HISTORY OF ART

0-LEVEL
PRE-HISTORIC ART
Refers to the visual arts produced by early humans before the development of written
records.
Or- It is an era or period before humans started recording events in writing.
In this period, human kind used stones as a basic tool for doing various activities.
PRE-HISTORIC ART WAS DIVIDED INTO PERIODS.
1) The Paleolithic period (OLD STONE AGE) 60,000-10,000 BC)
During this period, humans lived in caves and they survived by hunting animals as the
major source of food.
They painted animals on rock surfaces believing that they will capture their spirits and
enable them have a successful hunt the next day. This period is also referred to as rock
painting.
2) The Neolithic period (new stone)9,000-3,000 BC
This is a period when humans started living together in societies and villages they formed
simple structures for living in and made more tools for survival. They also started making
some sculpture.
PRE-HISTORIC ART IN EUROPE
Pre-historic art is found mostly in Spain and France entrances and some have been covered
by raising seas.
Other European countries with pre-historic rock art include Portugal, England, Italy,
Germany, Russia and Romania.
SOME OF THE NOTABLE PRE-HISTORIC ART SITES IN EUROPE INCLUDE
1) CAVE PAINTING
I) Lascaux (France) ii) Altamira (Spain) iii) Chauvin cave (France)
2) ROCK ART
I) Volcamonica (Italy) ii) coa valley (Portugal) iii) Stonehenge (England)
PRE-HISTORIC ART SITES IN UGANDA
 Nyero rock. ( in kumi district Eastern Uganda)
 Kadam site. ( in Nakapiripirit karamoja)
  Mount moroto.( in Moroto District)
 Napak rock (in Napak district)
MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED BY PRE-HISTORIC ARTISTS TO CREATE THEIR ART WORK
MATERIALS TOOLS
- Charcoal -hammer stones
-Feathers -stone tools
- Blood, plant extracts -grind stones
- Clay, wood, -Brushes made from animal hair
-stones -Drilling tools (used to create holes in rocks)
TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN MAKING THEIR ART WORKS
 Painting- using pigments and brushes to apply images to the rock surfaces.
 Engraving-Using sharp stones to carve images into the rock.
 Etching- Using acid or Abrasive material to create images on the rock surfaces
 Stenciling- Using a stencil to apply pigments to the rock surfaces
 Carving- Using stone tools to curve images into the rock surfaces
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRE-HISTORIC ART (FEATURES)
 Symbolism- Pre-historic art often features symbolic elements such as geometric shapes,
animals, which carried a significant meaning.
 Abstract -Art works frequently employ abstract figures and animals.
 Stylization-Art works often depict stylized figures and animals.
 Natural materials- pre-historic artists utilized natural materials like stones, plants to
create art works.
 Their art works often features animals e.g. hunting scenes ,wild life
 Portable art-Many pre-historic art work are small, portable and easily transported.
 Pre-historic art frequently appears in caves and rock shelters which provided
protection and stable environment.
 Anonymous creators- Pre-historic artists remain anonymous as their names and
individuals were not recorded.
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 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART
Ancient Egyptian Art was not for the sake but functional. They made art works regarding
religion and they were honoring their gods, goddesses and pharaohs.
MATERIALS AND TOOLS EGYPTIAN ARTISTS USED TO CREATE THEIR ART WORKS
MATERIALS TOOLS
- Lime stone -Chisels
- Ivory -Drills
- Wood -sew
- Bronze, gold, silver -sharp metals
- Bones -hard stones
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAINTINGS
 Their paintings frequently incorporate symbolic elements such as
hieroglyphics and gods that had a great meaning to the Egyptian culture.
 They used bright and vibrant colors such as red, yellow, blue and green and
each color symbolized something.
 Geometric shapes such as triangles, circles and rectangles are commonly used
in their paintings.
 Figures are often depicted in profile view with the head, body and legs shown
in a straight line.
 Ancient Egyptian paintings lack perspective and depth with figures and
objects depicted in a flat two dimensional manner.
 Repetition- features like figures, animals and symbols are often repeated in
their painting.
 Stylization. Figures and animals are often stylized with simplified forms and
exaggerated features.
 The paintings were incorporated with religious themes, gods, goddesses and
pharaohs in various context.
 Examples of Ancient Egyptian paintings

NB. Hieroglyphics –a system of writing with pictures that represent words or sounds.
NB. Ankh- a T-cross with a loop on top with the eye of Horus.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SCULPTURES

 Stylization- figures were depicted in stylized way.
 Idealization- figures were depicted when they are not too old neither too young.
 Frontability- figures were often depicted facing straight ahead, with a frontal view to
show the importance of dignity.
 Rigidity- Figures were typically depicted in a rigid, static pose with little movement
or action.
 Symmetry- Sculptures were balanced symmetrically.
  Hierarchical scale-figures were depicted in a hierarchical scale with the most
important figure shown largest.
 Use of symbolism. Sculptures also features symbolic elements such as animals and
gods which carried a specific meaning.
 Materials- sculptures were created from various materials like lime stone, wood etc.
Support materials of some of the ancient Egyptian sculptures.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Ancient Egyptians built pyramids where the pharaoh and his wife could be buried. The king
would be buried with his servants to continue serving him after death. The pyramid took
around 20 years to be finished / built. They built pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out
of stones. Tombs could house the remains of pharaoh and other high ranking officials,
palaces were residents for pharaoh and their families then temples was for worshiping and
honoring the gods and goddesses. Since pyramids were burial places of pharaoh, they were
full of treasure. All the pharaohs’ riches and belongings were buried with him to keep him
happy in the life after death.
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PYRAMID
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
 Use of stones. They mostly used limestone and sand stone to build their structures.
 Use of columns. They also used columns on their architecture and they could be
decorated with intricate carvings and paintings.
 Use of hieroglyphics. They used hieroglyphics in their Architecture like on walls and
columns basically for decoration.
 Use of symbolism. Ancient Egyptian Architecture in-corporate symbolic elements
such the Ankh (a T Cross with a loop on top with the eye of Horus) which were to
have magical powers.
 Grand (large) entrances. Buildings had grand entrances with large doors.
 Flat roofs. Most buildings had flat roofs which often used for religious or ceremonial
purposes.
 Simple rectangular shapes. Building often had simple rectangular shapes.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND HIEROGLYPHICS FEATURES.

ANCIENT GREEK ART

Ancient Greece is made up of several city states which kept competing with each
other.
 Ancient Greece is well known for having done a great work in the areas of Art, music
and science.
In Art basically, they did a great work in painting, pottery, sculpture and
architecture.
ANCIENT GREEK ART WAS SEEN IN FOUR PERIOD
1. Geometric period
2. The Archaic period
3. The classical period
4. Hellenistic period.
GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900-700BC)
In this period the Greeks made large painted pots inform of vessels in different
shapes and sizes such as amphora used to transport wine and small amphora used to
store wine and perfumes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VASE PAINTING DURING THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD
 The surface of the vase were painted with geometric shapes
 They painted abstract figures out of geometric shapes
 Painting was normally done using black and red.
 There was no space left during painting of shapes or figures.
 Greek vase paintings also features symbolic elements like animals.
 Limited color palette. They worked with restricted color range like red, black and
white.

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THE ARCHAIC PERIOD (750BC-480BC)

During this period, the population had grown, new cities were formed and old cities
expanded and the economy was in good state.
This promoted the production of art works in this period for example vase painting,
sculpture and architecture.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAIC VASE PAINTING
 The paintings were realistic.
 Some figures were painted with black and red.
 Figures in the composition are presented in profile to create a feeling of three
dimensional space
Task; Describe the black figure technique of vase painting
Here the figures were painted with black against the red back ground. It involved
scratching the vase using a sharp tool to form figures .Then the design made in outlines are
then painted and covered with clay slip and left to dry. During the process of firing, all the
areas covered with clay slip turn to black while the other part turn to red hence producing
black figure against the red figure ground.
For red figure technique, the back ground of the vase surface is coated with black slip. Then
the decorative figure are left to stand out in a red orange color of the
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAIC SCULPTURE

 Figures appear rigid.
 Marble stone was the major material
 Male and female human figures were made. The female is called kore and the male
kouros.
 The kore appears dressed but the kouros is left undressed (nude)
 Both male and female had an archaic smile.
 One leg appears to extend a little bit forward than the other.
 Hands are curved close to the body with clenched fist.
 Hair is treated like braids.
 Knees appear outstanding for male figure.

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 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (490BC-322BC)
During this period, Greeks did permanent works with clarity and harmony.
They did Art works like paintings, sculpture and architecture.
VASE PAINTING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL
 Human figures look more realistic.
 The human figures appear fluid and not stiff.
 Perspective was used to create a feeling of three dimensional space.
 Besides the red figured painting, more colors were used such as white and purple.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT GREEK PAINTINGS
 Red and black figure technique where the figures on the vase could be
painted black against a red back ground for black figured technique and vice
versa
 Mythological themes. Greek paintings often depicted mythological scenes,
gods, goddesses and legendary creatures.
 Idealized proportion e.g. in classical period.
 Simple back grounds often plain or featured simple architecture.
 Flat perspective .Greek paintings lacked depth and perspective with figures
often overlapping.
 The paintings featured symbolic elements such as animals, plants, carrying
specific meaning.
 Use of colors. Greek painters employed a limited color pallet with emphasis
on red, black, white and yellow.
 Composition balance. Painting were carefully composed to achieve balance
and harmony.
CLASSICAL SCULPTURE
During this period, Greeks showed their skills in the study of nature and love of beauty.
They made sculptures out of limestone and their subject matter rotated around Greek
literature, sports, mythology and war.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL SCULPTURES
 The sculptures are either free standing or in relief.
 Both nude and draped sculptures were made.
 The sculpture were depicted with body structure, balance and proportion.
 There is no emphasis on facial expressions e.g. the face of the discus thrower does
not reveal the energy of a person who is raising something heavy.
 Most sculptures were fluid and not stiff.
 It was depicted with a contrapposto pose.
 The sculptures were realistic.

ITEM: What artistic lessons do you learn from the characteristics of Greek classical
sculpture?
 Proportion and balance .Greek sculptures used perfect proportion and balance
teaching us balancing and proportionality in any composition that we do.
 Anatomy. Greeks put much attention on the body structure teaching us to be
mindful of the body structure accurately.
 Realism. Greeks put much attention on realism teaching us to be critical on the
facial expression.
 Dynamic/ movement. Greek sculptures often capture dynamic movement showing
us how to convey energy through possess.
 Contrapposto. Where the weight of the sculpture was on one leg teaches us about
balance and weight distribution.
 Drapery and folding .intricate drapery demonstrate how to convey texture and
movement through a fabric.
 Story telling. Greek sculptures often tell stories from mythology teaching us how to
convey narratives through visual elements.
 Materiality. Greek sculptor’s mastery of marble, bronze and other material teaches
us to respect and work with natural qualities of our medium.
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE
The plan for Ancient Greek Architecture was rectangular surrounded by columns
The Greek temple consisted of an open space called porch and a closed space
referred to as cella.
The entire structure was raised on a stepped base called a podium.
The upper part of the temple that holds the roof is called entablature
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ANCIENT GREEK STYLES /ORDERS IN THEIR ARCHITECTURE
Three orders were developed that is Doric, ionic and Corinthian order.
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DORIC ORDER
-it has a bowel shaped capital.
-it has grooved shaft.
-often without the base
IONIC ORDER
-The column has an inverted bowel shaped capital.
-It has a grooved shaft.
-It has a base.
-The capital is decorated with scrolls.
CORINTHIAN ORDER
-The shaft is fluted.
-The capital is decorated with shapes of flowers and leaves topped by small scroll.

HELLENISTIC PERIOD
SCULPTURE (LACOON AND HIS SON)
 It was one of the Hellenistic sculpture
 It was made by Hage Sandrose ,Polydoros and Athendorous.
 It was curved of marble.
 It shows the Trojan priest and his two sons that was attacked by the sea
serpent at the altar.
 It is believed that the serpent attacked the priest and his sons for they
offended the gods (Athena) so that’s why it was punishing them.
  It has a height of 7 feet and 10.5 inches.
 Lacoon group is characterized by pain and suffering.
 The son at right of lacoon is seen when he was already collapsed/ died where
as the one on the left side is seen scared about what was happening to his
family as he tries to rescue himself from the coil of the sea serpent
 It shows realism.
 It was dynamic
 They were depicted nude.
 There was great study of body anatomy.
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ANCIENT ROMAN ART

Ancient Rome ruled Europe for over 1000 years .The first emperor was Augustus
The Ancient Roman Empire was led by warriors who were very greedy and wanted
to expand their territories.
They fought and captured their neighbouring nations including Greece.
The Romans were influenced / inspired by the Greek art works.
Art works played a big role in showing the prowess (brave/ courage) of roman
Emperors as well as commemorating powerful Emperors. They used materials like
gold and diamond to make some of their art works and when it came to paintings,
they were brilliantly painted with colors.
ART FORMS PRODUCED BY THE ANCIENT ROMAN ARTISTS INCLUDE
 Sculpture
 Painting
 Architecture
 Mosaics
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN PAINTING
 The subject matter in their paintings included portraits, still life, landscapes, myths
from everyday life and animals.
 They mostly used colors like red, blue, yellow, brown and green in painting.
 Fresco technique- Romans painted on wet plaster to create durable works.
 The figures in painting are little bit elongated around the neck and the hands.
 Realism –Roman paintings also featured realism in everyday life compositions and
portraits.
 Roman paintings often featured portraits of important individuals such as emperors
and gods.
 Use of perspective- Roman painters used perspective to create the illusion of depth
and distance on a flat surface.
 Symbolism- Roman paintings often featured symbolic elements such as animals and
mythological creatures.
 Ornamentation- Roman paintings often featured decorative motif with ornaments.
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ROMAN SCULPTURE
Materials used by the Ancient Roman sculpture include,
MATERIALS
-Terracotta -marble -stone –wood -Bronze
TOOLS
-Chisels –hammer –Brushes
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN SCULPTURE
 The major materials were marble and stones
 They did portraits, reliefs and free standing figures.
 The figures were realistic.
 Sculptures were either half draped or fully draped because they never wanted to
disrespect them.
 They treated the draperies with respect to bring out the inner body structure.
 They depicted a contrapposto pose in their sculptures.
 Most sculptures appeared in a tog as attire which showed respect.
 They also did bust sculptures .This included the head, shoulders and chest only.
 There was also expression of s-curve in body.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANCIENT ROMAN SCULPTURE
 THE HEAD OF ROMAN PATRICIAN FROM OTRICOLI

 It is characterized with deep wrinkles.

 It is realistic with sunken skin.
 It shows seriousness, experience and determination.
 It was curved out of marble.
 It was dressed in a draped toga.
 The sculpture was depicted in prime years. (Not young and too old).
NB. Toga- it was a loose outer garment worn by the citizens of Ancient Rome.
 THE PORTRAIT OF AUGUSTUS AS AGENERAL FROM
PRIMAPORTA
 The portrait was idealized.
 Depicted with a contrapposto pose.
 It was dynamic /there is little movement.
 Depicted wearing a military combat.
 Depicted with a draped cloth around his waist up to the left arm that holds it.
 Depicted with a small statue at the base.
 The right arm is raised as he was addressing his troops.
 It is realistic.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

 Used durable materials e.g. concrete, bricks, and stones to ensure longevity.
 They featured arches, vaults for wider spaces.
 Developed the technique of constructing bridges and aqueducts to drive
water.
 Their architecture is featured with vaulted ceilings for strength and interior
space.
 They employed columns on their structure for strength, interior space and
decoration.
 Their structures were featured with Domes to create space and connection S
 They emphasized symmetry and proportion in their design.
 The interior of their buildings were decorated with Mosaics.
 Romans also emphasized interior space.
  The facade of their structures were adorned with monumental sculpture.
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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ORDERS/ STYLES

 The Tuscan order
Characteristics
 The column shaft is usually un-fluted /plain.
 It has a very simple entablature (unadorned entablature).
 The capital consists of a square abacus.
 The composite
Characteristics
 It column shaft is fluted.
  The entablature consists of 3 sections, the cornice, the frieze and architrave.
 Ionic order
 Doric order
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GREEK AND ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

 They both used columns in their architecture.
 In both their temples were used to honor their gods.
 In both temples were constructed using marble or lime stone.
 In both they used similar building materials in early stages like mud, wood,
plaster and stones.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GREEK AND ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 Romans used more advanced materials and technology especially
concrete which is not the case to Greek structures.
 Roman structures were richly decorated on both the outside and inside
compared to Greek structures
 Greeks used post and lintel while the Romans used Arches, vaults and
concrete domes.
 The Greeks used three major columns that is Doric, ionic and Corinthian
while the Romans used five types and that is Doric, ionic, Corinthian,
Tuscan and composite.
 Roman Architecture aimed at creating enough interior space than the
Greeks.
FEATURES EMULATED /DERIVED FROM GREEKS AND ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
IN SUMMARY
-Featured Arches - Employed vaults on the ceiling
- Featured Domes -Employed relief on the entablature
-Used concrete -Used post and lintel technique
-Employed columns -structures were rectangular in shape.
-Geometric shapes above the facade (cornice)
-created/ decorated mosaic pieces in the interior of their buildings.
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE ART)
Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth”.
Renaissance Art- Refers to the revival of the classics (Greek and Roman classical art)
Renaissance Art included
-Sculpture –painting –Architecture -music and literature
RENAISSANCE ART WAS DIVIDED INTO PERIODS
1. Early renaissance(1400- 1500)
2. High renaissance (1500-1520)
3. Late renaissance (1500-1600)
However the years given above in different periods may not be the exact ones but almost in
the range according to the Art historians.
Different Renaissance Artists and the periods they belong to
 Early renaissance (ARTISTS)
 Donatello
 Masaccio
 Fillippo Brunelleschi
 High renaissance (ARTISTS)
 Leonardo da-Vinci
 Michelangelo
 Giorgione
 Raphael
 Donato Bramante
 Titian
 Late renaissance
 Michelangelo
 Titian
FACTORES THAT LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE ART IN ITALY
 Increased wealth from trade that allowed powerful families to sponsor works of
Art.
 The rediscovery of lost ancient Greek and Roman texts (lost work).revived the
classical learning hence the development of renaissance Art.
  The emergency of technological innovation e.g. they had discovered painterly
machines which could make only texts. So there was a need for Artist to bring in
images.
 The individualistic view of man. (humanism)- The need to produce portraits of
people centrally to the Greek and Roman period contributed to the development of
renaissance art.
 The need of the church leaders to bring out the stories/ scenes in the bible to reality
so that they get to know (forced) them to commission artists to make for them
paintings, sculptures on and inside the churches hence the development of
renaissance art.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE ART
 Nature- Artists depicted out door scenes.
 Individualism-Artists showed individual people in their art works instead of groups
as it was practiced before.
 Secularism- Most of the art works done were focusing on worldliness life like
making money, travelling, making their families comfortable than religion. (There
were few church paintings as compared to the previous period.)
 Classicism –There was revival of classical Greek and Roman art forms and style like
beauty.
 There was great study of body anatomy.
 The figures were realistic.
 They depicted (shown) out door scenes.
 Secular subjects were depicted like daily life activities e.g. travels, making money,
house activities etc.
 They reflected linear perspective in their Art works.
 They depicted the illusion of depth by using light and shadow in their art works.
 Some of figures in the compositions are dynamic.
SUBJECT MATTER
-mythology.
-scenes of contemporary life.
-scenes from the bible.
EARLY RENAISSANCE IN ITALY (15TH CENTURY AD)

 Donatello
 He was born in Florence in a bout 1386 and died 1466.
 He was a sculptor who worked in a gold smith`s shop.
 He did round sculptures and relief sculptures.
 He used marble, wood and bronze to curve sculptures.
 He curved “ST Mark “out of marble for the church of orsenmichele.
 In relief sculpture, he curved “The feast of Herod”.
 He also made the sculpture of David in Bronze when he was naked with a
contrapposto pose.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DONATELLO`S SCULPTURE
 He curved sculptures in wood, marble and bronze.
 Standing figure were curved following contrapposto pose.
 His composition were dynamic like “The feast of Herod”.
 He showed draperies on the figures /clothes.
 The sculptures were depicted nude.
 The figures were realistic.
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The feast of Herod (Relief sculpture).

David St. Mark

Task: Give a brief description of “Donatello”.

 MASACCIO
  Masaccio was born in 1401 and died in1428.
 He is considered to be the first painter to use linear perspective.
 He painted the” holy trinity”.
 He painted the “tribute money “using continuous narration.
MASACCIO`S PAINTINGS BEARS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS
 He used linear perspective to arrange his composition.
 He created the illusion of depth using tonal and linear perspective.
 He used continuous narration to bring out meaning in his paintings.
 He created a three dimensional space .He made us see the tax collector in front and
at the back in the continuous narration.
 He depicted cast shadows in his paintings.
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NB. The story in the painting of the “Tribute money”.

Tells a story of a tax collector who confronted Jesus and his disciples in demand for tax
money. Jesus directed S.T PETER to go to the nearby water body to catch a fish and get a
coin from its mouth. Peter was seen doing so and in the same painting St, peter is seen
giving the money (coin) to the tax collector, that’s why it was called continuous narration.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE SCULPTURES (IN SUMMARY)
 Curved in wood, marble and bronze.
 Curved following a contrapposto pose.
 They were dynamic.
 Depicted with draperies.
 Realistic / naturalistic.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE PAINTING (IN SUMMARY)
 Used linear perspective in their paintings.
 The paintings were depicted with cast shadows.
 The paintings had the aspect of continuous narration.
 The paintings depicted out door scene.
 There was illusion of depth in their paintings.
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE (16TH Century) LEONARDO DA VINCI

 Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci Florence and died in 1519
 His known to have been a scientists, engineer, mathematician, anatomists, a sculptor
and a painter.
 He initiated the idea of a helicopter, calculator, fighting tank and other machines.
 As a painter, he painted the last sapper and Mona Lisa
 He discovered the style in painting called chiaroscuro.
NB-Chiaroscuro means contrasting light and dark areas in painting.
Analyze Leonardo da Vinci `s “LAST SAPPER”
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 It was painted on wet plaster (fresco).

 He used oil and tempera color but didn’t work out well as the work started
Palling off from the wall.
 Leonardo depicted (showed) Jesus when he had just announced to his
disciples that “”one of you will betray me”.
 There was balance in the composition .Leonardo showed six people on either
side of Jesus.
 Judah sat on the right hand of Jesus and appeared darker compared to the
rest of the disciples.
 The composition depicted (showed) perspective and the vanishing point is
located behind Jesus head.
 When you observe the composition closer, He used light and shades to create
figures and the draperies by a technique called “chiaroscuro”.

Analyze Leonardo da Vinci “MONALISA”

  The painting of Mona Lisa was commissioned by a rich Italian merchant.
 Mona Lisa was painted using oil paint.
 Mona Lisa was depicted with a mysterious smile which makes difficult for one too
understand her mood.
 Mona Lisa looks so tender because of the way Leonardo da Vinci blended the colors
with soft brushes.
 He depicted the portrait with intricate draperies like at the chest and arm.
 The back ground was treated with rocks which appear very far from the body.
 The horizon on the right appears higher than on the left.
 He used summate technique to shade the back ground.
NB: SFUMATO- is a technique of painting where the back ground is painted in a hazy
appearance.
-MISTY- Means foggy.
-HAZY- means not clear/ confused.
-HORIZON- means the skyline/ horizontal line the sky appears to meet the earth in the
distance.
-MISTERIOUS- means difficult to understand.
-TENDER- means soft/physically week.
Task: Why Leonardo da Vinci made “MONALISA “Portrait.
The painting was commissioned by a rich Italian merchant by the names FRENCESCO who
wanted to place a portrait of his wife LISA, in their new home and to celebrate the birth of
their second son ANDREA.
 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI

 He was born in 1475 and died in 1564.

 He was a sculptor, painter, architecture and engineer.
 He painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in Vatican alone for 6 years. He believed
that other Artists were unskilled that`s why he decided to do it alone.
 One of the fresco paintings he did on the ceiling was “The creation of Adam”.
 He curved David and Moses out of marble.
 In architecture, he designed the Laurentian library for Pope Leo x.
 In architecture still, he designed the Dome of ST. Peters Basilica (One of the largest
churches in the world.)
TASK: Asses Michelangelo`s contribution to Renaissance Architecture.
 Designed the Laurentian library for Pope Leo x.
 Designed the church of St. Peters Basilica.
 Designed the Dome of St. Peters Basilica.

TASK: Analyze Michelangelo`s “CREATION OF ADAM” painting

 It`s one of the central pieces of the sensitine chapel ceiling.

 It was painted on wet plaster of the ceiling (fresco).
 God and Adam confronted each other.
 God left hand is seen on a female figure believed to be Virgin Mary.
 There was great mastery of body structure e.g. Adam.
  The figures were nude and others half nude.
 The figures were so realistic.
 It shows God and his aides being swept in a cloud as he creates Adam.
 Eve can be seen under Gods left arm as she seems to appreciate what has just
happened.
MICHELANGELO (SCULPTURE OF DAVID)
Support material.

Characteristics:
 Depicted nude.
 Depicted with masculine body.
 David appears looking at Goliath from a distance as he was about to hurl the
stone.
 Exerts weight on his right an indication of a contrapposto pose.
 The figure was realistic.
 It is a free standing sculpture.
Task: Compare and contrast the characteristics of David sculpture by Michelangelo with one
made by Donatello.
Comparison:
 Both were depicted nude.
 Both were free standing.
 Both followed a realistic approach.
  In both a contrapposto pose was depicted with all its weight on the right leg.
Contrast:
 In Donatello`s sculpture David is seen relaxed looking down after killing down after
killing Goliath whereas Michelangelo`s sculpture, David is seen looking at Goliath
when is about to hurl a stone.
 Donatello`s sculpture of David was depicted with no masculine structure where as
in Michelangelo sculpture, David was depicted with masculine structure.
 Donatello`s David was curved out of Bronze while Michelangelo David was curved
out of marble.
 Donatello`s sculpture was depicted with a hat on the head holding a sword whereas
Michelangelo David just had a stone in his hand.
NB- Masculine: having qualities associated with male.
Task: Describe the characteristics of Michelangelo`s paintings and sculpture.
PAINTING
 Painted on wet plaster (fresco) like the creation of Adam.
 Great study of body structure.
 Depicted nude and dressed figure.
 Paintings were realistic.
SCULPTURE.
 Sculptures were depicted nude and dressed.
 Sculpture were depicted with draperies.
 Depicted with masculine structure.
 Depicted with body structure (anatomy).
 Depicted with a contrapposto pose.
 They were realistic.
MICHELANGELO SCULPTURE OF “MOSES”

 He was curved out of marble.

 It is realistic.
 Semi-nude in appearance.
 Great study of body structure (anatomy).
LATE RENAISSANCE (MANNERISM PERIOD)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE RENNAISSANCE PAINTING
 They depicted elongated human bodies.
 They exaggerated some parts on the figures like legs and the chest. They were not
proportional to the rest of the body parts like the heads.
 The human figures were depicted with elegancy (beauty).
 The figures were depicted nude and half nude.
 There was feeling of three dimensional space e.g. the last Judgment.
 The composition appeared to be balanced.
 Perspective was also reflected in the composition.
TASK: Describe the “the last judgment” by Michelangelo (in summary)
 Figures were depicted nude and others half nude.
 Depicted with elongated limbs.
 Great study/ mastery of body structure.
 The compositions were dynamic.
 SUPPORT MATERIAL

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICAN ART

(AFRICAN ART)
African tribal art is sometimes referred to as “Primitive art”.
It is art that was produced by the indigenous settled farmers and hunters during the pre-
historic and early historic era.
TYPES OF AFRICAN TRIBAL ART
-Masks -Architecture
-Sculptures -body ornaments.
-Textiles.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN TRIBAL ART
 It was abstract .There was no interest in depicting exactness of forms.
 Art forms were stylized. Some parts such as the genitals and breasts were
exaggerated.
 African tribal Art was for life`s sake and not Art for Art`s sake.
 Sculptures were made with big heads because it was believed that the head is the
seat of power and intellect.
 African tribal art was also characterized by idealization.
 African tribal art had symbolic characters e.g. Antelope symbolized speed, tortoise
old age.
 Colors used by African tribal art were not chosen at random but were meant to be
symbolic.
 The sculptures were rigid.
  African art was generally simplified. Details of forms were never shown.
 African tribal artists exploited locally available materials such as wood, stone, clay,
 Sculptures are characterized by thick patina from sacrifices.

NB. PATINA: a thin usually green layer that forms naturally on the metals, copper and
bronze when they are exposed to air for a long time.
FUNCTIONS OF AFRICAN TRIBAL ART
 African tribal Art was made for religious purposes /functions e.g. ancestral worship,
magic etc.
 African tribal art was for ceremonial purposes such as marriage, funerals, honoring
leaders and installation of chiefs and kings.
 They were used for initiation ceremonies e.g. at child birth an adulthood to show
that he or she has grown.
 African tribal Art like statues were made to honor ancestors, king and gods.
 They were used for entertainment e.g. they could dance, drum and sing while
wearing them.
 They were also used for fertility ritual purposes e.g. the art works were made to
Using herbs and placed near the bed of the expectant couple or those failing to
conceive.
 Art forms such as cups, bowl, spoons etc. were made to serve utilitarian purposes.
MATERIALS, TOOLS USED BY AFRICAN TRIBAL ARTISTS.
-Wood - shells -Beads -animal feathers -clay - ivory -stones etc.
MASK
Is a covering worn over the face to disguise one`s self.
MATERIALS USED BY TRIBAL AFRICAN MASK
-Wood –metals –fabric –plant fibers –animal hair – horns –teeth – egg shells –beads –seeds
–feathers
MASKS. TYPES/ CATEGORIES OF TRIBAL AFRICAN
 Face mask: are masks that covered the entire face of the individual wearing it.
 Head gear/dress: This was a type of mask worn on the head of the individual.
 Miniature mask: It was sometimes called amulets.it was given to young boys after he
had finally passed the initiation rituals.
 Helmet mask: These are masks which were worn on top of the heads and completely
worn on top of the head and completely covered the hair.
FUNCTION OF AFRICAN TRIBAL MASKS
  They were used during the agricultural festivals more especially during the planting
and harvesting of crops e.g. among the Bambara
 They could use them on tribal rituals involving births, infertility and deaths.
 They could use them on spiritual ritual ceremonies such as ancestral worship and
funerals.
 They could use them during the chasing away of evil spirits from those people.
 They could use them to intervene diviners in case of drought or fertility of the land.
SCULPTURE
They did three dimensional sculpture out of clay, stone, metals, ivory and other materials.
MATERIALS USED INCLUDE
- Clay -wood -shells - beads -ivory –metal – feathers – animal hair.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN SCULPTURE
 Some parts of the sculpture were exaggerated such as the breasts, head, genitals etc.
 Human figures were usually idealized.(not too old neither too young)
 The sculptures had symmetrical characters along a vertical axis.
 African tribal sculptures were often incorporated with incised / carved geometric
patterns.
 Much of the sculptures were abstract with simplification of most important features
of the figure.
FUNCTIONS OF AFRICAN TRIBAL SCULPTURES
 Some African tribal sculpture was used for divination e.g. Large wooden statue was
placed in the center of the village or in front of the hut of the diviner to protect the
entire village.
 They were used for ancestral worship.
 Statues were used for fertility rituals for both humans and land.
 In some tribes they were used for magic –religious purposes.
 African tribal sculpture also served as royal Art mostly inform of bursts and full
portraits of kings and Queens.

 Sculptures were also used in tribal rituals such as warding off diseases, natural
calamities and evil spirits.
 African tribal sculptures were also used in making social decisions and judgments.
 Sculptures were also used as fetishes that protected individuals or the community,
NB. DIVINATION: Practicing of fore seeing or fore telling future events with the help
of super natural powers.
Fetishes: is any inanimate object worshiped because it is believed to possess
magical powers.
Support materials of some of the African artworks
 CONTEMPORARY ART IN UGANDA
Contemporary Art is the art of today.
Is the art produced by the 21th century.
SOME CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS IN UGANDA AND THEIR ART WORKS AND STYLE.
 Wasswa Donald –Is a painter who creates semi-abstract land scopes
involving East African wild life. The elephant in the land scape is the most
distinct (noticeable).
 Daudi karungi- A painter, gallarist, print maker and functional designer, his
work reflects the social life and political climate of Uganda.
  Ronex Ahimbisibwa- Is a painter, sculptor, photographer etc. His themes
rotated around homosexuality, nudity and corruption.
 Paul Ndema- is an artist who uses symbolism in his work which is highly
ornamented .He also used traditional motifs like pots and masks in his work.
Other contemporary artists include
 Maria Anita
 Ronald kerango
 Godfrey Benadda
 David kibuuka
 Gregory maloba
 Juuko hoods
 Eria Nsubuga
 Ronnie chris etc.

BY Ronex Ahimbisibwa By paul Ndema

By Wasswa Donald By Daudi karungi

MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED BY CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS IN UGANDA

MATERIALS

 Paint ( acrylic ,oil, water colors)

 Canvas, papers and other surfaces.
 Wood , metal
 Fabrics
 Recycled materials like plastics, glasses etc.
 Natural materials e.g. clay and stone ETC.
TOOLS
 Brushes ,pallets ,knives,
 Chisels, hammer
 Sewing machines and needles
 Camera and editing software for photography and digital art.
 Computers for graphic design, software for digital art and design.
 Pair of scissors and tape measures.
SOME OF THE ART STYLES USED BY CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS IN UGANDA.
 Semi Abstract : The style is used by wasswa Donald, who creates land scape that
feature East African wildlife of which the elephant is the most distinct (perceived
well).
 Whimsical and Dream like: This style is used by wasswa Donald who uses colors to
show the African spirit in all its vibrant glory.
  Symbolism: This style is used by Paul Ndema who uses symbolism in his work
which is highly ornamented and incorporate mystery.
 Abstract : This style is used by Ronnie chris Tindi that doesn’t depict realism.
 Conceptual Art: This style involved exploring new ways of expressing themselves
through Art.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEMPORARY ART IN UGANDA
(Contribution of contemporary to Uganda`s national development)
 Promoted cultural preservation. Contemporary art has helped preserve our cultural
heritage by incorporating traditional techniques, motifs and themes into modern art
forms.
 Contemporary Art in Uganda has created jobs to the natives hence reducing the rate
of unemployment and job seekers in the country.
 Contemporary Art has also promoted the tourism industry hence getting revenue to
the country.
 Fostering social commentary.
Contemporary art has provided plat forms for Artists to address social political
issues affecting Uganda such as corruption, inequality, environmental degradation.
 Cultural exchange .contemporary Art has boasted / Fostered collaboration and
exchange hence promoting cultural understanding.
 Education and skills development. Contemporary art has led to the establishment of
art schools and developing people`s skills.
 Encouraging innovation and technology. Contemporary art has incorporated new
ideas, media and technologies in work execution.
 International recognition. Contemporary art has enabled Uganda to be recognized
globally by show casing their work and receiving international awards.
 Providing platforms for marginalized voices. Contemporary art has given voice to
marginalized communities such as women and disables.
 National identity. Contemporary art has helped to shape our national identity by
show casing Ugandan culture to the world.
TASK 1
The sculpture produced between 480-323BC, also known as the classical period is
renowned for its exceptional beauty. Here are the key characteristics of Greek
sculpture from this period.
 Increased emphasis on Anatomy. Artists during that period started to study
human body more closely.
 Transition from archaic style. Artists began to move away from the rigid
formalized poses of archaic period to naturalistic and relaxed poses.
 Idealized forms. Sculptors created idealized perfect forms.
 Naturalism and realism. The sculptures were too realistic.
  Contrapposto pose . Here the sculptures were often depicted when the all
weight of the body relax on one leg.
 Sculptures were well balanced.
 The sculptures were often depicted with intense emotions e.g. power and
pathos sculpture.
 Greater attention to detail .Artists paid closer attention to detail with
intricate textures.
SAMPLE SYNARIOS
ITEM 2. A culture center has been constructed by the ministry of Tourism in Uganda .On the
compound of the culture, a sculpture (figure A) was constructed .Whenever the tourists visit
the cultural center they get amazed with the art work.

TASK.As a student of Art History, describe the art work in figure A in terms of theme,
materials, techniques, why it was made and its general characteristics to enable the tourists
to appreciate it with ease.
 The Discus thrower is a famous ancient Greek sculpture created by the Athenian
sculptor “Myron”.
DESCRIPTION
 The Discus thrower is a life- sized bronze sculpture depicting a young male athlete
in the act of throwing a Discus. The figure is shown in a dynamic pose, with his body
twisted and his arm extended.
THEME
 The theme of the sculpture is the celebration of athlete achievements, beauty and
the human forms.
MATERIALS
 The original sculpture was made from bronze however the original one has been
lost and only Roman marble copies survive today.
TECHNIQUES
 Selecting the marble block, cutting roughly to the desired size using chisel and a
hammer.
 A design of the Discus would be transferred on the marble block using a technique
called “pointing”. This involves creating a series of small holes on the marble surface
which would serve as guide for the sculptor.
 Carving the marble. A sculptor would use a hammer, chisels and gouges to roughly
curve the marble block following the design.
 Depicting details. A sculptor would put details using small chisels and gouges to
create intricate features of the Discus thrower.
 Sanding and polishing. The sculpture would be sanded and polished
 Adding patina .A patina, or chemical treatment might be applied to the sculpture to
enhance its color and texture.
General characteristics (in summary)
 Anatomy
 Contrapposto pose
 Realistic/ naturalism
 Nude and balanced
 Idealized
ITEM 3.
Our grandfather Mr,Sosir loved all the Art works he inherited from his parents. He always
told us that our family originated from Egypt. While Mr. So sir had some information about
Egypt, he was not sure of the development of Ancient Egyptian Art, how it was made, its
general characteristics and why it was produced.
Mr. so sir’s wish, was that when we grow up, we would find out the art forms especially
that one below.
TASK: You are requested by the grand children of Mr. So sir to help them appreciate the art
works above. In writing, interpret to them accordingly, what they need to know about the
art work.
Development
Ancient Egyptian art last for over 3000 years, from around 3100BCE -300CE.
It can be divided into several periods.
1. Archaic period (3100-2613 BCE). Characterized by the unification of upper and
Lower Egypt and the development of hieroglyphics writing.
2. Old kingdom (2613- 2181 BCE).Saw the construction of Great pyramids.
3. Middle kingdom (1570- 1085 BCE). Characterized by aresurgency (renewal) of
artistic and cultural achievements.
4. New kingdom (1570- BCE). Saw the rise of powerful pharaohs and the development
of more expressive art.
5. Third intermediate period (664- 332 BCE). Characterized by a decline in Artistic
quality and arise in foreign influences.
6. Late period (664-323BCE). Saw a resurgence (renewal) of artistic and cultural
achievements with focus on traditional Egyptian style.
HOW EGYPTIAN ART WAS ART WAS MADE
Ancient Egyptian art was created using a variety of techniques and materials,
including.
1. Painting. Used to decorate tombs, temples and palaces .Paints were made from
natural pigments.
2. Sculpture. Used to create statues, reliefs and other three dimensional art works.
Sculptors worked with materials like limestone, sand stone
3. Relief curving. Used to create intricate designs and scenes on stones on stone
surfaces.
 4. Gold and jewelry work. Used to create, elaborate funerary masks, jewelry, and
other decorative items.
General characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Art. (In summary)
 Frontability.Figure are often depicted facing forward.
 Hierarchical scale. Important figures like pharaoh are often depicted larger
than others.
 Symbolism. Art works often feature symbolic elements like the Ankh
 Use of colors. Colors were used to convey meaning and symbolism with red
representing life and protection.
Why Ancient Egyptian Art was produced.
 Funeral purposes- Art works were created to ensure the deceased person`s safe
passage into the after life.
 Religious purpose. Art works were created to honor the gods and goddesses of the
Egyptian pantheon.
 Royal propaganda. Art works were created to promote the power and legitimacy of
the ruling pharaoh.
 Decorative purposes. Art works were created to decorate temples, palaces and other
important buildings.
TASK: What themes / subject matters did the renaissance Artists based on?
Renaissance Artists explored awide range of themes and subject matters often inspired by
classical Greek and roman art, literature, and philosophy. Here are some common themes
and subject matters that renaissance Artists based their work on.
1. Mythology and Classical Antiquity. Artists depicted scenes from myths, portayed
famous heroes like Hercules, gods and goddesses.
2. Christianity and biblical scenes. Artists illustrated scenes from the old and new
testaments such as “the last sapper” by Michelangelo.
3. Humanism and human forms. Artist depicted the human body in various poses like
Michelangelo`s “David”, the portrait of individuals and the body anatomy.
4. Allegory and symbolism. Artists depicted scenes that conveyed moral messages, and
symbolic animals to abstract concepts.
5. Land scape. Artists depicted natural scenery like mountains, rivers and forests often
with biblical themes.
6. Nature. Artists created still life compositions featuring objects like fruits, flowers
and house hold items.
7. Architecture. Artists depicted buildings, churches, palaces often in perspective.
8. History and politics. Artists depicted important historical events like battles, created
portraits of ruler’s like’s kings, queens and other leaders.
TASK: Renaissance Artists employed arrange of styles and techniques to create their master
pieces and here are some of them.
  Painting techniques.
 Sfumato – A painting technique developed by Leonardo da Vinci characterized by
soft, hazy appearance.
 Chiaroscuro- A technique that uses strong contracts of light and dark to create a
sense of volume and depth.
 Glazing .A technique that involves applying multiple layers of transparent paint to
achieve deep and rich colors.
 Drawing and sketching.
 Linear perspective. A technique that creates the illusion of three dimensional space
on a two dimensional surface.
 Artists studied the human body through detailed drawings of the skeleton, muscles
and internal organs.
 Sketching from life. Artists sketched from observation, studying the world around
them to improve their drawing skills.
 Sculpture technique.
 Marble carving. Artists like Michelangelo created intricate sculptures by carving
marble block.
 Bronze technique. Artists used the lost-wax casting technique to create bronze
sculpture.
 Relief sculpture. Artists created sculptures that projected from a flat surface, often
using technique like carving.
 Print making.
 Wood cuts. Artists created prints by carving designs into wooden blocks.
 Engraving. Artists created prints by etching designs onto metal plates.
 Architectural styles.
 Classical revival. Architects incorporated classical elements like columns and arches
into their design.
 Renaissance palaces. Architects designed grand palaces with symmetrical facades
and ornate decorations.
 Central planning. Architects designed buildings with a central plan, often featuring a
dome or grand hall.
ITEM 4
In the Ancient Greek period, Artists made different art works, in these art works, they used
different tools and materials got from their environment. The activities carried out in their
community guided them on which type of Art works they produced. The Art works made,
would even show the different periods they had gone through, most of the art works were
decorative and some functional.
However, today’s artists, many of them produce decorated Art works, the works are not
functional, and they simply produce works for their economic values as seen in figure
below.
Fig1g fig 2

Task:
As a knowledgeable Artist make a write up advising today’s artists on how to produce
better art works.
In summary
 Play with textures to bring out a nice visual effect. Incorporate various textures on
the surface of the pottery pieces.
 Experiment with different materials to producing better works like clay, glaze etc.
 Mastering the traditional techniques like hand building and use of a potter wheel.
 Use of colors harmoniously to evoke emotions.
 Develop strong skills in drawing to enable good shapes that will be used to
producing nice looking pieces.
 Study the classics .Draw inspirations from the classical Greek art.
 Tell a story .incorporate narratives if it comes to decorations to add meaning.
 Practice and practice to bringing out better art works that are admirable.
 They should also attend different workshops.
 They should also organize exhibitions to promote learning and competition.
 They should also produce art works reflecting their culture.
ITEM 5
During the renaissance period, Artists used different Approaches to produce art works.
Such art works appears in figures below.
Creation of Adam Mona Lisa
Unfortunately, today, Artists produce works of no artistic qualities.
Task
Using the knowledge acquired, Advise Artists to produce better art works.
(In summary)
 Study the anatomy. Understand human and animal proportion.
 Learn perspective. Create depth and space in your composition.
 Understand color theory. Study color harmony, contrast and balance.
 Use high quality materials. Invest in proportional grade paints, brushes and
surfaces.
 Experiment with mediums. Explore traditional renaissance mediums like egg
tempera, oil and fresco.
 Develop layering technique. Build up layers of colors for depth and luminosity
(shining).
 Pay attention to textures. Incorporate subtle texture and tactile elements.
NB. SUBTLE. Means something that is hard to notice or not easily understood.

 Study the classical compositions. Understand the balance, harmony, style, and visual
flow.
 Tell a story. Incorporate narrative elements and symbolism.
 Use chiaroscuro. Create a strong contrast between light and dark in order to create
the illusion of volume.
 Study Renaissance masters. Analyze works by Leonard da Vinci, Michelangelo and
Raphael plus others.
 Observe Nature. Study light, color and texture in Natural world.
 Collect reference images. Gather photographs, sketches and new life observations.
  Visit museum and exhibitions
 Practice regularly. Challenge yourself with achievable projects.
 Collaborate with others.
 Employ Fresco/ sfumato technique to evoke the Ancient era.
 Use technology strategy e.g. use digital tools for research.
 Develop your unique voice. Blend traditional techniques with modern perspective.

ITEM 6
Katamba is a gift self taught constructor who is regularly hired by several people in his
area to construct buildings recently, he was given a job to renovate akids play center and
specifically, Katamba was instructed by his client to use the the approaches of construction
as those used by the Romans of long ago. One of the samples pictures that Katamba was
given to enable him do his work well as pictures.

Task
Formulate a suitable write up which will enlighten Katamba about what he does not know
in regards to his client’s requirements.
(In summary)
INRODUCTION
Roman Art refers to the visual arts produced in ancient Rome. Roman Art was
heavily influenced by Greek art.
  Arches. Use Arches to create a sense of entrance at the kids play center.
 Columns. Incorporate columns to create enough space and support to the
play kid’s center.
 Vaults. Create a vaulted ceiling for the play house to create sense of space/
largeness.
 Domes. Design a dome-like shape for the kids play ground
 Mosaic. Incorporate mosaic designs in the interior of the kids play center.
 Aqueduct. Build a mini ((small) aqueduct with water flow outside the pitch
where kids can play from and even get refreshed after playing.
 Amphitheater. Build a mini amphitheater in the kids play ground for other
performances like singing, pool tables games and wrestling
 Sculptures. Incorporate relief sculpture at the facade /entrance of the kids
play center.
ITEM 7
In your community there is a rich family that has secured land and they want to construct a
Mega structure that is to host many businesses and activities. One of the family friends who
visited Greece and Rome, saw techniques, methods and materials that were used in
architecture told them that their new structure will look very beautiful if they access an
artist to advise them on such styles as in figure 1 and 2.

Task.
As an artist, in write up advice the rich family about their concern.
In summary.
 Roman architectural features that can be borrowed.
 Incorporate Domes and vaults to create grand, spacious area for business,
conferences and exhibition.
  Incorporate Arches and columns to add visual interest, support and separate areas
for different businesses.
 Symmetry and balance. Design the mega structure with balance and harmony to
allow customers reach at different apartments with ease and almost at the same
time.
 Marble and stone. Incorporate these materials to add durability since it’s going to be
used by many people.
 Greek architectural features that can be borrowed
 Classical orders. Employ Doric, ionic or Corinthian orders to add visual interest and
evoke sense of tradition.
 Pediments and friezes. Incorporate decorative elements at the pediment and friezes
to tell a story of the businesses and visual interest.
 Natural light. Incorporate natural light to create a welcoming and sustainable
environment.
 Modern ideas
 Blend traditional and modern elements. Combine Roman and Greek
architectural features with modern materials, design.
 Incorporate green roofs, solar panels to reduce mega structures
environmental impact.
 Flexibility. Design a mega structure with movable walls with multipurpose
space.
 MATERIALS
 Stones: marble, lime stone
 Bricks
 Wood
 Terracotta: Earthenware tiles
Here are some materials and tools used by Renaissance Artists to create their master pieces.
1) PAINTING MATERIAL
- Pigments. Derived from natural sources like minerals, plants and insects.
- Binders. Substances used to hold pigments together, such as egg yolks (tempera),
linseed oil (oil painting) and gum Arabic (water color)
- Canvas. Made from linen or cotton stretched over a wooden frame.
3) SCULPTURE MATERIAL
- Marble
- Bronze
- Wood
- Terracotta
4) Sculpture tools
- Chisels .used for carving and shaping stone and wood.
 - Gouges. Used for removing materials and creating curved surfaces.
- Mallets. Used for hitting the chisel
- File. Used for smoothening surfaces.
5) Drawing and print making materials.
- Pencils
- Ink
- Papers
6) Painting tools
- Brushes
- Pallets
- Knives
- Rags
RENAISSANCE ARTISTS USED AVARIETY OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS TO BUILD
TEMPLES AND OTHER STRUCURES. HERE ARE SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ONES.
Materials
- Stone: limestone, marble and granite.
- Bricks. Clay bricks were widely used for building.
- Wood .wooden beams
- Terracotta. Earthenware tiles and pots were used for roofing, flooring and decorative
element.
Tools
- Chisel
- Hammer
- Saw
- Drills
- Trowel
- Levels
- square
- pulleys and ropes

TASK:
What features can you borrow from the Greek and Roman architecture to construct a
church at your locality as an engineer?

Roman architectural features:

1. Domes and vaults. Use domes and vaults to create a sense of grandeur
(largeness) and spirituality.
2. Symmetry and balance. Design the church with symmetry and balance to
create a sense of harmony and stability.
 3. Arches and columns. Incorporate arches and columns to add visual interest
and support the structure.
4. Use of marble and stone. Incorporate marble and stone into the design to
create a sense of luxury (comfortable surrounding).
Greek architectural features:
1. Classical orders. Use classical orders (Doric, ionic, Corinthian) to add visual interest
and a sense of tradition.
2. Pediments and friezes. Incorporate pediments and friezes to add decorative
elements and tell stories.
3. Proportion and scale .Design the church with harmonious proportions and scale to
create a sense of balance and beauty.
4. Use of light. Incorporate natural light into the design to create a sense of warmth
and spirituality.
MATERIALS AND TOOLS GREEK AND ROMAN ARTISTS USED TO PRODUCE THEIR ART
WORKS
 Greek materials and tools
- Marble
- Bronze
- Terracotta
- Paint, derived from natural sources like minerals, plants and insects.
- Brushes
- Chisels
- Gouges
- Hammers.
Roman materials and tools
- Mable
- Concrete
- Mosaic
- Pigments
- Brushes
- Trowels
- Saws