DevOps Questions and Answers


DevOps is a set of practices, principles, and tools that combines software development (Dev) and IT
operations (Ops). Its primary goal is to shorten the software development lifecycle and deliver high-quality
software continuously. DevOps includes collaboration, communication, automation, continuous delivery,
and integration between software developers and IT operations professionals to improve the speed,
efficiency, and reliability of software delivery.

What is DevOps?
DevOps is a transformative culture and practice that unites software development (Dev) and IT operations
(Ops) teams. By fostering collaboration and leveraging automation technologies, DevOps enables faster,
more reliable code deployment to production in an efficient and repeatable manner.

What is a DevOps Engineer?

A DevOps Engineer is a professional who combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops)
skills to improve and streamline the process of developing, testing, and releasing software.
Their goal is to ensure that software is delivered quickly, efficiently, and reliably. They work to automate
and integrate the processes between software development and IT teams, allowing for continuous delivery
and continuous integration of software.

1. What is the use of SSH?

SSH(Secure Shell) is an access credential used in the SSH Protocol. In other words, it is a cryptographic
network protocol that transfers encrypted data over the network. It allows you to connect to a server, or
multiple servers, without having to remember or enter your password for each system that is to log in
remotely from one system to another.

2. What is CI/CD?
CI And CD is the practice of automating the integration of code changes from multiple developers into a
single codebase. It is a software development practice where the developers commit their work frequently to
the central code repository (Github or Stash).
 Continuous Integration: With Continuous Integration, developers frequently commit to a shared
common repository using a version control system such as Git. A continuous integration pipeline can
automatically run builds, store the artifacts, run unit tests, and even conduct code reviews using tools
like Sonar.
 Continuous Delivery: Continuous delivery helps developers test their code in a production-similar
environment, hence preventing any last-moment or post-production surprises. These tests may include
UI testing, load testing, integration testing, etc. It helps developers discover and resolve bugs
preemptively.

3. What is Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)?

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a protocol that is used to communicate between the user browser and
the website. It also helps in the transfer of data. It is the secure variant of HTTP. To make the data transfer
more secure, it is encrypted. Encryption is required to ensure security while transmitting sensitive
information like passwords, contact information, etc.

4. What is the Blue/Green Deployment Pattern?

Blue Green Deployment is just like we deploy two versions of our application, one is the stable version, and
another is a new feature or bug fix let’s say, forwarding a certain percentage of traffic to the second version
as well in production to ensure that everything is working fine.
 Blue Deployment: It’s the primary Deployment that is stable, and being used as production.

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 Green Deployment: It’s a kind of clone version, but it has additional changes in it, we can route the
traffic to the Green deployment so that if any issues are there in the Deployment we can fix them and
then promote it to Blue, so that reducing the chances of failures in production environment.

5. What's the difference between DevOps & Agile?

Agile DevOps

It is not related to software development. Instead,

Agile is a method for creating software. the software that is used by DevOps is pre-built,
dependable, and simple to deploy.

Typically a conclusion of administration related to

An advancement and administration approach.
designing.

The agile handle centers on consistent changes. DevOps centers on steady testing and conveyance.

Agile relates generally to the way advancement is

DevOps centers more on program arrangement
carried out, any division of the company can be
choosing the foremost dependable and most secure
spry on its hones. This may be accomplished
course.
through preparation.

6. What is the continuous testing process?

Continuous testing is a process of automated testing done on software continuously as soon as a piece of
code is delivered by the developers. This testing is done at every stage starting from the initial stages of
development until the deployment of software.

7. What is „Pair Programming‟?

Pair programming is a development technique in which two programmers work together at a single
workstation. A person who writes code is called a driver and a person who observes and navigates each line
of the code is called a navigator. They may switch their role frequently.

8. What do you mean by Configuration Management?

The process of controlling and documenting change for the development system is called Configuration
Management. Configuration Management is part of the overall change management approach. It allows
large teams to work together in s stable environment while still providing the flexibility required for creative
work.

9. What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is a method of managing and provisioning IT infrastructure using code, rather
than manual configuration. It allows teams to automate the setup and management of their infrastructure,
making it more efficient and consistent. This is particularly useful in the DevOps environment, where teams
are constantly updating and deploying software.

10. Explain the concept of branching in Git.

Branching means diverging from the mainline and continuing to work separately without messing with the
mainline. Nearly every VCS has some form of branch support. In Git, a branch is simply a reference to the
commit, where the following commits will be attached.

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11. What is Git stash?
The Git stash command can be used to accomplish this if a developer is working on a project and wants to
preserve the changes without committing them. This will allow him to switch branches and work on other
projects without affecting the existing modifications. You can roll back modifications whenever necessary,
and it stores the current state and rolls back developers to a prior state.

12. What is a GIT Repository?

Repositories in GIT contain a collection of files of various versions of a Project. These files are imported
from the repository into the local server of the user for further updations and modifications in the content of
the file. A VCS or the Version Control System is used to create these versions and store them in a specific
place termed a repository.

13. What is Dogpile effect?

Cache Stampede or Dogpile Problem in System Design is a phenomenon that can occur in systems that rely
on caching to improve performance. As a result, the system experiences a sudden surge in demand, often
overwhelming the backend resources and causing a performance degradation.

14. What Is Jenkins?

Jenkins is a tool that is used for automation, and it is an open-source server that allows all the developers to
build, test and deploy software. It works or runs on java as it is written in java. By using Jenkins we can
make a continuous integration of projects(jobs) or end-to-endpoint automation.

15. What is the use of the cherry-pick command in git?

Git cherry-pick in git means choosing a commit from one branch and applying it to another branch. This is
in contrast with other ways such as merge and rebases which normally apply many commits into another
branch.
The command for Cherry-pick is as follows:
git cherry-pick<commit-hash>

16. What is sudo command in Linux?

Sudo (Super User DO) command in Linux is generally used as a prefix for some commands that only
superusers are allowed to run. If you prefix any command with “sudo”, it will run that command with
elevated privileges or in other words allow a user with proper permissions to execute a command as another
user, such as the superuser. This is the equivalent of the “run as administrator” option in Windows.

17. What's the Difference Between Git Fetch and Git Pull ?
Git Fetch Git Pull

Used to fetch all changes from the remote Brings the copy of all the changes from a remote
repository to the local repository without merging repository and merges them into the current
into the current working directory working directory

Repository data is updated in the .git directory The working directory is updated directly

Updates the changes to the local repository

Review of commits and changes can be done
immediately.

Command for Git Pull is git

Command for Git fetch is git fetch<remote>
pull<remote><branch>

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18. What are the components of Selenium?
Selenium is a powerful tool for controlling web browser through program. It is functional for all browsers,
works on all major OS and its scripts are written in various languages i.e Python, Java, C#, etc, we will be
working with Python.

Selenium has four major components :-

 Selenium IDE
 Selenium RC
 Selenium Web driver
 Selenium GRID

19. What is a Puppet in DevOps?

Puppet is an open-source configuration management automation tool. Puppet permits system administrators
to type in infrastructure as code, using the Puppet Descriptive Language rather than utilizing any customized
and individual scripts to do so. This means in case the system administrator erroneously alters the state of
the machine, at that point puppet can uphold the change and guarantee that the framework returns to the
required state.

20. What is Ansible?

Ansible is an open-source IT engine that automates application deployment, cloud provisioning, intra-
service orchestration, and other IT tools. Ansible can be used to deploy the software on different servers at a
time without human interaction. Ansible can also be used to configure the servers and create user accounts.
Ansible is an agent-less software which means there is no need to install the software in the nodes which
means you need to do the SSH to connect the nodes to perform the required operations on the servers.

21. What is Automation Testing?

Automated Testing is a technique where the Tester writes scripts on their own and uses suitable Software or
Automation Tool to test the software. It is an Automation Process of a Manual Process. It allows for
executing repetitive tasks without the intervention of a Manual Tester.

22. What is the importance of continuous feedback in DevOps?

Continuous Feedback in software testing is trying out an iterative process that involves presenting everyday
comments, reviews, and critiques during the software program improvement lifecycle. It ensures that
builders get an equal message approximately the quality and functionality of their code. Let’s delve deeper
into this concept little by little and discover the variations associated with it.

23. What is Git Bash?

Git Bash is a command-line interface (CLI) application for Windows that lets you communicate with Git,
the version control system. Clone the repositories, commit changes, push and pull changes, and more are all
possible using Git Bash. Git Bash can automate manual tasks with the scripts written by you. Git Bash helps
you in a greater way to learn about Git and version control.

24. What is Git Squashing?

Squashing combines multiple commits into a single commit based on your commit history. With the help of
squashing you can clean your branch history and can maintain an organized commit timeline. It is used
before pulling requests or merging feature branches.

25. What is a merge conflict in Git?

Merge Conflicts are the conflicts that occur when a developer is editing a file in a particular branch and the
other developer is also editing that same file or when developer A edits some line of code and that same line
of code is being edited by another developer B that leads to conflicts while merging.

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26. What is Git prune?
Git prune is a command that deletes all the files that are not reachable from the current branch. The prune
command is useful when you have a lot of files in your working directory that you don’t want to keep. The
primary use of git prune is to clean up your working directory after you have finished working on a project.
What actually git prune does is, suppose you have an object or commit that is no longer reachable from the
current branch.
Command:
git fetch –prune <remote>

27. What's the difference between HTTP and HTTPS ?

HTTP HTTPS

While HTTPS will have the data before sending it

HTTP does not use data hashtags to secure data. and return it to its original state on the receiver
side.

In HTTP Data is transfer in plaintext. In HTTPS Data transfer in ciphertext.

HTTP does not require any certificates. HTTPS needs SSL Certificates.

HTTP does not improve search ranking HTTPS helps to improve search ranking

28. Explain the “Shift left to reduce failure” concept in DevOps?

In DevOps, "shift left" means bringing testing and security audits earlier in the development cycle. Problems
are recognized and resolved early, which reduces the likelihood of errors and failures in subsequent phases,
boosting the efficiency and dependability of the development pipeline.

29. What are Virtual machines (VMs) ?

Virtual Machine abstracts the hardware of our personal computer such as CPU, disk drives, memory, NIC
(Network Interface Card) etc, into many different execution environments as per our requirements, hence
giving us a feel that each execution environment is a single computer. For example, VirtualBox.

30. What is a bare repository?

A bare repository is the same as default, but no commits can be made in a bare repository. The changes
made in projects cannot be tracked by a bare repository as it doesn’t have a working tree. A working tree is
a directory in which all the project files/sub-directories reside. Bare repository is essentially a .git folder
with a specific folder where all the project files reside.

31. What is Component-Based Model (CBM) in DevOps?

The component-based assembly model uses object-oriented technologies. In object-oriented technologies,
the emphasis is on the creation of classes. Classes are the entities that encapsulate data and algorithms. In
component-based architecture, classes (i.e., components required to build application) can be uses as
reusable components.

32. How to Make a CI-CD Pipeline in Jenkins?

DevOps professionals mostly work with pipelines because pipelines can automate processes like building,
testing, and deploying the application. With the help of Continuous Integration / Continuous

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Deployment (CI/CD) Pipeline scripts we can automate the whole process which will increase productivity
save lots of time for the organization and deliver quality applications to the end users.

33. What's the difference between Chef and Puppet?

Chef Puppet

Ruby programming knowledge is needed to handle DSL programming knowledge is needed to handle
the management of Chef. the management of Puppet.

Chef is mostly used by small and medium-sized Large corporations and enterprises use Puppet for
companies for management. management.

There is no error visibility at installation time Error visibility at installation time is provided to
which results in difficulty. ease the installation process.

The transmission process to establish The transmission process to establish

communication in this software is slower as communication in this software is faster as
compared to Puppet. compared to Chef.

34. What is Git Rebase?

Rebasing in Git is a process of integrating a series of commits on top of another base tip. It takes all the
commits of a branch and appends them to the commits of a new branch.The main aim of rebasing is to
maintain a progressively straight and cleaner project history. Rebasing gives rise to a perfectly linear project
history that can follow the end commit of the feature all the way to the beginning of the project without even
forking. This makes it easier to navigate your project.
The technical syntax of rebase command is:
git rebase [-i | --interactive] [ options ] [--exec cmd] [--onto newbase | --
keep-base] [upstream [branch]]

35. What is Selenium Tool Suite?

Selenium is a very well-known open-source software suite, mainly used for testing web browsers and web
applications by automating some processes. It comes with a set of tools and libraries that allow developers
or testers to automate some functions related to web browsers and web applications. Selenium Tool suite
consists of 4 major components:
 Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
 Selenium WebDriver
 Selenium Grid
 Selenium Remote Control (Deprecated)

36. What is Selenium IDE?

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is an open-source web testing solution. Selenium
IDE is like a tool that records what you do on a website. Subsequently, these recorded interactions can be
replayed as automated tests. You don’t need much programming skills to use it. Even if you’re not great at
programming, you can still make simple automated tests with it.

37. What is Banker‟s Algorithm in OS?

The banker’s algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm that tests for safety by
simulating the allocation for the predetermined maximum possible amounts of all resources, then makes an

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“s-state” check to test for possible activities, before deciding whether allocation should be allowed to
continue.

38. How do you create a backup and copy files in Jenkins?

In Jenkins, create a backup by copying the JENKINS_HOME directory, which contains all configurations
and job data. To copy files, use the sh or bat command in a pipeline script, such as sh 'cp
source_file destination' for Unix or bat 'copy source_file destination' for
Windows. Use plugins like "ThinBackup" for scheduled backups

39. Explain how you can set up a Jenkins job?

To set up a Jenkins job:
1. Open Jenkins and log in with your credentials.
2. Click "New Item" from the dashboard.
3. Enter a name for your job and select the job type (e.g., Freestyle project).
4. Click "OK" to create the job.
5. Configure your job by adding a description, source code management details (e.g., Git repository),
and build triggers.
6. Add build steps, such as shell commands or invoking scripts.
7. Save the job and click "Build Now" to run it.

40. Explain the architecture of Docker.

Docker architecture consists of several key components:
1. Docker Client: Issues commands to the Docker daemon via a command-line interface (CLI).
2. Docker Daemon (dockerd): Runs on the host machine, managing Docker objects like images,
containers, networks, and volumes.
3. Docker Images: Read-only templates used to create Docker containers.
4. Docker Containers: Lightweight, portable, and executable instances created from Docker images.
5. Docker Registry: Stores and distributes Docker images; Docker Hub is a popular public registry.
6. Docker Compose: A tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications using a
YAML file.
7. Docker Networking: Allows containers to communicate with each other and with non-Docker
environments.

41. What is the DevOps life cycle?

DevOps Lifecycle is the set of phases that includes DevOps for taking part in Development and Operation
group duties for quicker software program delivery. DevOps follows positive techniques that consist of
code, building, testing, releasing, deploying, operating, displaying, and planning. DevOps lifecycle follows
a range of phases such as non-stop development, non-stop integration, non-stop testing, non-stop
monitoring, and non-stop feedback. 7 Cs of DevOps are:
 Continuous Development
 Continuous Integration
 Continuous Testing
 Continuous Deployment/Continuous Delivery
 Continuous Monitoring
 Continuous Feedback
 Continuous Operations

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42. What is the difference between Git Merge and Git Rebase?
Git Merge Git Rebase

Git Merge merges two branches to create a Git Rebase rebases the feature branch to add the
“feature” branch. feature branch to the main branch.

Git Merge is comparatively easy. Git Rebase is comparatively harder.

Git Merge safeguards history. Git Rabse doesn’t safeguard history.

Git Merge is more suitable for projects with the Git Rebase is suitable for projects with frequently
less active main branch. active main branches.

43. What's the difference between DataOps and DevOps?

DataOps DevOps

The DataOps ecosystem is made up of databases, This is where CI/CD pipelines are built, where
data warehouses, schemas, tables, views, and code automation is discussed, and where continual
integration logs from other significant systems. uptime and availability improvements happen.

Dataops focuses on lowering barriers between data Using the DevOps methodology, development and
producers and users to boost the dependability and operations teams collaborate to create and deliver
utility of data. software more quickly.

Platforms are not a factor in DataOps. It is a

DevOps is platform-independent, but cloud
collection of ideas that you can use in situations
providers have simplified the playbook.
when data is present.

Server and version configurations are continuously

Continuous data delivery through automated automated as the product is being delivered.
modeling, integration, curation, and integration. Automation encompasses all aspects of testing,
Processes like data governance and curation are network configuration, release management,
entirely automated. version control, machine and server configuration,
and more.

44. What are the 7 Cs of DevOps?

The 7 Cs of DevOps are:
1. Continuous Integration: Regularly merging code changes into a shared repository.
2. Continuous Testing: Automatically running tests to ensure code quality.
3. Continuous Delivery: Ensuring code is always in a deployable state.
4. Continuous Deployment: Automatically deploying code to production.
5. Continuous Monitoring: Tracking system performance and issues in real-time.
6. Continuous Feedback: Gathering and responding to user and system feedback.
7. Continuous Operations: Maintaining system stability and uptime through automated processes.

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45. Explain the concept of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and discuss the benefits and challenges of
implementing IaC in a large-scale production environment.
Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the practice of managing and provisioning computing infrastructure through
machine-readable definition files, rather than physical hardware configuration. Its benefits include faster
deployment, consistency, scalability, and easier management. Challenges may include initial learning curve,
complexity in maintaining code, and ensuring security and compliance across diverse environments.

46. What strategies can be employed to achieve zero-downtime deployments, and how does the
Blue/Green Deployment pattern fit into these strategies?
To achieve zero-downtime deployments, strategies like canary releases and rolling updates are
used. Blue/Green Deployment is a method where you maintain two identical production environments, with
only one active at a time. Updates are deployed to the inactive "blue" environment, then traffic is switched
to it, ensuring seamless transitions and mitigating downtime.

47. How do you ensure security and compliance in a CI/CD pipeline, particularly when integrating
with multiple cloud providers and third-party services?
To ensure security and compliance in a CI/CD pipeline with multiple cloud providers and third-party
services, implement robust authentication and authorization mechanisms. Utilize encryption for data in
transit and at rest, and regularly audit access controls. Employ automated security scanning and testing
throughout the pipeline to catch vulnerabilities early. Lastly, maintain clear documentation and
communication channels to stay abreast of evolving compliance requirements.

48. Discuss the importance of monitoring and logging in a DevOps environment. What tools and
practices do you recommend for effective observability and incident management?
Monitoring and logging in DevOps ensure system health and performance. Tools like Prometheus and
Grafana offer real-time insights, while ELK stack provides robust logging. Adopting practices like
centralized logging and automated alerting enhances observability and incident response efficiency.

49. Explain the concept of immutable infrastructure and how it contrasts with traditional
infrastructure management. What are the benefits and potential drawbacks of adopting immutable
infrastructure in a DevOps workflow?
Immutable infrastructure is a paradigm where servers and components are never modified after deployment,
but instead replaced with updated versions. Unlike traditional methods, where systems are continually
altered, immutable infrastructure ensures consistency and reliability.
Benefits include easier deployment, improved scalability, and better fault tolerance. Drawbacks may include
initial setup complexity and challenges in managing stateful applications.

50. Explain the concept of serverless computing and its implications for DevOps practices.
Serverless computing is a cloud computing model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the
allocation and provisioning of servers. Users only pay for the actual resources consumed by their
applications, without worrying about server management.
This model simplifies infrastructure management, allowing developers to focus solely on writing code. For
DevOps, serverless reduces the overhead of managing servers, enabling faster development cycles and
easier deployment, while emphasizing automation and monitoring for efficient resource utilization.

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