ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROGRAM

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY V

SEMESTER V 2022/2023

KE38501 ENGINEERING LAB V

MODULE 4: TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND MODEL

Name Matric Number

MOHD HANIF BIN MOHD JAME BK22110288
Group 4
Lecturer’s Name DR. AHMAD RAZANI HARON
Lab Instructor PUAN NOOR FARAEHA SAZALI
Date of Experiment 15 NOVEMBER 2024
Date of Report Submission 03 JANUARY 2025
Marks
Abstract (5%)
Equipment
Theory(10%)
Methodology (10%)
Results/Calculation/Discussion
/Graph Analysis (50%)
Conclusion(10%)
References (10%)
Formatting (5%)
Total

1
Table Of Content

Table Of Content Page

Abstract (5%) 3

Equipment 4

Theory(10%) 5-6

Methodology (10%) 7-9

Results/Calculation/Discussion
/Graph Analysis (50%) 10-22

Conclusion(10%) 23

References (10%) 24

2
ABSTRACT

This lab report investigates the performance of transmission line models with the objectives
of understanding line behavior, verifying manual calculations through MATLAB simulations,
and developing proficiency in MATLAB programming using an M-file editor for power system
analysis. The study focused on analyzing a transmission line problem by first performing
manual calculations and then validating the results through MATLAB simulations. The
comparative analysis revealed minor discrepancies, primarily due to differences in decimal
precision between the two methods. This highlights the importance of precision,
consistency, and computational accuracy in engineering practices.

The findings demonstrate that manual calculations can provide reliable insights but are often
complemented by simulation tools, which enhance efficiency and reduce potential errors in
large-scale analyses. The MATLAB program proved to be a valuable tool for verifying
theoretical models, allowing for more effective exploration of transmission line parameters
under various operational scenarios.

Additionally, the hands-on experience with MATLAB strengthened fundamental programming

skills, which are essential for advanced power system analysis. This lab successfully
achieved all its objectives by integrating theoretical understanding with computational tools,
contributing to a deeper comprehension of transmission line performance. The study
underscores the significance of combining analytical methods with simulation tools for
accurate and efficient problem-solving in electrical engineering.

3
EQUIPMENT

-MATLAB software

4
THEORY

Transmission lines are a critical part of power systems, used to transport electrical energy
over long distances. To analyze how these lines behave, engineers rely on models that
incorporate key electrical parameters like resistance, inductance, capacitance, and
admittance. For medium-length transmission lines (50–250 km), the nominal 𝜋 model is
widely used because it strikes a balance between simplicity and accuracy.

The nominal 𝜋 model simplifies the transmission line into few key components. One of them
is a series impedance (𝑍) that represent the resistance and inductive reactance of the
line.Then, two shunt admittance (𝑌/2) at each end, accounting for the line’s capacitance to
ground.

The model uses the ABCD parameters to connect the sending-end and receiving-end
voltages and currents. These relationships are expressed as:
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝑉𝑟 ,
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝑉𝑟

where the constants 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 depend on the line’s parameters and length. This allows
us to calculate key quantities like the sending-end voltage (𝑉𝑠 ) and current (𝐼𝑠 ) from the
known receiving-end values.

For series Impedance (𝑍) the total impedance of the line is calculated as:
𝑍 = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋) ⋅ 𝑙

where 𝑅 is the resistance per kilometer, 𝑋 is the inductive reactance per kilometer, and 𝑙 is
the line length in kilometers.

For Shunt Admittance (𝑌) it can be calculated as

𝑌 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 ⋅ 𝑙

where 𝐶 is the shunt capacitance per kilometer, and 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 is the angular frequency of
the system.

Receiving-End power (𝑆𝑟 ) is the power delivered to the load that can be split into real power
(𝑃𝑟 ) and reactive power (𝑄𝑟 ):
𝑆𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 + 𝑗𝑄𝑟 =∣ 𝑆𝑟 ∣ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙),

where 𝜙 is the power factor angle.

The sending-end power (𝑆𝑠 ) is calculated as:

𝑆𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠∗ ,

Where 𝐼𝑠∗ is the complex conjugate of the sending-end current.

5
Voltage regulation measures how much the voltage changes when the line goes from no-
load to full-load. It’s expressed as:
∣ 𝑉𝑟,𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∣ −∣ 𝑉𝑟 ∣
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
∣ 𝑉𝑟 ∣

A lower voltage regulation means better performance, as it indicates that the voltage at the
receiving end remains stable

6
METHODOLOGY AND SCHEMATIC

The simulation was done using the MATLAB software. First of all, the parameters from the
pre-lab calculations was used to create a script in MATLAB to model the transmission line
problem. An M-file script was written in MATLAB's editor, carefully defining all the necessary
parameters, such as line impedance, admittance, length, and receiving-end voltage and
power.

To incorporating the function file, A pre-built function file, ric2abc.m, was added to the
working directory. This function file is designed to calculate the ABCD parameters of the
transmission line. Ensuring the function file was in the same folder as the main script was
critical for successful execution.

After writing the initial script, the program was executed. Errors, if any, were carefully
reviewed, and corrections were made. This involved checking for syntax issues in MATLAB,
verifying the correct use of formulas, and ensuring all variables were properly defined.
Debugging also involved comparing initial outputs with manual calculations to ensure
accuracy.

Once the program ran successfully, the results were recorded. These included values for
sending-end voltage, sending-end power, and voltage regulation. MATLAB’s results were
directly compared with manual calculations to confirm their validity and identify any
discrepancies.

After the first problem was done, the new script for the second problem from the prelab was
written. This involved modifying the parameters to reflect the conditions of the second
problem, including the given sending-end voltage and current. The script was executed, and
results were compared with manual pre-lab calculations to verify consistency.

The complete MATLAB scripts for both problems were documented, showing all
programming steps, inputs, and outputs. The results were tabulated, highlighting any
differences between manual and computational solutions. These differences, if present,
were analyzed and attributed to variations in rounding or decimal precision.

By the end of the experiment, we gained practical experience in using MATLAB for power
system analysis and improved our understanding of transmission line modeling. The process
of verifying calculations with MATLAB underscored the importance of computational tools in
real-world engineering applications.

7
Code to calculate Is , Vs , Ps ,Qs And Percent REG problem 1

Function ric2abcd (Calculate Z,Y and ABCD)

8
Code to calculate Ir, Vr, Pr, Qr and Percent REG problem 2

9
Calculations

Problem 1
r = 0.036Ω/km

𝐿 = 0.8𝑚𝐻\𝑘𝑚 = 0.8 × 10−3 𝐻\𝑘𝑚

𝑐 = 0.0112𝜇𝐹\𝑘𝑚 = 0.0112 × 10−6
𝑙 = 130𝑘𝑚
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 325𝑘𝑉

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑆𝑟 = 270𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑝𝑓𝑟 = 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

Calculating line impedance and admittance

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ) = 𝑧𝑙
= (𝑟 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿)𝑙
= (𝑟 + 𝑗(2𝜋𝑓)𝐿)𝑙

= [0.036 + 𝑗(2𝜋)(60)(0.8 × 10−3 )](130)

= (0.036 + 𝑗0.3016)(130)
= 4.68 + 𝑗39.208 𝛺
𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑌𝑐 ) = 𝑦𝑙
= 𝑗𝑤𝑐𝑙
= 𝑗(2𝜋𝑓)𝑐𝑙

= 𝑗(2𝜋)(60)(0.0112 × 10−6 )(130)

= (𝑗4.2223 × 10−6 )(130)

= 𝑗5.489010−4 𝑆

Calculating the constant line formula as per given in the question

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑐
𝐴= 1+
2
(4.68 + 𝑗39.208 𝛺 )(𝑗5.4890 × 10−4 )
=1+
2
= 0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3

𝐵 = 𝑍_𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
= 4.68 + 𝑗39.208

10
 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑌𝑐 (1 + )
4
(4.68 + 𝑗39.208)(𝑗5.4890 × 10−4 )
= (𝑗5.489010−4 ) (1 + )
4

= (𝑗5.489010−4 )(0.9946 + 𝑗6.4221 × 10−4 )

= −3.5251 × 10−7 + 𝑗5.4594 × 10−4

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑐
𝐷 = 1+
2
=𝐴

= 0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3

Receiving-end voltage (𝑉𝑅 ) and current (𝐼𝑅 )

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑, 𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 325𝑘𝑉

𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑅 =
√3
325 × 103
=
√3
= 187.6388𝑘𝑉

Receiving end load is 270MVA with 0.8 power factor lagging

𝑆𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑗𝑄𝑅 = 270𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 0.8 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑄 = cos −1(0.8)

= 36.8699 °

𝑆𝑅 = 270 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)

= 270(cos(36.8699 °) + 𝑗 sin(36.8699 ° ))
= 216 + 𝑗162𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆𝑅∗
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑅 =
3𝑉𝑅
(216 − 𝑗162) × 106
=
3(187.6388 × 103 )
= 383.7159 − 𝑗287.7870𝐴

11
Sending-End Voltage (𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 ) and current (𝐼𝑠 )
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅

= (0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3 )(187.6388𝑘𝑉) + (4.68 + 𝑗39.208)(383.7159 − 𝑗287.7870𝐴)

= 198691.6441 + 𝑗13938.8931𝑉
= 199179.9743 ∠4.0129°𝑉
𝐼𝑠𝑝ℎ = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅

=(−3.5251 × 10−7 + 𝑗5.4594 × 10−4 )(187.6388𝑘𝑉) +

(0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3 )(383.7159 − 𝑗287.7870𝐴)

= 379.8753 − 𝑗181.7465𝐴
= 421.1140∠25.5682𝐴

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑑 (𝑉𝑠𝐿𝐿 )

𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 = √3 ∣ 𝑉𝑆 ∣

= √3 ∣ 198691.6441 + 𝑗13938.8931 ∣

= √3 √ (198691.6441)2 + (13938.8931)2 = 344.990𝑘𝑉

𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑑 (𝐼𝑆 ):

𝐼𝑆 = 1000 ∣ 𝐼𝑆 ∣

= 1000√(379.8753)2 + (181.7465)2

= 421.114𝑘𝐴

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑝𝑓𝑆 ):

𝑝𝑓𝑆 = cos(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝑉𝑆 ) − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝐼𝑆 ))

= cos(4.01° − (−25.5682°))

= 0.8697

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑑 (𝑆𝑠 ):

𝑆𝑆 = 3 ⋅ (𝑉𝑆 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗(𝐼𝑆 ))

= 3 ⋅ ((198691.6441 + 𝑗13938.8931)(379.8753 + 𝑗181.7465))

= 218.8341 + 𝑗124.2197𝑀𝑉𝐴

=𝑃𝑠 + 𝑗𝑄𝑠

12
Therefore
𝑃𝑆 = 218.8341𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝑆 = 124.2197𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅

Percentage voltage Regulation (REG%):

∣ 𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 ∣ −∣ 𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 |
𝑅𝐸𝐺% = | | × 100%
∣ 𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿

= 325344.990 − 325 × 100%

= 6.1508%

𝐼𝑆 = 421.114𝑘𝐴
𝑝𝑓𝑆 = 0.8697

𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 344.990𝑘𝑉
𝑃𝑆 = 218.8341𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝑆 = 124.2197𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅

13
Problem 2
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑), 𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 345𝐾𝑣
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 , 𝐼𝑠 = 400𝐴
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , 𝑝𝑓𝑠 = 0.95 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚, 𝑍 = 0.036 + 𝑗0.3𝛺 \ 𝑘𝑚

𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚, 𝑦 = 𝑗4.22 × 10−6 𝑠\𝑘𝑚

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑙 = 130𝑘𝑚

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑍𝑙
= (0.036 + 𝑗0.3)(130)
= 4.67 + 𝑗39𝛺

𝑌𝑐 = 𝑦𝑙

= (𝑗4.22 × 10−6 )(130)

= 𝑗5.486 × 10−4 𝑆

Calculating constant line formula as per given in the question

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑐
𝐴= 1+
2
(4.68 + 𝑗39.208 𝛺 )(𝑗5.4890 × 10−4 )
=1+
2
= 0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3

𝐵 = 𝑍_𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
= 4.68 + 𝑗39

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑌𝑐 (1 + )
4
(4.68 + 𝑗39.208)(𝑗5.4890 × 10−4 )
= (𝑗5.489010−4 ) (1 + )
4

= (𝑗5.489010−4 )(0.9946 + 𝑗6.4221 × 10−4 )

= −3.5251 × 10−7 + 𝑗5.4594 × 10−4

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑌𝑐
𝐷 = 1+
2

14
=𝐴

= 0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3

𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑉𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 , 𝐼𝑠

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑠𝐿𝐿 = 345𝑘𝑣, 0.95 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐼𝑠 = 400𝐴
𝑉𝑠𝐿𝐿 345𝑘𝑣
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ = = = 199.1858𝑘𝑣
√3 √3
𝛼 = cos −1 (0.95)
= 18.1949°
𝐼𝑠𝑝ℎ = 400∠ − 18.1949°𝐴 = 379.999 − 𝑗124.9001𝐴

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅

𝑝ℎ
𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅 𝑉
[ ] [ 𝑝ℎ ] = [ 𝑠 ]
𝐶 𝐷 𝐼 𝐼𝑠
𝑅

𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
𝑉 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅
[ 𝑠𝑝ℎ ] = [ ][ ]
𝐼𝑠 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼 𝑝ℎ
𝑅

𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
𝑉 𝐴 𝐵 −1 𝑉𝑠
[ 𝑅 ]=[ ] [ 𝑝ℎ ]
𝐼𝑅 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑠

According to matrix theory,

𝐴 𝐵 −1 1 𝐷 −𝐵
[ ] = [ ]
𝐶 𝐷 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 −𝐶 𝐴
Also,
1
𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 = 1, 𝑆𝑜 =1
𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶

Therefore,

𝐴 𝐵 −1 𝐷 −𝐵
=[ ] = 1[ ]
𝐶 𝐷 −𝐶 𝐴

15
Then,
𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
𝑉 𝐷 −𝐵 𝑉𝑠
[ 𝑅 ]=[ ] [ 𝑝ℎ ]
𝐼𝑅 −𝐶 𝐴 𝐼𝑠

0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10−3 −(4.68 + 𝑗39) 199.1858 × 103

[ −7 −4 ) −3 ] [379.9999 − 𝑗124.9001]
−(−3.5251 × 10 + 𝑗5.4594 × 10 0.9892 + 𝑗1.2844 × 10
190405.0085 − 𝑗13979.7688
=[ ]
376.1644 − 𝑗231.7697
𝑝ℎ
𝑉𝑅 = 190405.0085 − 𝑗13979.7688 = 190917.5246∠ − 4.1992𝑉

𝐼𝑅 = 376.1644 − 𝑗231.7697 = 441.8335∠ − 31.6388

Receiving end power

𝑆𝑅 = 3 ⋅ 𝑉𝑅 ⋅ 𝐼𝑅 ∗
𝑆𝑅 = 3 ⋅ ((190405.0085 − 𝑗13979.7688)(376.1644 + 𝑗231.7696))
𝑆𝑅 = 224591013.6 + 𝑗116614203.9𝑉𝐴
𝑆𝑅 = 253061249.4∠27.4397 ∘ 𝑉𝐴

𝑃𝑅 = 224.5910𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝑅 = 116.6142𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅

Receiving End Voltage (VRLL )

𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 = √3 ∣ 𝑉𝑅𝑃𝐻 ∣

𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 = √3(190917.5246)

𝑉𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 330.6789𝑘𝑉
Receiving End Power Factor (pf):
𝑝𝑓 = cos (27.4397°)
𝑝𝑓 = 0.8875
Receiving End Current (IR ):
𝐼𝑅 = 1000 |𝐼𝑆 |
𝐼𝑅 = 1000 ⋅ (441.8335)
𝐼𝑅 = 441.8335𝑘𝐴
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
∣ 𝑉𝑆 ∣ −∣ 𝑉𝑅 |
𝑅𝐸𝐺% = | 𝑝ℎ | × 100%
∣ 𝑉𝑅

16
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
199.1858 ⋅ 103 − 190917.5246
𝑅𝐸𝐺% = | | × 100%
190917.5246

= 4.3308%

Results

Result from code of question 1

Prelab calculation Simulation

𝐼𝑠 (𝐴) 421.114 421.132
𝐴𝑝𝑓 0.8697 0.8696557
𝑉𝑠 (Kv) 344.990 345.0
𝑃𝑠 (𝑀𝑊) 218.8341 218.0
𝑄𝑠 (𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟) 124.2197 124.23
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔% 6.1508 7.30913

Result from code of question 2

Prelab calculation Simulation

𝐼𝑟 (𝐴) 441.8335 441.83
𝐴𝑝𝑓 0.8875 0.89
𝑉𝑟 (Kv) 330.6789 330.679
𝑃𝑟 (𝑀𝑊) 224.5910 224.59
𝑄𝑟 (𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟) 116.6142 116.61
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔% 4.3308 5.46

17
Graphs

Graph for question 1

Graph for question 2

18
Discuussion

Nominal 𝜋 Model For Medium Length Line

The short transmission lines have smaller lengths and the power transmitted by these lines
are comparatively at lower voltages. Due to this, while analyzing short transmission lines,
the effect of capacitance is neglected. With increase in length and voltage of transmission
line, the capacitive effects are dominant and they cannot be neglected. For this experiment,
lines above 80 km (50 miles) and below 250 km (150 miles) in length are termed as medium
length lines. The medium transmission lines are having length lying between 50 to 150 km.
Hence, in making the analysis of medium transmission line, the effect of capacitance must
be taken into account for better accuracy.

The capacitance is uniformly distributed along the length of transmission line. For the
simplicity, in calculations, the line capacitance is assumed to be limped at one or more
points. This is known as localising of line capacitance and it gives fairly accurate results The
various methods that uses localising of line capacitance are end condenser method, nominal
T method and nominal 𝜋 method

This experiment is about nominal 𝜋 method. This is also a localised capacitance method in
which capacitance is divided into two halves with one half lumped near sending end and
other half near the receiving end. The capacitor near the sending end does not contribute
any line voltage drop but it should be added with line current to get total sending end
current. For convenience and simplicity in calculations only one phase our of three phases as
shown.

Phasor diagram for nominal 𝝅 model

It is also drawn for a lagging power factor of the load. In the phasor diagram, the quantities
shown are a follows.

OA = Vr - receiving end voltage. it is taken as reference phasor

0B = Ir - load current lagging 𝑉𝑟 by an angle 𝛷r .

BE = Iab — current in receiving - end capacitance. It leads 𝑉𝑟 by 90°.

The line current I is the phasor sum of 𝐼𝑟 and Iab . It is shown by OE in the diagram.

AC = IR - voltage drop in the resistanfe of the line. It is parallel to I.

CD = IX - inductive voltage drop in the line. It is perpendicular to I.

19
AD = IZ - voltage drop in the line impedance.

OD = Vs - sending-end voltage to neutral. It is phasor sum to Vr and IZ

The current taken by the capacitance at the sending end in Icd. It leads the sending end
voltage Vs by 90.

Of = Is - the sending end current. It is the phasor sum of I and Icd.

𝛷s - phase angle berween Vs and Is at the sending end, and cos 𝛷s wil give the sending
end power focror.

Explanation, of MATLAB code for Problem 1

Before explaining the code in this experiment 2 sets of code were written in MATLAB to
simulate the answers for Problem 1 and 2. Problem 1 aims to find the voltage and power at
the sending end where the receiving end parameter were specified in the question. Problem
2 was the opposite of problem 1 where it needs us to find the voltage, current and power at
the receiving end where the sending and parameters were specified in the question.

The MATLAB code for Problem 1 was used to determine the sending end voltage (Vs),
current (Is) , power (Ps), reactive power (Qs) and percentage voltage regulation of a medium
length three phase transmission line using the medium-line ABCD model. Furthermore, a
function called rlc2abcd was included to calculate the line's series impedance z, shunt
admittance Y, and ABCD parameters. The input transmission line specifications and
operating conditions act as the starting point for these calculations.

The ABCD parameters, or transmission line constants, are derived from the voltage and
current equations for a transmission line as per shown in the earlier past. They relate the
sending end voltage and current to the receiving end voltage and current in a two port
network representation. The medium line model simplifies calculations by lumping half the
shunt admittance of each end. These parameters were expressed as :
𝑉𝑅 𝐷 −𝐵 𝑉𝑠
[ ]=[ ][ ]
𝐼𝑅 −𝐶 𝐴 𝐼𝑠

The code starts by setting up the line parameters which were frequency (𝑓), capacitance
(𝐶), inductance (𝐿), resistance per phase per kilometre (𝑟), and line length. Since insulation
losses were ignored, the conductance (g) was considered to be zero. A phase voltage (𝑉_𝑅)
was calculated by dividing the receiving and line to line voltage (𝑉𝑅3𝑝ℎ /𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3) + 1𝑖 ∗
0; % 𝐾𝑉). To determine (Z), (Y), and the ABCD matrix for the line, the rlc2abcd function
was executed. This function returns the ABCD matrix based on the medium- line model
equations and uses the angular frequency (omega = 2*pi*f) to calculate the overall series
impedance and shunt admittance over the line length.

Using the provided power factor (0.8) and total power (270MVA), the receiving end power
(𝑆𝑅 ) is computed.The conjugates of 𝑆𝑅 and 𝑉𝑅 were used to derive the equivalent receiving
end current, 𝐼𝑅 . The ABCD matrix and the formula 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 ∗ [𝑉𝑅 ; 𝐼𝑅 ] were used ro

20
calculate the sending end voltage and current. The calculared Vs was converted to line-to-
line voltage (𝑉𝑠𝑙𝑙 ) and the sending end current (𝐼𝑠 ) was computed.

The code then calculates the cosine of the angle difference between Vs and Is in order to
determine the sending end power factor, 𝑃𝑓𝑠 . 𝑆𝑠 = 3 ∗ 𝑉𝑠 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗 (𝐼𝑠 ) was the formula for the
sending end apparent power, 𝑆𝑠 , where 𝐼𝑠∗ was the conjugate of Is – The formula

REG = (Vs3ph/abs (ABCD (1,1) – VR3ph)/VR3ph * 100 was then used to calculate the
percentage voltage regulation.

Lastly, the code uses prepared print statement to output the calculated sending end
currents power factor, line-to-line voltage, real power, reactive power, and voltage
regulation. Based on the parameters of the transmission line and the medium-line model the
independently. Defined rlc2abcd function determines the (ABCD) matrix and computer the
total series impedance and shunt admittance .The function offer a modular solution to
medium-length line problem and simplifies the main code by encapsulating these
computations .This Code effectively analyses the system’s performance using power system
transmission line theory.

Explanation of MATLAB code for Problem 2

A 345 kV transmission line receiving end voltage, current, power, and voltage regulation are
all calculated by the MATLAB code for Problem 2 - Sending end line - to line voltage (345 kV
) current magnitude (400A ), power factor (0.95 lagging) , line length (130 km), series
impedance per unit length (z =0.036+Ii* 0.3), and shunt admittance per unit length (𝑦 =
𝐼𝑖 ∗ 4.22𝑒 − 6) were among the input parameters.
𝑉𝑆𝑙𝑙
The line- to -line voltage at the sending end was transformed into phase voltage. 𝑉𝑆 = .
√(3)
Using this magnitude and power factor, the sending end current, Is, was expressed as a
complex number. In-phase and reactive components were represented by the real and
imaginary components of me current, which were determined by the angle of the current,
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑓).

Multiplying the per-unit-length values of z and y by the line length yields the line’s total
series impedance z and shut admittance Y. The medium line model equations ware utilised
to calculate the ABCD parameter .The sending and receiving end quantities were related by
the A,B, C, and D parameter. Solving the matrix equation 𝑉𝑟 𝐼𝑟 [𝐷, −𝐵, − 𝐶, 𝐴][ 𝑉𝑠; 𝐼𝑠 ] yields
the receiving end voltage and current. After converting the phase voltage magnitude to line-
to-line format, the receiving end line-to-line voltage was determined,and the current
magnitude was computed. The phase angle difference between Vr and Ir was used to
calculate the receiving end power factor.

Using the apparent power (SR= 3* Vr * conj (Ir)), the real power (PR= real (SR) / 1e6), and
reactive power (QR= Imag(SR) / 1e6) at the receiving end were calculated. Voltage
regulation was computed using the no-load and full- load receiving end voltage values and
was expressed as a percentage. The results including the receiving end current, power
factor, voltage, real and reactive power, and voltage regulation, were displayed.

Problem 1 and 2 differ in parameters and quantities being calculated. Problem 1 provides
informative on receiving end voltage, power, and power factor, assessing transmission line

21
performance. Problem 2 uses these values to calculate voltage regulation, ensuring load
receives desired levels. The approach to calculating voltage regulation differs, with problem
1 based on no-load sending and voltage and Problem 2 on no-load receiving end voltage.

Comparing calculation value and simulation value.

The prelab calculation value and the simulation value were not exactly the same. The slight
difference in the value may be caused by the decimal places used in each step of
calculation. MATLAB generates final answer after using the whole decimal places in each
step of calculation and it only limit to 3 decimal place when generating find answer. In the
manual calculation, we have used 4 decimal places consistently in each step calculation.

In question 1, with receiving-end load of 270 MUA at 0.8 power factor lagging the voltage
regulation depends on how the transmission line handles the reactive, and real power flows.
The high MUA load and lagging power factor increase reactive power demand, contributing
to voltage drops along the live. These factor justify the calculated percentage voltage
regulation, demonstrating the influence of line parameter and load condition on maintaining
Voltage levels.

For question 2, the given series impedance and shunt admittance per phase per km provide
a more complex representation of the transmission line's behaviour. Here, the sending end
voltage is maintain at 345KV with a sending-end current of 400 A and 0.95 power factor
lagging. The line model calculation show how the voltage and power at the receiving end
are derived by considering both real and reactive power component. The slightly improved
power faster reduce reactive power demand compare to Question 1, leading to better
voltage stability and potentially lower voltage regulation. This setup underscore the role of
power factor correction in reducing losses and improving system efficiency.

When comparing the results. The transmission line in question 2 demonstrate lower Voltage
regulation then in Question 1, primarily due to the better power factor and the lower
apparent power load (in terms of MUA). Both cases highlight the importance of transmission
line parameter, such as impedance and admittance an the impact of load characteristic on
voltage regulation. The higher voltage regulation in question 1 illustrates the challenge of
handling larger reactive power flows, while question 2 showcase improved performance
through better load management. These finding emphasize the importance of optimizing
power factor and line parameter to ensure voltage stability and efficient power delivery.

22
Conclusion

In laboratory 4, it is concluded that the behaviour of medium-length transmission lines using

the nominal 𝜋 model which is essential for accurately analysing the effects of capacitance in
transmission system ranging from 80 km to 250 Km. This lab highlighted the significance of
considering capacitive effects, which becomes increasingly dominant as the length and
voltage of the transmission line increase.

Through the implementation of MATLAB simulations for problems 1 and 2 ,we successfully
calculated the sending – end and receiving-end voltages, currents and power parameters.
The results demonstrated the relationship between the ABCD parameters and the
performance of the transmission line, emphasizing the importance voltage regulation in
ensuring efficient power delivery.

The nominal 𝜋 method, which localizes capacitances at both side (ends) of the transmission
line, provided a simplified yet effective approach for our calculations. This method allowed
us to accurately assess the impact of line capacitance on voltage leading to a better
understanding of transmission line performance under varying load conditions.

Apart from that, the calculations of line impedance and shunt admittance were crucial in
determining the performance of the transmission line. The derived values of 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 4.68 +j
39.208Ω and Yc= j 5.4890x10-4 serve as foundation parameters for further analysis
illustrating the significance of accurate line modeling in electrical engineering.

The voltage regulation results indicate that the transmission line’s ability to maintain voltage
levels is significantly affected by the load characteristics. The higher voltage regulation
percentage observed in question 1 (6.1508 %) compared to Question 2 (4. 3808 %.)
highlights the challenges posed by larger reactive power flows and the benefits of improved
power factor management.

The relationship between real power (P) and reactive power (Q) was emphasized,
demonstrating that a better power factor leads to reduced reactive demand. This not only
enhances voltage stability but also contributes to overall system efficiency, as seen in the
improved performance metrics in Question 2.

The comparison between manual calculations and simulation results revealed slight
discrepancies due to differences in decimal precision. This underscores the importance of
maintaining consistency in calculation methods to achieve reliable results in engineering
analyses.

Laboratory 4, effectively fulfills the stated objectives by providing a detailed exploration of

transmission line performance models, which enhances our understanding at how these
system function under various operational conditions. The comparative analyses of manual
calculations and MATLAB simulation results not only verifies the accuracy of the
computations but also underscores the importance of computational tools in electrical
engineering. Furthermore, the document introduces basic MATH programming techniques
using the M-Files editor, equipping readers with essential skill for conducting power system
analysis. Collectively, these elements demonstrate the integral relationship between
theoretical knowledge, practical verification, and programming proficiency in the field of
electrical engineering.

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References

1. Electrical4U, & patil, V. (2024, June 11). Medium Transmission Line: What is it? (+
ABCD parameters). Electrical4U.
https://www.electrical4u.com/medium-transmission-line/

2. Medium Transmission line - End Condenser - Nominal T, π Method. (2021). EEE

Department. https://eee.poriyaan.in/topic/medium-transmission-line-12106/

3. Nominal Pi Model of a Medium Transmission Line. (2016, May 11). Circuit Globe.
https://circuitglobe.com/nominal-pi-model-of-a-medium-transmission-line.html

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