1 maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for sux Health aexd Yin, SECTION-C 7, Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases eee 88 Se eS 7.1 Di a . . The term disease broadly refers to any condition that im: 46 dysfunction of the body's normal homeostatic processes Hi human beings is the self-regulating process by which our Z A, disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the smn: or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any z external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical condition associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example. dystunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of differe: including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, al autoimmune disorders. 7.2 Types of diseases Diseases can be grouped into two types: Communicable Diseases- which are caused by pathogens and c* transferred from one person to another, or from one organism to anoth" shumans these include measles, food Poisoning malaria etc. 2. Non-communicable Diseases- which are not transferred among pec? other organisms 7.3 Communicable Diseases S2>\ 337 sy Communicable diseases are the dispases that are caused by infectious 95 aoe betransmitted from an infeéted person to other people, animals. of off sources in the ‘nvironment. Communicable diseases are also called infec™” diseases or transmissible diseases, yrastar senha enti! then enfin gen a bites, or through the air. The spread surfaces, bodily fluids, blood prod — me ° ~'Ne spread of infectious diseases might either be dir airs TS. EBHealth and Physical Education 7 indirect. Inthe direct transmission, the infectious agent is transferred through close physical contact, whereas in indirect transmission, the agent is transferred through air, water, OF other vectors. 3 ; Diseases caused by pathogens afé called communicable diseases. This means they can be transferred from one organism to another. Pathogens are disease- causing Viruses, bacteria, fungi or protists, All organisms are affected by pathogens. Even bacteria can be infected by certain types of virus. There are four main types of pathogen. Pathogen Width (micrometer) Example in animals Viruses 0.02 - 0.3 HIV potentially leading to AIDS Bacteria 1-5 Salmonella Protists 1+ Malaria Fungi 50+ Athlete's foot All types of pathogen have a simple life cycle. In case of virus, which infect a host, reproduce themselves or replicate themselves spread from their host and infect other organisms. They all have structural adaptations that make them successful at completing their life cycles, enabling them to cause further disease. Bacteria, fungi and protists can reproduce wherever the conditions are warm, with plenty of moisture, nutrients and space. Viruses canonly reproduce by invading livingcells, 7.3.1Disease Transmission Transmission of pathogens can occur ina number of important ways as; Type of Transmission Examples Direct contact This can be through sexual contact during intercourse or non-sexual contact, eg. shaking hands. Water Dirty water can transmit many diseases, such as the cholera bacterium ‘spr When a person who is infected by the common cold sneezes, they spray thousands of tiny droplets containing virus particles, which can infect others Unhygienic food preparation Undercooked or reheated food can cause bacterial diseases like Salmonella food poisoning. Vector (small insects or animals) Any organism that can spread a disease is Air aa48 Health and Physical Education called a vector. eg. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes. 7.3.2 Symptoms ge Lt Symptoms are the feelings or changes experienced by an organism when itis ill. These may be caused by a pathogen, the environment, lifestyle or a mixture of these. PL abs os Pathogens cause symptoms by: 1. releasing toxins 2. damaging cells by invading and reproducing It takes a while for pathogens to cause symptoms after they have infected an organism. This is because the symptoms only appear when large number of pathogens are present. The time taken between infection and the appearance of ~ symptoms is called the incubation period. The incubation period can lastfora few hours or evenseveral vears, depending on the pathogen. As they are not showing symptoms, the host organism can appear healthy. ___ 7.3.3 Types of communicable diseases: on the basis of type of pathogen, diseases may be of following types: 1. Viral diseases Viruses are not considered to be living orgar isms because they do not complete all ofthe seven life processes: movement, respiration, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, reproduction and growth. They can only reproduce by invading living cells. We say 'strains' of virus and not species. A strain is made up ofa genetic material code, DNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat. Viral infections cannot be treated by antibiotics. Examples of viral diseases are: a. Influenza (flu) Influenza viruses are spread in droplets of body fluids from coughs and sneezes. The droplets are inhaled or transferred by hand to the nose, mouth or eye. Flucan bea very serious illness and so those who are vulnerable, for instance the elderly, are offered flu vaccinations. There is a new vaccination every year because the virus is continuously mutating into new strains. b. HIV/AIDS HIV stands for Human Immuno deficiency Virus. It is an example ofa sexual} transmitted infection (STD. This infections transmitted by body fluids often during, unprotected sex, but also through cuts and injecting drugs using shared neliiel|Health and Physical Education 49 Immediately after infection, people often suffer might not know they are infected from this dis Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Mot virus becomes active and starts to attack the patient's immune system. HIV at this point has become AIDS. There is no cure for HIV /AIDS although many scientists are trying to find one. Currently, infected people are given antiviral drugs, which can slow down the development of AIDS. 2. Bacterial Diseases Not all bacteria are pathogens, which cause disease. Many bacteria, like those found in the intestines, are useful. All bacteria are prokaryotes so do not havea nucleus. Unlike viruses, they are cells but they ar€too small fo be seen without a microscope. In the correct conditions - with warmth, moisture, nutrients - bacteria can multiply rapidly. The human body can provide these conditions, eg. inacut. Each bacterium may divide every 20 minutes in ideal conditions fter one hour a single bacterium could have reproduced to give many bacteria. An example of bacterial disease is Salmonella. om Salmonella is a ja that cause food oisoning. Symptoms of food poisoning include abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. It is often found inunhygienic kitchens, undercooK@t foods such as meat, eggs and poultry, or the same foods that have not been reheated properly. To prevent the spread of salmonella, all poultry are vaccinated against it. Cooking food thoroughly, after Preparing it in hygienic conditions, is the best way to avoid illness, 3. Protist diseases < Protists area group of micrdorganisms that have features that belong to animals, plants and fungi. Some are like animals, others more like plants and some called moulds, are closest to fungi. They are all eukaryotic, which means they havea nucleus. An example of a disease caused by Protists is Malaria. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes which carry the plasmodium protist, These 2 ofien found in areas with higher temperatures like Aftica, Asiaand South and tral America etc, Mosquitoes suck blood containing the protists from an infected Petson. They pass the protist to other people. The mosquitoes do not become ill andare called vectors because they transmit the diseases. The symptoms of malaria mite fever, sweats and chills, headaches, vomiting and diarthoea. Of the 200 Million People infected each year, up to half die from this disease. There is no “sination for malaeiecinfection can only be prevented by taking drugs to Kill the mild flu-like symptoms. The people ease for some time. AIDS stands for nths or years after infection, the HTV ~~Health and Physical Education 50 ‘duals from being bitten. People sleep under mosquito protist or by stopping indivi d bites. Antimalarial drugs are also taken nets and wear insect repelle which treat the symptoms and can prevent nt to avoii t infection. isease, Yeast is a sing] some bread and beer. Not all fungi are e much larger. aa 4. Fungal diseases wp 3 Je-celled fungus that is economically Notall fungi cause di important because we U single-celled. Some, suc! Their cells are still tiny, like yeast cells, but th cells have anucleus and so are eukaryotic. An examp ise it to make has mushrooms, are multicellular and ar ere are many more of them. Fungal Ie of Fungi diseases is Athlete's foot. ~ “athlete's foot is caused by a fungus. Athlete's foot is a rash caused bya fungus that is usually found between people's toes. white, wet and cracked skin. It is often found in comm! pool changing rooms or gyms. Itis transmitted by touching infected skin or surfaces that have been previously contaminated. It is treated by antifungal medication. tain diseases occur ata Communicable diseases might be seasonal where cel certain time of the year. One example of ‘this Is malaria, which occurs mostly during the breeding season ofthe female mosquito. The symptoms of communicable diseases might differ with the nature of the disease; however, the common symptoms are fever, diarrhea, headache, muscle ache, fatigue, etc. Most communicable diseases are acute diseases where the disease and toms appear overa short time. Communicable diseases, however, are not considered severe as the treatment for these (ise a ee 5<7.3.4 Defence mechanisms of human body against diseases As we are always surrounded by pathogens and other microbes that we need to defend ourselves against. Nature has gifted us with two defence lines for n against these diseases. protectio 1. The first Jine of defence against infection stops the pathogens from entering the body. These first lines of defence are called non-specific defences as they are general defences, not designed to fight a particular type of pathogen. Type of defence Example How they help to protect the body Physical Skin in humans, Provides a barrier to internal hairsand —_ pathogens mucus in noseHealth and Physical Education 51 Chemical Stomach acid, Damages or destroys antimicrobial pathogens and stops them substances, reproducing enzymes in body Secretions such as tears and saliva Bacteria on the Adapted to live on or in the skin and in the gut body so competes against invading pathogens Bacterial 2. Human Immune System The immune system defends the body against disease. If; pathogens pass the non-specific first line of defence, they will cause an infection, However, the body hasa second line of defence to Stop or minimize this infection, This is called the immune system. All cells have proteins called antigens on their surfaces, which can trigger an immune response. Antigens can be used for Tecognition. White blood cells are able to attack pathogens because they have antigens that are recognised as'non-self. Antigens on body cells are recognised as ‘self’, White blood cells One type of white blood cell is attracted to pathogens and bind to them. Then they ingest and digest the pathogen. Antibodies Another type of white blood cell makes antibodies. These white blood cells can distinguish between ‘self and ‘non-self (foreign) antigens. This means that they Can detect if proteins on the surface of pathogens are foreign or do not naturally cur within the body and they then produce antibodies. Each white blood cell makes only one type of antibody. Each type of: antibody attaches to only one specific antigen. The organism must make different antibodies foreach ‘ype of pathogen. The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and Take it easier for white blood cells to engulf them. The immune response ere are some diseases that you can only catch once. This is because your body has developed immunity to them. The reason behind this is that, memory Stay in your blood. These are white blood cells from your first immune Tesponse. *Y can remain for many years, and if you are exposed to the pathogen again ies can be made as soon as the pathogen appears due to memory cells, aHealth and Physical Educatig, 1.3.5 Preventive measures of communicable diseases: we can pr ° " . ev mmunicable diseases to a large extent by following some gui “nt der: delines as given 1. By keeping hands clean: Washing your hands frequently and keeping them safe is one of nd best practices to keep germs and pathogens at bay. Hand hygiene is anys hing to be taken care of. Make sure to wash hands after: , “st © Using the toilet or changing a diaper © Sneezing, coughing or blowing your nose © Before and after eating and cooking Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap. 2. Don't touch your face and eyes the €asiest Avoid touching your face with your hands. Most people do it numerous times throughout the day. This causes the transmission of. pathogens from hands to body. 3. Vaccination Stay updated about your immunization status by consulting your physician at regular time intervals. Keep your children protected with childhood vaccination. Adults too must be aware of their vaccination status. 4. Practice good respiratory hygiene Following good respiratory hygiene is necessary to keep contagious disease at bay. Whenever you cough or sneeze make sure you are using tissue, handkerchief or do it in your elbow to avoid the transmission. In case you use hands, wash your hands immediately to get rid of germs. These germs if stay on your hands can enter your body and can lead to acute respiratory disorders. Hence, itis also important to insure yourself and family with health insurance. 5. Cook and Store Food Safely Pathogens can also enter your body through food. While preparing food. hygiene must be kept in check. Once you consume unhygienic food which is home to pathogens, you become prone to diseases, as these pathogens multiply in your body and make you sick (also known as foodborne illnesses). 6. Travel with precautions ; When youare planning to travel, do consult your physician, and discuss your travel plans, so you are aware ofthe precautions totake while traveling. If you an ing in acountry where the climate conditions are different, you might nee: re onal immunization support. Hence, it is important to contact your doctor a before flying.Health and Physical Education 53 These are the precautions we need to practice in our everyday life to keep contagious diseases far from ourself, 7.4 Non-communicable Diseases Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are medical conditions or diseases that are not caused by infectious agents. These are non-infectious conditions that are sz not transmitted to other individuals, T] hese are chronic diseases of long duration; and generally have slow progression and are the result ofacombination of genetic, «physiological, environmental and behavioral factors. Pskoma amas ae #° — "Non-communicable diseases" is the umbrella term for diseases that are not passed from person to person. The Y are responsible for almost 70% of deaths globally and have four major risk fa \ctors: tobacco, physical inactivity, alcohol and diet (World Health Organisation, 2020b). In India, nearly 5.8 million people die from stroke, cancer and diabetes) every year.1 in 4 In NCD before they reach the age of 70. NCDs (heart and lung diseases, dians has a risk of dying from an As NCDsare diseases of long duration, so they progress slowly or cause chronic symptoms requiring long term time duration, They affect adultmen and women, but children are vulnerable as well. People may appear healthy but still suffer from these conditions. One of the most serious concerns about NCDs is that they affect people in the productive years of their life. They also cause “premature deaths" - that is, a death occurring before the average life expectancy. Though NCDs can affect a person at any age, older individuals are more vulnerable toNCDs. — 7.4.1 Major NCDs and their risk factors wr ADH Non-communicable or non-infectious diseases are caused by mal functions ; othe body. The major NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic won espiratory diseases and diabetes. Physical inactivity, unhealthy diets (diets low in fruit, Vegetables and whole grains, but high in salt and fat), tobacco use (smoking, Secondhand smoke, and smokeless tobacco) and the harmful use of alcohol are themain behavioral risk factors for NCDs. They contribute to raised blood pressure (hypertension); raised blood sugar (diabetes); raised and abnormal blood lipids (dyslipidaemia); and obesity. Air pollution is also a leading risk factor for NCDs in ‘ems of both outdoor air pollutiorrafd household air pollution, that mainly results ™ burning solid fuels in the hgme for cooking while generating heat. Although Morbidity and mortality from NCDs mainly occur in adulthood, posure to risk factors begins in early life. Therefore, NCDs and its risk factors aeNS S 54 Health and Physical Education have great importance to young people as well. NCDs are rapidly increasing globally and reached epidemic proportions in many countries, largely due to globalization, industrialization and rapid urbanization with demographic and lifestyle changes. 7.4.2 Types of Non-communicable Diseases There are many types of Non-communicable diseases as described under following categories: pesiaS| a8\ 30 -- 1. Inherited genetic disorders: when the genetic disorder is inherited from one or both parents, it is also classified as a hereditary disease, like cystic fibrosis 25, Deficiency diseases that are caused by a lack of essential vitamins or minerals, “' eg. scurvy, which occurs when an individual has insufficient vitamin C 3. Diseases like cancer that develop as a result of exposure to carcinogens or 4 develop naturally as cell division occurs incorrectly yn Ue wey oF em i 4. Diseases caused due to faulty life style and combination of demographic and, eo” ar life style changes which result from socio-economic development as obesity’ 5. Disability: Physical ormental impairment ent that limits normal growth as Sight any Impairment, Hearing Impairment, Motor Impairment etc xs| 7.4.3 Characteristics of non communicable diseases: Major features of these type of diseases are: 395 a0 1. Not caused by an acute infection: Infectious agents like bacteria and viruses do not cause these diseases, and thus these diseases do not spread from an infected person to a healthy individual 2. Causelong-termham Yq yoy 2 Ay 3. _ Relatively slow in progress as the symptoms appear gradually and thus are difficulttodiagnose use| em 4. The person is unaware of the disease unless or otherwise examined re, 5. Asilentkillerofpeople $a 2. =< 6. Have common risk factors nee — “Ur 7. Needa long-term (or even life-long) treatment GS tara 43 3 8. Affects both men and women equally 9. Sometimes, cause disability ~.?rsrar as ot 10. Affect due to an unhealthy diet, faulty lifestyle, mutations, heredii environmental factors — ty and 11. arenotseasonal and might occur at any time ofthe year 7”) 5} 5, . might even have periods of temporary relapse where the di 2 fora short period of time regularly only to reappear again Sease disappears eam Rr eget EO ae eee- Cphe Thr ome, - A dineare thor Come Inch , rncley mucu> bud Up om the Lunas , dapat ve faugde + Chee auar =f becky - Health and Physical Education 5 Te vratte 5 13, found to be more severe, responsible for about 70% of all deaths worldwide 74.4 Causes of non communicable diseases: Major causes of non communicable diseases are enlisted as: Unhealthy diet 30 -\wote Sas Tobacco usage oa Physical inactivity aS\oa A jaar Stress factors = =5O™- 2 Overweighed (obese) + cru Genetics aa Harmful use ofalcohol = -y>r<> Environmental factors sz 7.4.5 NCD Risk Factors: These disease groups are linked by common risk factors: 1. Social Determinants of Health (this is the environment in which we are born, live, grow and take the opportunities we are given) <7 0 >> SPAAwRYN SO 2. Use of Tobacco 3. UseofAlcohol 4. PoorNutrition 22. Gaz 5. Physical Inactivity ‘ These risk factors are categorized under two headings as: eo Non-Modifiable Risk Factors refer to characteristics that cannot be changed _ yeu by an individual (or the environment) and it include age, sex and genetic Y* make-up. Although they cannot be the primary targets of interventions, they remain important factors since they affect and partly determine the effectiveness of many prevention and treatment approaches. 2. Modifiable Risk Factors refer to characteristics that societies or individuals we can change to improve health outcomes. WHO typically refers to four major TEN : i ical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful ‘For Tisk factors for NCDs: poor diet, physic ctv bac fi alcohol use. . Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010 reports that contrary ‘0 popular opinion, available data demonstrate that nearly 80% of Non- Communicable Disease (NCD) deaths occur inlow and middle-income countries. NCDs are caused, to a large extent, by four behavioural risk factors that are Pervasive aspects ‘of economic transition, rapid urbanisation and 21st-century les: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and the harmfullevels Yn as, Rowe 1, Background risk factors- Age, sex, level of education and genetic Composition, which Cannot be changed. wen Behavioral risk factors- Tobacco and alcohol use, unhealthy diet and >? ~~ physical Inactivity which can be modified. ws do 3. Intermediate risk factors- Elevated blood lipids, di 3 physical inactivity, Thought it was an established fact as well asa general belief that People who maintain high levels of fitness are at low risk of being affected by Non-Communicable Diseases compared to those who are unfit and lead an unhealthy lifestyle, But even young and fit people also can be suffered from NCDs a cancers or heart diseases. We have well known examples of Yuvraj Singh at his 30’s being diagnosed with cancer & 27 year old D Venkatesh's died on the field because of heart attack cently singer & actor David Bowie died from liver cancer. So early detection x reventive health screening is an undeniable requirement. a 1A6 Prevention of NCD ‘ Ds can be prevented by taking these important steps: TPs a thy individual should have an annual Non-Communicable Diseases Every healthy hich can help in timely detection and curing of disease. Apart ee ee follow these steps: UB ae from this on araiealth and Physical Education 57 Heal i being physical active, i. choosing healthy diets, ig, saying no to tobacco, jy, reducing harmful use of alcohol, y, promoting cleaner cities, Te APs vi Through universal health Coverage.” 4 7.5 Difference between Communica Key Differences between Communi are discussed in the following table: shez, enh . faz WS ble and Non-Communicable Diseases cable and Non-communicable diseases Basis for Comparison Definition Communicable diseases Communicable diseases are the diseases that are caused by infectious agents and can be transmitted from an infected person to other people, animals, or other sources in the environment Communicable diseases arcalso known as infec diseases. ‘These wre more likely to be a Meaning they appear guickly Some infectious diseases might be seasonal. ghee Pathogenic mitroo Primary cause of comm: diseases, Commun) di inherited Ae Zeneration to another, Viruses, fungi and bacteria act as agents'vectors for infection and transmission of such diseases. ‘There are many reasons for the spread of communicable diseases. Mtcan spread through the air, by direct contact with a contaminated surface, food, etc. The most common communicable diseases are those of respiratory tracts, such as common cold, influenza, tuberculosis. Non-communicable diseases Non-communicable diseases are the diseases that are not transferred from an infected pe means and an son to another via any mostly caused by factors like improper lites cating habits. le and Non-communivable diseases are also known as chronic diseases, Noual These are more likely to be chronic, mean: & they last for a longer period of tine and progress gradually, Non-communicable diseases are not scare: d might occur at any © year, © are caused by nutrition », hormonal deficiency, or absormal proliferation of cells, Non-communicable diseases might be inherited from one generation to another. There are no agents for infection of non-communicable diseases as they Primarily depend on the Personal dict, allergy, or physical inactivity, These do not spread from one person to another at all. Non-communicable diseases are varied, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc.58 Symptoms 4st Severity RSH qo Relapse 2° 35 Diagnosis x Treatment ay? Y Cub wy ae Prevention ea Examples ger On the basis of above stated parameters, communicable diseases from non-communicable Symptoms of communicable diseases can be observed as quickly as a day or two from the entry of the pathogen. 3p These are less severe, i.e. they develop quickly and pose a short-term threat to the patient. There are no periods for relapse for infectious diseases. For many communicable diseases, accurate diagnostic tests are available. These can be treated with a short treatment schedule. Almost all communicable diseases can be cured except for HIV/AIDS. These can be prevented by some conventional methods such as maintaining personal hygiene, avoid sharing eating utensils, etc. Diseases like typhoid, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy are examples of communicable diseases, - Health and Physical Educa, H Symptoms for Non-communicabje diseases may not be observed unti a year or more, which increases the risk of the disease being fatal, These are more severe, Tesponsible for more deaths worldwide. These diseases also have long-term effects on the life of the patient. There might be multiple periods of relapse during the diseases, Accurate diagnostic tests are not available for most non-communicable diseases. These require prolonged treatment. Non-communicable diseases such as cancer and diabetes do not have any specific cure, These need special surgical operations for treatment. Thy cam be pasvernbe 24 Aryding nk, freters Diseases like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's diseases, Down's syndrome, Kwashiorker are examples of non-communicable diseases, » One can easily distinguish diseases. RREKKKEK