ana abit cates ae tg th PEPURIY of moby, ye tay aces the web oF em rom tg, ¥e Libraries in Net vw ut cnn ey oe rap caso CSS, tan een erent sen Soe OSS poy aarti Te rt cs ee tn ce, sere sen ans» ptm ji set 0 The tc fey ey ien “wt be man ast es ay «ben eet om esos ron ad cs + Damas cess + ameessng + Renetng + etectons “The Net las ray is amon to alanguage of Nt That mean he way acess files n VB et witb exact sae Ci, and in ct 8 oor anguaes Net. You tam trary ery for nes, b wo ln evr language. ‘Asta comeon oa posal appleaton,Cierentiypes of aplcsion acon mata use of Nat ass Sra we wa Console appeatons Windows GUI sopetons |ASP_Notaplcatons 20M. Web sonics “The Net ass rary i ie it wo pas © ‘Bas0 Class Library (BCL) Ie standard rary which is van oa te programming lnguapes | ti. ih. Net ramework, BCL provides pro-doed namospars, ase ‘and functions which haps in portoming a the uncions comment very ‘programming language tke Memo Managomert, Flo Reading, Oatabase ending, StingHanding Rely Access ce. Thoavalabiy of BL speeds phe dvotopment process arate. Framework Cass Library (FOL) ‘The Framework Class Libary (FL) i superset ofthe BCL cases and ‘eter tte entre dass brary tat hips wen Ne ramowerk. Wines an expanded oe fibres, incadig Windows Foms, ADONET. ASP.NET, Language nage Qui, Windows Communion Feundton among to er enemtetnsch Faces ninacame we Peabo nition noes i hanecssteanic naan geream Sakti sewers osteorensse1 ceonapore Te cae cece ieee espatn Scenes or1.9 Assemblies in .Net framework Gazal re nating os ol Nel mwa The Ne ASEM pet he CLR exeutes. ASSO i et len, reas coe tat he CLF “A ee ire ona terourcenmaton at are bul o wrk epee anda ope unt Rectory “Te reat ng about asebles i that ey ae setsosebing. A the det, ‘site sseentiy roe win te absentee Because aNET assent, ‘Srsths riomason win el mates XCOPY fonconaly poss. tig ss eseniy asinle a 909 1.91 Structure of An Assembly “Te suchen fe peal aso is shown a gr 1.12. ‘Asses aro made up ol otowng prs 4, Assombly Mantost “Ine assembly mates aso contin son pba he scons Carre tat he appcabon aways uses te core ese. Whon youre gt have mute vrsons oan ascemby on the sare mace, tis rgvtant 1 abl them caretly £0 tt be CLR hoi wich ene to use. ly manest conan name, cuter anguagesndilomaton abut relerenoed assembles 2. Type metadata ‘An azzably cents varous modules, Each moo consis metadta an MSIL Type matadaa contains normaten onthe pas hate expt by ihe aserbiy such as secstypemision mfomaton, class and etace rlomton and oe sce eloma ako coisa pti see posed pes and eoues Rescues te Hes sth a MP FJ tes Matt any cere needy epleaton 2 sit in izes enemas gio 1.92 Functions of an Assembly Te Funeton fn sssomby 8 1 eons coetatne CLR exces Scots in a orl excetaio (Peet cereus coesrthve nesta asonty rants cam a bee 2 toms sec Bounty. AnasenBy eu a which pomisins tegen | | Pepents || Prin ra Pats el 4 Lom a ype beaay Every es ety nes, he nana be esanbiy ih restos 4. toms lronce sco Dun The asserts antes ots “ssonly melda a ed or refoWing pet an satin SoU aime toques vsteee mung ere, yes ond e20uCeS NINO SIME Asem evermore as aunt, y 6 fist untatwecn sd side exeeton suppor. Two assemblies y the cae name bt win eer vorsions cn rn sioby 0 abo ‘ountow tat dopent ona spe version use assemBY of at ey, 7. oma. deopment ni Wren an appton sts, ony he asset ‘rte aplaton ein cas rte presen SSEEMDILS, uch, ‘eataaten resources coting AY lasses can boeing cnoerant 1.9.3 Types of Assemblies Thee ee woes ef asconbas 1. Pat azeos [vate eee 6 on assembly tha s aval opt apt wre eyo bape A Pate Assembly canot be relerences oui “ope cle dre ey ae eps A Pate assay nae neo} be nue mente aptcaton hat wes 2 Stared secenties “Keraesacerb pubic eesemty als shared by mull apps team be rterenced by mee than one appcaton. In onder to shares asconbly, te assy mustbo expt but for is purpose by gira tt ceyeoxaprieat sengnane.Stongnama corset an aseebl/ =i) ‘Stongrame retest name he et assembly, version rumba, cut ‘ety ar pute yoko, 194 Static vs Dynamie Assembles “orembies can bo eae a wal nie asamblon ao ets on km portable execute (PE) es, ri ase ave coated at andcinbe eseeied ect famthe ear Thay aia seat beh 2k = seonsouniey Te msorbiietesralestverioraie ny, 1 ne! fest in .Net ‘hscey Marites | 2 flo that conning Metadata about Net eases. rnty Manes consis clacton of dna ht dees how the elements in few nasonBly relat fo oach abet pnassembly mares conaing 88 he atadaa need o soci the asses ferson eqitements and socuty Wort, and all metadsta needed to de to eo ofthe assembly and zane rlerncos lo resouces ara lasses The ‘Geom anit canbe stored in aor aPE fle (an ext cri th Mosc fromesete Ianguoge (MSL) ende orn standalone PE le Bs eoiains cy sembly mans information. {L104 Assembly Manifest Contents pesmi ants consis to fotoving information. 5 6 Assently care inirmaton on cute or language he assent cursor ‘rong mare lemon ke, pubic key, the asomtly has been gen a Unt ies ne asomiy “ype referer intormaton ‘Ata ol ner assembles tat ao staal releronced by Ine assenhy ‘Yecan ad orchango srneamaton ina aseriy mares using asery sion you cod. 1.102 Funetions of Assembly Manifest Funcon of assembiys manta are 2. Enders he les that ako vp he assembly. Enumerate other assets co which te essenly cere a12 Gos tow owes tbe esses NPE and EDUEES apg, ‘eat covan ox erctaatons and iplementations, 4. Renae Be asorby sedesong Proves ail isrecten betneen nsUner OF UE he assent eve ese perenne. 1.11 Meta Data easter homaton which dears the characteris your program, -Armades meters contre onrytirg hat needed art wih anathema Meta cova or stores th flowing omaton: (2) Description ofthe assemiy + eray (assy name, version number, eure of fnguage te sssenty pots pbc hy) Tenge: pata epored + Omer ascents ts sseambiy depends on + Secery pemsons needed ()Deserpton of pee Neve vsity tase class, antearaces implemented + Member (methods felts, papers, events ested pes fo) Atos Orvekpers can as metadiao he cc trough etbetes.Aibates ‘een cescrpve laments tat mod pes and members. During the come tine of sue code, Metdata is ereted wth Mixosot IrteredateLanqnge (St) and sored fe cated Mantest Bat Mead (4S: oper wrgpedin a praia Exectta (PE), Dung the nme of ‘ogra, Jt n Te 1) compere CL use the Metta and converts MSL ‘ro natve code When codes exc, err oad meld no memory nd eforonces& © scoveritormaton about your coe’ lataee, member [Rhetanc, ands on Metadstadescrbes every pe and member defined nyo ‘cateina language nel meaner ant Advantages of Metadata psvatages of etait ae: 4. Saleserbing es CUR modes and assembles ao elldesebing, K modules meta contains everyting needed Io itract wih another module, Metadeta ‘atomtcatyprodee the ctor ot etaco Detnen Langage (0), toyoucan we one te for both etiion and nplmoraton, 2 Language Ineroperabity Mada proves altho neatoneqred abot compact frou Inne clas fom a PE ta writen tern guage. ‘Simpl Programming mode! data th ey taser roraering model anc elites enon fornetace Dain anguoge (DL fies ead tes orany extemal tog ot component etree, 4 Extensible Metadata exten trough use cf atibtes LUL2 Attributes nen we define cas in C+, we ean use the Keys pbc end private “Tose keywords provide agstona information about cass members. These keywords ls deine the behavior of cass manbesby dsc te acessy tbe classes, Compiler re designed to recogiz ese predetnns keywords ‘na you canna rata hese Keywords youre eowovorCLR tows you 0 at yourselkeywor-e descrpve decors, Autos ar saved wen the msiaaats ardeante cast cose ‘oureace othe CLR ero tot ppicatonbohavor ature. Tha Nea, upphos many use atte. Youean ln dai argdovopyaurown bes erwee When you compile your code for the runtime, attributes aro also converted Is into. MSIL and placed inside a portable executable (PE) file along with metadata generat : enerated by the compiler. Attributes allow you to place extra descriptive information into metadata that can be-exifacted using (untime reflection services. The compiler creates attributes when you declare instances of special classes that derive from, System Attribute. Attributes allow you to add other language that targets the runtime, Uses of attributes Attributes are used t0 : 4. Describe how to serialize data your own descriptive elements to C#, VB.net or any without having to rewrite your complies. enforce security 2. Specify characteristics that are used to piler so the code remains easy 3, _ Limit optimizations by the justin-time (JIT) com to debug Record the name of a file or the author of code rms development 5. Control the visibility of controls and members during fo Describe your code in behavior in creative new ways sscriptive elements to C#, VB.net, other language practically any way conceivable and to affect run-time o ‘Allow you to add your own des that targets the runtimne, without having to rewrite your compiler. x reise 4, Explain building blocks of .Net Platform, 2. What are the purpose of CLR, CTS and CLS? 3. _ Distinguish betvveen Managed and Unmanaged Code. 4, What are the functions of CLR? 5, _ Distinugish bet veen Value Types and Reference Types. 6. — Explain various features of Net. Fim [30]Introduction to C# 2.1 Introduction C# (Pronounced C Sharp) is an object oriented programming language. C# was introduced by Microsoft in June 2000. It is first component oriented language. It is derived from C and C++ language. C# is directly related to C, C++ and Java. The family tree of Cf is shown in figure 2.1 FIGURE 2.1 itis simple, flexible and type safe language. It is the only language designed for the -Net framework. The software developers who are familiar with C# Programming can quickly construct a whole range of applications for the new Microsoft.NET development environment. It is a part of the NET suite which facilitates tools and Services that fully exploit both computing and communications. C# is suitable for developing web-based applications, [82]2.2 Characteristics of C# The characteristics of C# are : 1. Object Oriented C# supports all the features of object oriented language such as encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It treats everything as an object and there are no global functions, variables and constants C#. Flexibility & Power C# has the flexibility which permits typed, extensible metadata that can be applied to any object. A project architect can define domain-specific attributes and apply them to any language, element, classes, interfaces and so on. Simple C# eliminates the use of tedious operators such as -->, and pointers. C# treats integer and Boolean as two different data types, which enable the compiler to recognize the use of = in place of = = with if statement. Consistent C# supports only one integer type and there is no limitation of range. Garbage collection This memory management feature leads all managed objects. Garbage collection is a feature of .NET that C# uses during runtime. Exception handling The .NET standardizes the exception handling across languages. C# offers the conditional keyword to contro! the flaw and make the code more readable. Type Safe C# provides various type safe measures, which are : (a) Dynamically allocated objects and arrays are initialised to zero. (b) Produces an error message while using an uninitialised variable. (33)2.3 (c)_ Enforces overflow checking in arithmeti operations. (a) Checks the range of an array and wams whon the access goes out of bound. 8 Name spaces aces are C# program elements which help to organize programs, Namespi .s and a particular Functionally related classes are grouped into namespaces namespace has to be included in a software program to access the classes and objects within it. 9. Versionable C# supports versioning that enables the existing applications to run on different versions with the help of new and override keywords. 10. Indexes C# has indexes which help to access value ina class with an array like syntax. 41. Security In C#, unsafe codes must be explicitly declared with by the modifier as unsafe to prevent accident features. 12. Compatible C# contains the .NET specifications and therefore, allow inter operation with other .NET languages. 13. Extensive inter-operability The extensive inter-operability makes C# the obvious choice for most of the software developers. The C# Keywords Keywords are the words that have a standard, predefined meanings. These keywords can be used only for their intended purpose, they cannot be redefined by the Programmer. All keywords must be written in lowercase. The keywords are also known as Reserved words. There are 77 keywords in C# as shown in table 2.1. (34]TABLE 2.1 abstract delegate if override switch as do implicit params this base double in private throw bool else int protected true break enum interface public try byte event intemal readonly typeof case explicit is ref int catch exten lock return ulong char false tong sbyte unchecked checked finally namespace sealed unsafe class fixed new short ushort const float null sizeof using continue for object stackalloc virtual decimal foreach operator static volatile default goto out string void struct while 2.4 Identifiers {dentifiers.refer to the names assigne user-defined item. The rules for identifier are . 1. An identifier may consists of letters, digits and underscore( _). 2. — The first character must be a letter or underscore. 3. — Special symbols and blanks are not allowed. 4. Keywords.or Reserved.words.are.not allowed,, However,.C#.permits.you,to, precede a keyword withan @, For example, @do js a,valid identifier. 5. Both upper case and lower case letters are allowed and are considered to be distinguishable. e.g. the variable SUM is not same as sum or Sum. [35]‘Blank paces are not lowed area komord, “ho fst charactor mst be alter ‘gn is ot towed. 2.5. Data Types Vetus quanttes sc a conan vate et. cccuring in ¢C# progr mest ‘hve a type assansted wth tem Tae canbe one ac enly one ype assole wean ony. CF ppt a very lage mbar data pes. The typeof an ety tables to cong blomaton abut (a) tsmecrng ©) Constainssppeebe ot (9) Posstie va of he ety (6) Poastie operations ape ontha ety (6) Method or inion ta canbe used wih ‘Dea Pe in tar Cacgotzedin tree paas shown nite 22. ea Daa ie Vantoen | [Recwoten| [Rete 25:1 Value Types fora asin, sha 84 Ve es ‘are ofa fixed langth and stored on the stack of memory. When aval 7 {is assigned to anctnar variable, te vale is actualy coped, Tis means that onal copies of te value ae vai in tbe memory. ae ade oe varie: thn te ae ances itanychangas are made to vale o ny . sabes nt chinged. Te vate types ae hed no to categnes as shown vigr023 oavan yes are cited wo ee (0) Floating pen aster ype can haa acona pan ot (2) Prete tpt ‘ruber sue 9 4725 900-1425.75.Te spectyanuberiobe Prana yer otro 4 me 78 Pe pa. Crean enpe np eon ty crit oF 8 HO a. Pre? pes ar tra bce fee eats 1. mame es ic tre hea Be flowing NP 5 tag pes 5 Rassngpoit pes 1+ Decial ps Integral ype integra yp Pld whol FUMES exangy 10,6815. «220. real data ype consis steps ‘Signed end Unsigned, ooch of which euppons ou ipo rages. The sw ange # Ig types a shown in ao 22 S.No] type | sie | ange cn) 1 [ove fe | a280127 2 |emoe | 16 | -2reetoaarer 3 fm |e | arrears 4 [ona | ee | szeasranacasa7ss08 9 9223572008054775907 5 [ome |e | owass 6 | ustoa | 16 | oroessas 7 Jue | se | oro 20457205 © | uong fe | oto reeasresara700ssi618 of toa pm you rus seperd he charactor (or) te aie suchas WEF you ort Ft valu wil rated a oble.A (ch Satin poi yon eter a Noto aruba. Tele 23 shows ‘he tosting pit pes, ose, recon ar ange Type | ste | Precision | Range nits) wo [a2 | Page | textowwaax 10 cone | o | tsteags| sox tow 1710" (a) Decknet ypes:The Deca ype dosigeta prtorm nae nd manetanycaleuatons. To spect a number obec ecm ‘ype, jou mus append ie actor M (of) 0 he value euch 4570.25, youre vaue wie eted as cube. THe tie, precio ad range smal pee shown able 24 Tyee Precision | Range nis) “amal| a8 | B29 | TERT w TORI ‘Boolean pes ‘Te Boolean ype (boas ueato testa parca conson dra te exccuton rogram. The bool ype vara cantake ony no ale ety ten ere bewry Po tome pen pon, oo8 chmcter pes ‘crescent sts ng ean NOMEN Th sangect ener ps ice + robs (or? Ore) range + 1 eS08 (Gornnat cuss unicode. Terle,82@ of ear pe 6 AlPrograms > Microsoft Visual Stadio 2008 > Microsoft, Views Studio 2008, ‘cron tok ta 26 From the File menu, eect File > New 3 Project New Projet log box appears as shown below9. 10. In the Project types pane, select Visual C#. In the Templates pano, solect Console Application to create a console application. Enter a name for the console application in the Name text box. Click OK button. program as shown below : Visual Studio would provide a skeletion GtaRBe _ sae Except the first, delete the other using statement. Change the name of class and make other changes as you wish. Type the C# program. Save the program using Ctrl+S. Compile and execute the program using Ctrl+F5. 2.13 Console Output Console defines two output methods : [54]prom World — I i 1 @ 0) write( ) This method outputs one or more values to this screen. This method does not add a newline character at the end of the output. Example 2.17 The statements . Console.Write ("Hello"); Console.Write (" World"); will display the following output Hello World. WriteLine( ) This method outputs one or more values to the screen. This method adds a newline character at the end of the output. Example 2.18 The statements Console.WriteLine ("Hello"); Console.WriteLine ("World"); will display the following output Hello © WriteLine () method is also used to display the Value of variables. The general form of WriteLine () method is Console.WriteLine (format. Where vi, v2 ete are the Variables. ontains both static text and markers whicH indicate the + (position of the values ofthe variables to be Printed markers an index numbér in curly bracket. Example 2.19 (a) Console. WriteLine ("Area, Is {0}", - 155}(b) Console.WriteLine ("Value of x Is (0} and value of y IS {1}", x, y); Suppose x = 50 and y = 70. Then we get the output as Value of x Is 50 and value of y Is 70 sents the first variable ir le: jg-the Tast i.e y- in the list i.e x and {1) In this example, {0} repre: represents the second: ‘variabl 2.14 Console Input Console defines two input methods (@) (b) Read() This method read a single character. ReadLine( ) This method reads characters until you press Enter key. This method retums this line of characters as a string. Example 2.20 ‘Study the following program using system; \ class Welcome static void Main() I | ! ! 1 I | " i seeage ette Mac is your Name?" name = Cons. | Console.Write( "Neto {oye ae! y } © {0}", name); ! | I ! XN | | | I | | | | + | ; | I ! | I | Run : What is your name? shi Hello Shivank ivankIn this program, the first statement simply writes "What is your name?" to the screen. The Console.ReadLine( ) statement causes the program to wait for user input at the console. The user types input, and presses the Enter key. The retum value from this method is stored in string variable, name. The last statement writes to the screen or console as described earlier. You know that ReadLine( ) Method returns string data type only. If you want to receive different types of inputs, then it becomes necessary to convert the received string into appropriate data type. Example 2.21 using System; class sample { static void Main() it string sage; int age; Console.Write("Enter your age : "); sage = Console.ReadLine(); age = Int32.Parse(sage); Console.WriteLine("Your age is {0}", age); Run + Enter your age : 18 Your age is 18 I eee ep" QoOete ‘nti program. heft statement simply te “Enter your age" foto Cone so vn coven be tng et ia Rai) ben! appropiate dala ypo. Tho above example can be weton as also “The Console ReadLinet ) statement causes the progam f0 wat oF nny i me : trom tho user, who types anor and han proses Enter Koy. Tis My, 'sretumed inte orm ofa sing noha sage vb, whieh 88 9 py, ‘Sica we must evaluate he versinptin te trmofan ta Pe ert, ‘sagemustbe converte eto tergerype. Tis canbe done wit the Conan, wea is | ‘The rest spl eto ape vrs. wie an Ite 1 Came a sa 1 Consolorteivevine(“enver two nusbers oir 1 PU %conwere-toanes#tconcove-ReedLine()) i BEE on net wore [pe bs Sam econ me ; ae es monet ' : 1 Shactewweivenine(“sun of nusbers is (0)"s sumit \ | Saneteteatint 1 ' I Ib 1 \ I I \ 1 1 mun 1 1 ' [Ener two numbers { : ! 130 1 i ! tio i i \ [Sun of munbers is 70 \ I ' ae % ! I PY aE, ! Some metod inthe Convert lass to convert hosting coved ug Ho eo merareegey | Reade) appropiate data po are He econ ee i | Grwoleneitetine(ain of mater is (0}*, amy: | f, Swatrteniinty ee ae 1) . i float Conver. ToSingle( ) i ! table ‘conver ToDo) ' ' seca Cone Tedecmat) i \ char Conver Tat) ! | unsigned short value | Convert: ToUtnt{ ) I tn onvrTtt2) a12.18 Scope of Variables Te tara be gen a pen wn ah he eb cy ‘TS ell depends upon the ace were we have dco ai ny ‘what Ye Ris using. Maity tere are tro hoes fate. (9) Local Vartan ‘The scope of lca varie is win he metas of Kacten wher thy Inte sborecose a and bare local variable whoee scopes win them metodsunt The moment the contra comes 0 of tha maton which the tai Is fined te variable and ts vale I st. 0) State Varaton Sta varabies are the varsbes whlch retan thir value throughout the ‘Brora. Cf, ea varies acts Kk gcbal variables in C+. Wo acess evalu of sate vais trough the cass nae, ter ee i ‘ 1 tease in a = 2; SSRIS Maete” wold mnthodeant> tee 0-8) i contole.tetzatioa(sempie-4): 1 1 t ‘natin the above example, sake vale accessed through css ae access and manipulate the static variables. ame. A state mato can ont crvecas Ta ee sven we acc by ng cet ere es mr am pce scr teaser Bo ‘Malo method teminates. - i 1 t 1 i 1 i 1 Pe sae at = noe emp i 1 console.WriteLine(ob}-0)7 i | 1 } \ eae ke \Srauyowasvubam wae Toon ee Leeson2.16 Boxing and Unboxing As you know that in object-oriented programminy fe avowed by using objects. Since value types such as int use them to call methods. In C#, itis possible type and vice-versa by using boxing and unbo = ods (OF functions) ar" therefore, We cannot jue type to 2 object ig, moth are not objects, to convert the val xing techniques. bject type on 2.16.1-Boxing on the stack to a0 Boxing is the process ‘of converting the value type the heap. For example ee are, 1 int num = 107 | I object objnum = ar //[ereates & box I a ee eae The boxing operation creates a COPY of the value of the num integer to the object ‘objnum. When the ‘corniler finds a value type in place ofa reference type, it creates 1e of the value type. Now both the variables which it places the valu ut the value of objnum resides 0! erefore, in future, n the heap. This means >, an object box into if there is change Snum and objnum exist bt that the viaue are indepen ~ 2 ¢ in the value of num, the value of objt dent of each othe’. The num is not affected. 2.16.2 Unboxing jote that we Unboxing means the conversion of object type back to the value type. Ne ly unbox a variable that has already been boxed. can onl For example 2.26 pooocee coon I int num = 20; eae i } object objnum = num; // box num | foes are eee (ane) objnum; // unbox ‘objnum Sie Pe Oe ae Pega LL ad During unboxing, C# i ; eine a eas checks that the value type we request is actuallY conversion. If it is, the . » the value is unboxed. te)