University of Khartoum

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Electromagnetic Applications
Tutorial # 1
1.
a. Show, using Maxwell’s equations, that if an electric field ⃗E has no time dependence,
then ∇× ⃗ E =0 .
b. Show that the equation ∇× ⃗ E =0 implies that the electrostatic field ⃗ E can
be derived from a potential φ as ⃗E=−∇ φ
ε
c. Show that the energy density stored in an electrostatic field is given by W e = o |⃗
E|2 .
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d. Show that Maxwell’s equations are consistent with the conservation of electric
charge.
e. Starting from Maxwell’s equations show that in free space electric and magnetic
disturbances are waves traveling at the speed of light c.

2. Assume the “Whatever” vector ⃗ W (x , y , z)=^u x sin y + u^ y y

a. If an electric displacement vector ⃗ D =⃗ W , what is the charge density ρ(x,y,z) [C/m3]?
b. If the magnetic field ⃗ H =⃗
W , what is the current density ⃗J ( x , y , z)= ⃗
W [A/m2],
assuming ⃗ H is physically possible?
c. Does the magnetic field ⃗ B =⃗
W satisfy all of Maxwell’s equations? If not, which one
is violated?

3. Consider a time-harmonic EM wave in some material with ε = ε0 , σ =5.70×107 (S/m). What

is the ratio of magnitude of the conduction current density to the displacement current
density at 1 GHz frequency?

4. For a particular electromagnetic wave the Cartesian components of the electric field
vector are given as:
E x =E y =0 and E z=E o cos ( βx ) cos ( ωt )
Given that the magnetic field strength at time t=0 is ⃗
H =0 , show that

H x =H z =0 and H y =H o sin ( βx ) sin ( ωt )

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 Determine H o in terms of Eo , (which are real constants), and the permeability μ of the
medium in which the field exists.

5. Consider an ideal dielectric medium of relative permittivity εr. Show that in this medium
the electrical field E defined by

6. E=Eo e j [ ωt −α ( x sinθ +z cosθ )]

In which x and z are Cartesian co-ordinate and Eo , ω , α ∧θ are constants), is a solution of
Maxwell's equation.

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 University of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Electromagnetic Applications
Tutorial # 2
1. What is the frequency f (Hz) of the wave having the magnetic field:

⃗ 7 7
H =u^ x sin (10 πt−0.2 z)+ u^ y cos (10 πt−0.2 z – 2.5 π ) ?

a. What is its wavelength λ (meters)?

b. What is the velocity of light c in this medium?
c. Find the corresponding ⃗ E ( x , y , z ,t ) assuming μ = μo.
d. What is the polarization of this wave? (e.g., “left circular”; polarization is usually
characterized by the behavior of the electric field vector)
e. What is the shortest non-zero time delay τ (sec) that could be added to the x
component of the wave in order to achieve linear polarization? In this case, what is the
direction θ of the linear polarization relative to the x axis? A sketch may help.
f. Polarization can also be characterized by complex notation. What is the polarization of
the z-propagating wave ⃗ E=( j−1) u^ x +(1− j) u^ y ? (e.g., “left circular”.)

2.
a. Starting from the Maxwell’s equations in the time domain write down the (phasor)
Maxwell’s equations of ⃗ E and ⃗ H in the frequency domain in a simple medium
with charge and current sources.
b. By the result of a, derive the nonhomogeneous (phasor) wave,equations of ⃗ E and
⃗
H , respectively.

3. If the electric field ⃗ E (t )=ℜ { E e } where E is a phasor, then what is ⃗

jωt
E (t ) if:
a. E = 1 – j
b. E = ejπ/4 – 1
c. E= j u^ x +(1− j) u^ y
d. What is the complex vector ⃗ E if ⃗
E (t )=^u x cos ωt + u^ y sin(ωt+ π /4) ?

[Hint: E(t) = cos ωt for the case E = 1]

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4. For the following electric fields in a linear medium of constant dielectric permittivity ε and
magnetic permeability μ , find the free charge density ρf , magnetic field H , and current
density J
a. ⃗E=E o (x u^ x + y u^ y ) sin ω t
b. ⃗ E=E o ( y u^ x −x u^ y )cos ω t

5. An electric field is of the form:

E=10 ℜ [ e j 4 π×10 t−4 π ×10 ]

⃗ ( 6 −2
z)

a. What is the frequency f , wavelength λ , and speed of light in the medium?

b. If the medium has magnetic permeability μ0 = 4π ×10−7 henry/meter, what are the
relative permittivity εr , wave impedance η , and the magnetic field ⃗H ?
c. What is the Poynting vector, ⃗S = ⃗ E ×⃗
H ?
6. What is the frequency f (Hz) of the wave having the magnetic field:

⃗ 7 7
H =u^ x sin (10 πt−0.2 z)+ u^ y cos (10 πt−0.2 z – 2.5 π ) ?

a. What is its wavelength λ (meters)?

b. What is the velocity of light c in this medium?
c. Find the corresponding⎯E(x,y,z,t) assuming μ = μo.
d. What is the polarization of this wave? (e.g., “left circular”; polarization is usually
characterized by the behavior of the electric field vector)
e. What is the shortest non-zero time delay τ (sec) that could be added to the x
component of the wave in order to achieve linear polarization? In this case, what is the
direction θ of the linear polarization relative to the x axis? A sketch may help.
f. Polarization can also be characterized by complex notation. What is the polarization of
the z-propagating wave ⃗ E=( j−1) u^ x +(1− j) u^ y ? (e.g., “left circular”.)

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 University of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Electromagnetic Applications
Tutorial # 3

1. A plane EM wave is traveling in the z-direction in a medium with μ = μ0 and ε = 4ε0. With
E=E o u^ x e j(kz −ωt ) write an expression for ⃗
linearly polarized ⃗ B ( z , t) in this wave

2. An electromagnetic wave is traveling at an angle θi with respect to the z axis within a

medium
with dielectric permittivity ε and magnetic permeability µ . The magnetic field is given as:

[ ]
j (2 π ×10 t − π ( x+ √ 3 z ))
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⃗H =H o ℜ e u^ y
a. Find the frequency in Hertz.
b. Find the wavelength in meters.
c. Find the numerical value of the speed of light in the medium in meters/second.
d. Find the angle θi .

3. A plane EM wave is traveling in the z-direction in a medium with μ = μ0 and ε = 4ε0. With
linearly polarized ⃗
E=E o u^ x e
j(kz − ω t )
write an expression for ⃗
B ( z , t) in this wave.

4. A plane EM wave is traveling vertically downwards in the Earth in the z-direction. The
wave has an angular frequency, ω, and time dependence eiωt. The electric field is polarized
in the x-direction. At this location, the Earth has the following properties
◦ Magnetic permeability = μ = μ0 = 4π x 10-7 H/m
◦ Dielectric permittivity = ε = ε0 = 8.85 x10-12 F/m
◦ Electrical conductivity = σ = 0.01 S/m
◦ Speed of light = c = 3 x 108 m/s
a. Show that Maxwell’s equations reduce to an ordinary differential equation for E x
d2 Ez
2
= j ω σ μ E x (z)− ω2 μ ε Ex ( z )
dz

Clearly explain all assumptions made in your derivation (8 points)

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 b. Indicate the type of electric current that is represented by each term on the right hand
side of this equation. At a frequency f = 10 Hz, which term is larger? Simplify this
equation by discarding the smaller term
c. Find a solution to the equation in (a) of the form Ex = Aekz where z increases positively
into the Earth. Boundary conditions require that Ex = Eo at z = 0 m. Derive values for A
and k.
d. The skin depth (δ) is defined as the depth at which |Ex| has fallen to 1/e of the surface
value. Show that

√ 2
δ= ωμ σ ∼
503
√σ f
m

5. The Cartesian (x,y,z) components of the electric vector of a particular wave field
propagating in an ideal dielectric medium of permeability μo and permittivity εo are

E x =0 , E y =E o sin ( ωt−αx ) , E z=Eo cos ( ωt−αx )

Where Eo , ω , α and θ are constants. What is the state of polarization of this wave field?
Obtain expression for the Cartesian components of the magnetic field strength ⃗ H