycling, environmental
campaigns, pollution management, renewable energy,
green public transportation and water recycling.
• Government should make provisions for essential social
services such as education, health, sanitation and clean
water, electricity and food at lower rates.
• Create more jobs.
• Control diseases and population growth.
 • Conserve natural ecosystems.
9. ‘Rural-urban migration is one of the major causes of
urbanisation.’ According to the line statement state how
negative impact of urbanisation can be reduced.
Ans. The ways to reduce this are as follows:
• Opportunities for employment and education should be
created in rural areas.
• Rural areas must be equipped with basic amenities such as
electricity, sanitation, basic medical care and access to
clean water.
• Setting up industries in rural areas can help the
development of those areas and create employment.
10. State how better management and planning in urban
areas are ways to reduce the negative impact of
urbanisation.
Ans. The ways to reduce this are as follows:
• The use of space in cities and surrounding areas should be
properly planned, with spaces allocated for housing,
transport, and commercial activities. This will help
decrease the problems associated with overcrowding in
urban areas.
• Authorities must build affordable houses in suburban
areas. This can curb the development of slums.
• Development and maintenance of infrastructure is
important in cities as many people rely on it.
• To control pollution, strict rules must be imposed on
industries. They should be made to control harmful
emissions. They must also be encouraged to adopt
sustainable practices like using renewable sources of
power and recycling waste.
 CHAPTER 6 – CHANGING FACE OF
CITIES
Multiple Choice Question:
1. A mega-city is an urban area of population greater than:
i. One million ii. Five million
iii.Ten million iv. Twenty million
2. A satellite town is near a large:
i. Tourist town ii. Historical town
iii.Metropolis iv. None of these
3. Gurugram is a:
i. Tourist town ii. Metropolitan city
iii.Mega-city iv. Satellite town
4. The most important aspect of a smart city is:
i. Its location ii. Its size
iii.Its level of technology iv. Its population
5. Biodegradable substances:
i. Decompose naturally ii. Do not decompose naturally
iii. Are a hazard iv. None of these
6. Non-biodegradable substances:
i. Decompose naturally ii. Do not decompose naturally
iii. Are a hazard iv. None of these
7. Satellite towns are developed as extensions of:
i. Historical town ii. Parent metropolis
iii. Construction iv. None of these
8. Features of a smart city are:
i. Efficient land use ii. Energy savings
iii. Minimal pollution level iv. All of these
9. Smart cycling initiative called ‘Bicing’ was taken by:
i. Oslo ii. London
ii. Barcelona iv. Singapore
10. Which city is on the verge of becoming world’s first
‘smart nation’:
i. Oslo ii. London
iii. Barcelona iv. Singapore
11. HITEC city is a satellite city of:
i. Bengaluru ii. Hyderabad
iii. Mumbai iv. Kolkata
12. ExNoRa develops programmes for:
i. Entertainment ii. Pollution control
ii. Radiation control iv. Waste management
13. Keep India Clean works to ensure:
i. Dustbins in children parks
ii. Dustbins in restaurants and cafes
iii. Dustbins in clothes store
iv. Dustbins in cinemas
14. Sanad is a satellite city of:
i. Ahmedabad ii. Mumbai
iii. Delhi iv. Kolkata
State True or False:
1. A mega-city is a rural area with large population – False.
2. Any urban centre can be called a smart city – False.
3. Satellite towns are isolated independent towns – True.
4. Waste management is an important aspect of clean
environment – True.
5. ‘Bicing’ is related to cycling – True.
6. E-Governance makes citizen participation in government
affairs more difficult – False.
7. Smart cities discourage the use of bicycles as they slow down
the traffic – False.
8. There is frequent transport and communication services
between the metropolitan town and the satellite town – True.
9. Oslo has plans to use River Thames as a renewable source of
energy – False.
10. Non-biodegradable substances consist of metal scraps,
aluminium cans, hazardous chemicals – True.
Give reasons for the following:
1. Villages gradually grow to become small towns - Villages
transform into small towns through a process called
urbanization, driven by factors like economic opportunities,
infrastructure development (better roads, public transportation,
healthcare facilities, schools), and population growth. This
involves an increase in population, infrastructure
improvements, and a shift in economic activities from
primarily agricultural to more diverse sectors like trade,
commerce, and small-scale industries.
2. Inculcating a culture of cleanliness among the people is
the first step in making cities clean - As our planet continues
to grow in population, there will be growth in waste products.
This waste creates huge environmental problems. Heaps of
garbage is a common sight in India. The current scenario in
sanitation consciousness is very serious. Thus, the first step is
inculcating a culture of cleanliness among the people in making
cities clean. This can be started by spreading awareness among
the residents in our localities to dispose the domestic garbage
in a proper and designated way.
3. When a metropolis becomes congested, satellite towns
develop – The concept of satellite towns also known as new
towns, is a new concept in urban planning to overcome the
problems related to urbanisation. Under this plan, new planned
settlements were developed far away from the big metropolitan
cities so that population congestion at one place could be
controlled and a more balanced distribution of population could
be achieved.
4. Transport plays an important in the development of a city
– Efficient transportation is crucial for urban development,
playing a vital role in economic growth, connecting people to
essential services, and facilitating the movement of goods and
people. It enables trade, access to markets, and overall quality
of life, making it a key factor in the growth and prosperity of a
city. A well-developed transport system makes a city more
accessible to tourists, boosting the local economy and
promoting cultural exchange
5. Smart cities will make the life of its people much easier –
The concept of smart cities aims to significantly improve the
lives of citizens by leveraging technology to enhance various
aspects of urban living. Smart cities integrate information and
communication technologies to optimize city services, connect
citizens, and create a more efficient, sustainable, and livable
environment.
6. Vehicles in smart city are equipped with commuter-
friendly technology - Vehicles in a smart city includes features
like GPS for navigation and real-time traffic updates, sensors
for safety and efficiency, and integration with smart
transportation systems. These technologies aim to improve the
overall commuting experience by reducing congestion,
enhancing safety, and providing more convenient travel
options.
Define the following:
1. Urbanisation – Urbanisation is a process in which people
move from rural to urban areas because of which cities and
towns begins to grow. This movement of people leads to an
increase in size of the urban population.
2. Satellite town – Satellite towns also known as ‘new towns’
develop when a town or a city reaches a certain limit of
congestion and exhaustion. These cities have their own
identity, but are under the influence and power of the
 metropolis or the main town or city. Examples are: Rohini,
Dwarka, and Narela as extensions to Delhi, Salt-lake as
extensions to Kolkata.
3. Smart city – Smart city is one that uses digital technology
solutions to enhance the standard of living of citizens in ways
that are economical and eco-friendly. Smart city is also an
urban development strategy to provide decent quality of life
to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and
methods of smart solutions.
4. Waste management – Waste Management is the collection,
transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage and other
waste products. It is the process of treating solid wastes.
5. Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable substances – The
term ‘biodegradable’ is used for those things that get
decomposed naturally, such as food stuff, human and animal
wastes, plant products and dead organisms. Most waste
found in rural areas is biodegradable. This should be used to
make compost.
The term ‘non-biodegradable’ is used for those things that do
not breakdown or get decomposed naturally. These substances
consist of plastic materials, metal scraps, aluminium can and
bottles, hazardous chemicals etc.
6. Million city – A town which has a population of one million
or above is called Million city or Million Plus UA/City. Such
cities are the major urban centres in the country.
7. Recycling - Recycling is the process of collecting and
processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away
as trash and turning them into new products. Plastic, metals
 and glass products are broken down with the help of
chemicals and can again be used to create new plastic, metal
and glass products, but the process requires time, energy and
expenses.
8. Information and communication technology (ICT) –
Technology that allows people and organisation to interact in
the digital world; it includes digital technology,
telecommunications and IT.
Answer the following questions in brief:
1. What is a mega-city? What has led to the growth of mega-
cities?
Ans. An urban area of population greater than ten million
people is known as mega-city.
There was a growth of mega-cities due to various factors such
as rural-to-urban migration, natural population increase within
cities, and economic development. Specifically, improved job
opportunities, better pay, and a centralized market in urban
areas have drawn people in the cities.
2. Why do satellite towns develop? Write any two
important features of satellite towns?
Ans. The concept of satellite towns also known as ‘new towns’,
is a new concept in urban planning to overcome the problems
related to urbanisation. Under this plan, new planned
settlements were developed far away from the big metropolitan
cities so that population congestion at one place could be
controlled and a more balanced distribution of population could
be achieved.
Two important features of satellite towns are:
• They are small or medium sized cities near a large
metropolis.
• They are partially independent from the metropolis,
economically and socially.
3. What are the features of satellite towns?
Ans. The features of satellite towns are as follows:
• They are small or medium sized cities near a large
metropolis.
• They are partially independent from the metropolis,
economically and socially.
• Most workers of the satellite cities come to work from the
main metropolitan town.
• The satellite town provides certain employment
opportunities and facilities for holidaying and relaxation.
• There is frequent transport and communication services
between the metropolitan town and the satellite town.
4. Explain why Faridabad is called a satellite town and not
Delhi.
Ans. Faridabad is called a satellite town because Faridabad is a
small independent metropolitan city which is located near to a
large metropolitan city which is Delhi. Faridabad have her own
identity but are under the influence and power of the Delhi
which is mainly a main town. Also, Faridabad has developed as
extensions of a parent metropolis which is Delhi. Therefore,
Faridabad is called a satellite town and not Delhi as it is a main
city.
5. What do you think are the six most important features of
a smart city? Give example of three smart cities in the
world stating an important feature of each city. Name
three Indian cities which are in the list of Smart City
Plan.
Ans. Six important features of a smart city are:
• Efficient land use.
• Adequate water supply.
• Adequate electricity supply.
• Affordable housing for all, especially for the poor.
• Reduced congestion.
• Minimal pollution levels.
Three smart cities in the world are:
• Singapore - Every aspect of the city is monitored through
sensors provided by private companies to absorb
astonishing amount of data. This data is monitored by a
programme known as Virtual Singapore that enables
authorities to find the most effective ways to manage the
city.
• Barcelona – Barcelon has one of the cleanest public
transport systems in the world with its fleet of hybrid
buses, as well as its smart cycling initiative named
‘Bicing’. They have set up smart parking and traffic
systems to monitor congestion.
• Oslo - The city currently uses about 65,000 smart LED
lights linked by 650 processing stations. These not only
 reduce consumption of energy but can actually monitor
the area to determine how bright they need to be.
Three Indian cities which are in the list of Smart City Plan are:
• Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
• Surat (Gujarat)
• Jaipur (Rajasthan)
6. Write a note about Singapore as a smart city.
Ans. Singapore, one of the world’s major financial centres is
currently the smartest smart city. It is currently leading the
world in its integration of smart technology and is on the verge
of becoming the world’s first ‘smart nation’. Almost every
aspect of the city is monitored through sensors provided by
private companies to absorb astonishing amount of data. This
data is monitored by a programme known as Virtual Singapore
that enables authorities to find the most effective ways to
manage the city.
7. Write a note about Barcelona as a smart city.
Ans. Barcelona city is incredibly energy efficient. It takes full
advantage of the sunshine it receives. Almost all large buildings
use solar water heaters to fulfil their own hot water
requirement. It has one of the cleanest public transport systems
in the world with its fleet of hybrid buses, as well as its smart
cycling initiative named ‘Bicing’. They have set up smart
parking and traffic systems to monitor congestion. Their waste
management system is simple by setting up pneumatic tubes
under city waste bins that do not require large disposal trucks.
There is customer service line for the city through which
citizens can file complaints on things like potholes and broken
lights.
8. Write a note about London as a smart city.
Ans. As London is a very old city its huge congestions and
emissions and its old-fashioned metro system are a major
problem. Smart technology is helping to control these issues.
Seeing its population growth and the difficulties that may arise,
smart initiatives such as electric bike sharing systems and 300+
smart parking spaces to monitor parking have started which
have had a positive effect. They have plans to use River Thames
as a renewable source of energy by using it to heat homes,
providing better air quality and reduced power bills for
residents. The city also plans to begin installing solar panels on
the houses to provide an increase in green energy. The power
grid will then be managed digitally to maximise its efficiency,
reducing carbon emissions.
9. Write a note about San Franscisco as a smart city.
Ans. San Franscisco is one of the leading tech capitals of the
world. California bay’s transport system is fairly outdated but
is has been revolutionised by smart payment methods for fares,
which allow passengers to pay for their commutes via their
smart phones without any type of contact. The city also plans
to reduce private vehicle ownership. Smart parking methods
have helped to solve the problem of parking and to control the
flow of congestion. They also took many clean energy
initiatives. A recent law states that all new buildings are
required to have at least 15% of roof space dedicated to solar
panels.
10. Write a note about Oslo as a smart city.
Ans. The smart energy plans of Oslo have led to it being
recognised as one of the most sustainable smart cities today.
The city currently uses about 65,000 smart LED lights linked
by 650 processing stations. These not only reduce consumption
of energy but can actually monitor the area to determine how
bright they need to be. For example, in foggy conditions they
were able to become bright, and in bright conditions become
dimmer. The city made a construction plan of an additional 37
miles of cycling road and ban on cars in the city centre by 2019.
The city uses industrial and standard waste as one of its primary
fuels. As the city uses so much of its waste as fuel, they depleted
their entire stockpile in 2013 and the authorities had to import
waste from abroad. Oslo also planned to redraw its entire
transport network by 2020 and is aiming to cut fuel emissions
by 50%.
11. What was India’s plan about smart city?
Ans. In 2015 the Government of India launched an ambitious
plan called ‘Digital India’ to develop 100 smart cities across the
country by 2020. In January 2016, the Government of India
announced a list of first 20 Smart cities under its ‘Smart Cities
Mission’. The next two years will witness the inclusion of 40
and 38 cities respectively. Some smart cities of India are: Jaipur
(Rajasthan), Surat (Gujarat), Kochi (Kerala), Bhubaneshwar
(Odisha), Chennai (Tamil Nadu).
12. State the eight pillars of India’s smart city programme.
Ans. The eight pillars of India’s smart city programme are:
• Smart Governance.
• Smart Energy.
• Smart Environment.
• Smart Transportation.
• Smart IT and Communications.
• Smart Buildings.
• Smart Health Hospitals.
• Smart Education.
13. What are the steps taken towards developing Smart
cities in India?
Ans. The steps taken towards developing Smart cities in India
are:
• The Government of India allocated INR 70.6 million for
smart cities in the Budget 2014-2015.
• The government is putting together the standards for
executing this mega plan and identifying the cities to be
developed in consultation with the states.
• A few smart cities are already coming up across the
country, such as Kochi Smart city, Gujarat International
Finance Tec-City (GIFT) in Ahmedabad, Naya Raipur in
Chhattisgarh, Lavasa in Maharashtra and Wave Infratech’s
Smart City near New Delhi.
• India has also invited foreign partnership in developing
the smart cities and has signed deals with Germany, US,
Spain and Singapore.
 • India’s Smart City Plan also includes creating Industrial
Corridors between big metropolitan cities in India. These
include the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, the
Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor and the Mumbai-
Bengaluru Economic Corridor. These corridors are
developed by the Indian Government in collaboration with
foreign governments, for example, Japan and the UK, who
are keen to find new avenues of investment in India.
14. Why do you think it is important to make the people
aware about waste management? Suggest five measures
to improve sanitation in the urban areas.
Ans. As our planet continues to grow in population, there will
be growth in waste products. This waste creates huge
environmental problems. Heaps of garbage is a common sight
in India. The current scenario in sanitation consciousness is
very serious. The first step in this direction is inculcating a
culture of cleanliness among the people. Making people aware
of waste management is crucial for environmental protection,
public health, and economic benefits. Proper waste
management reduces pollution, conserves resources, and
minimizes health risks associated with improper disposal,
leading to a healthier and more sustainable environment for all.
Five measures to improve sanitation in the urban areas are:
• Install separate dustbin for biodegradable and non-
biodegradable wastes at small intervals in the city and
people should be made aware to use them.
• Enough paid toilets and washrooms.
 • Reward those who keep their surroundings clean
including industrial houses.
• Bring the latest technology in solid waste management.
• Involve school children and NGOs for awareness
campaign.
15. What is the difference between a smart city and an
urban centre.
Ans. The difference between a smart city and an urban centre
are:
Smart City Urban Centre
• The use of resources is • The use of resources is
planned and sustainable, unplanned and only focuses
ensuring long term returns. on maximising short-term
returns.
• Technology is built into the • Technology is used mainly
infrastructure to monitor in the private sector, so
inefficiencies and address inefficiencies in
them immediately. government-run services
are not monitored, and thus
not addressed.
• Pollution is minimal • Industrial activity, improper
because of effective waste waste management, use of
management and use of fuel-based vehicles pollutes
clean energy sources, so the environment, affecting
residents have a clean the health of residents.
environment.
• Use of space is well- • Lack of adequate planning
planned, so housing is leads to uncontrolled urban
affordable and problems growth and development of
slums.
related to overcrowding is
minimised.