Few Problems on Complex Variables

Q.) In which domain(s) of the complex plane is 𝑓(𝑧) = |𝑥| − 𝑖|𝑦| an analytic function ? (2)
Soln. Given, 𝑓(𝑧) = |𝑥| − 𝑖|𝑦|
Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦), Where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥| & 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = −|𝑦|
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
First Quadrent : 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 :- Here 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥. So, 𝜕𝑥 = 1 & 𝜕𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦. So, = 0 & 𝜕𝑦 = −1. Hence, 𝜕𝑥 ≠ 𝜕𝑦 => C-R equn not satisfied here.
𝜕𝑥
So, 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic in first quadrant.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Second Quadrent : 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 :- Here 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥. So, 𝜕𝑥 = −1 & 𝜕𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦. So, = 0 & 𝜕𝑦 = −1 Hence 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 & 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑥 => C-R equn satisfied here.
𝜕𝑥
So, 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in second quadrant.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Third Quadrent : 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0 :- Here 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥. So, 𝜕𝑥 = −1 & 𝜕𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦. So, = 0 & 𝜕𝑦 = 1. Hence, 𝜕𝑥 ≠ 𝜕𝑦 => C-R equn not satisfied here.
𝜕𝑥
So, 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic in third quadrant.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Fourth Quadrent : 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0 :- Here 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥. So, 𝜕𝑥 = 1 & 𝜕𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦. So, = 0 & 𝜕𝑦 = 1. Hence 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 & 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑥 => C-R equn satisfied here.
𝜕𝑥
So, 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in fourth quadrant.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
On the axes (x = 0 or y = 0) and at the origin (x = 0, y = 0), the partial derivatives , , , are
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
not defined because ∣x∣ and ∣y∣ are not differentiable at zero. For f(z) to be analytic at a point, it must be
differentiable in a neighbourhood of that point. Since the axes and origin lie on the boundaries of the quadrants
and the partial derivatives are undefined or discontinuous there, f(z) cannot be analytic on the axes or at the
origin.
∴ The function f(z) = |x| - i|y| is analytic in the following domains –
Second Quadrent (where 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0) & Fourth Quadrent (where 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0).
But it's not analytic anywhere on the boundaries or the axes.
1+𝑖 𝑛
Q.) Find the smallest positive integer n for which (1−𝑖) = 1. (2)
1+𝑖 𝑛
Soln. Given, (1−𝑖) = 1 -------- (1)
1+𝑖 1+𝑖 1+𝑖 (1+𝑖)2 1+2𝑖+𝑖 2 1+2𝑖−1
Now, 1−𝑖 = (1−𝑖) (1+𝑖) = = = =𝑖
1−𝑖 2 1−(−1) 2
𝑖𝜋⁄ 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝜋⁄ 𝑛𝜋
So, from equn (1) we get, 𝑖 𝑛 = 1 or, (𝑒 2) = 𝑒 2𝑘𝜋𝑖 or, 𝑒 2 = 𝑒 2𝑘𝜋𝑖 or, = 2𝑘𝜋 or, 𝑛 = 4𝑘
2
The smallest positive integer n occurs when k = 1, which is 𝑛 = (4)(1) = 4 (Ans)
Q.) Simplify the expression 𝑧 = 𝑖 −2𝑖 . (2)
𝑖𝜋⁄ −2𝑖 2𝜋
Soln. Given, 𝑧 = 𝑖 −2𝑖 = (𝑒 2) = 𝑒 −𝑖 = 𝑒 𝜋 ≈ 23.1407
𝜃 𝑛𝜃
Q.) Prove that (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) ? ( 3 )
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Soln. We have, 1 + cos 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2) & sin 𝜃 = 2 sin ( 2) cos ( 2)
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛
So, (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = [2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2) + 2𝑖 sin (2) cos ( 2)] = [2 cos ( 2) {cos ( 2) + 𝑖 sin ( 2)}]
𝜃 𝑖𝜃⁄ 𝑛
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (2) (𝑒 2) , Using Euler’s formula
 𝜃 𝑖𝑛𝜃⁄
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 ( 2) 𝑒 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝑛
Similarly, (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = [2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2) − 2𝑖 sin ( 2) cos ( 2)] = [2 cos (2) {cos ( 2) − 𝑖 sin (2)}]
𝜃 −𝑖𝜃⁄ 𝑛
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (2) (𝑒 2) , Using Euler’s formula
𝜃 −𝑖𝑛𝜃⁄
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 ( 2) 𝑒 2

L.H.S., (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛

𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝜃 𝑛𝜃
= 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 ( 2) [2 cos ( 2 )] = 2𝑛+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 ( 2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) = R.H.S. (Proved)
Q.) Let (r, θ) denote the point in the Argand plane. If 𝑎 ≡ (1, 𝛼); 𝑏 ≡ (1, 𝛽); 𝑐 ≡ (1, 𝛾) and a + b + c = 0,
show that 𝑎 −1 + 𝑏 −1 + 𝑐 −1 = 0. (4)
Soln. In the Argand plane, a point (r, θ) corresponds to the complex number 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . Thus
𝑎 ≡ (1, 𝛼) = 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 , with modulus 1 and argument α
Similarly, 𝑏 ≡ (1, 𝛽) = 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 & 𝑐 ≡ (1, 𝛾) = 𝑒 𝑖𝛾
Given, a + b + c = 0 or, 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛾 = 0. Taking complex conjugate of both sides, we get,
𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛾 = 0 or, 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛾 = 0, Since the conjugate of a sum is the sum of the conjugates
Or, 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛾 = 0 -------- (1)
−1 −1 −1
Now 𝑎 −1 = (𝑒 𝑖𝛼 ) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 , 𝑏 −1 = (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 ) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 , 𝑐 −1 = (𝑒 𝑖𝛾 ) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝛾
Using all these in equn (1), finally we get, 𝑎−1 + 𝑏 −1 + 𝑐 −1 = 0 (Proved)