MIX DESIGH FOR FULL REPLACEMENT COARSE AGGREGATE WITH BURNED RED

BRICK USING MIX RATIO 1.2.4.

The strength of concrete influences how much of a load a structure can take. Certain types of

buildings or surfaces will require a more durable concrete mix than others. The measure of

concrete strength is done in a system of grades.

Different grades of concrete will have different strengths, and you can choose your grade

depending on the nature of your project. The appropriate grade depends on the load the concrete

will be taking, and have a typical range from grade C10 to grade C40.

The correct grade ensures there will be no weakening, which is what we call concrete fatigue.

Concrete grades apply after a 28 day dry, which is how long is necessary for it to gain full

strength. The formula for concrete grades uses various measurements.

Grading measures the compressive strength and tensile strength. Concrete has high compressive

strength in comparison to other materials, meaning it can take a lot of weight. However, it is not

the best in terms of tensile strength, meaning it does not have much flexibility to stretch or bend.

Compressive strength is the maximum weight concrete can take until failing, and you measure

this in pound-force per square inch (psi). The tensile strength of concrete is the maximum

stretching or pulling concrete can take, and you measure this in newton per square meter

(N/m^2), kilogram per square centimetre (kg/cm^2) or psi.

cause sliding failure on concrete along the plane that is alongside to the alignment of the weight.

Using beams can increase the shear strength of a structure.

The minimal strength that concrete should have after 28 days of construction with good quality

control is known as concrete quality. The prefix M is placed in front of the required MPa strength

and denotes concrete quality. For instance, a 20 MPa concrete grade is designated as M20, where

M stands for Mix. These concrete kinds are transformed into various mixing ratios. For M20

concrete, for instance, the concrete: Sand: Coarse Aggregate mixing ratio would be 1:1.5:3.

Based on the demands of the structural design, the kind of concrete construction is chosen.

Concrete mixes come in two varieties: nominal mix and design mix. The nominal concrete mix is

typically utilized in modest-sized commercial and residential structures when there is little need

for concrete. The nominal mix protects several frequent quality control issues that arise during

the building of concrete structures. Concretes with mixing ratios determined by numerous

laboratory experiments are known as design concretes. When using shotcrete, quality control

must be maintained during the selection of materials, mixing, transportation, and placement of

the concrete. When the large-scale concrete building is done, this concrete gives mixing ratios

based on locally accessible ingredients and reduces construction costs. Shotcrete is therefore

utilized in substantial concrete building projects.

Therefore, based on the structural requirements, a suitable concrete quality may be chosen. In

minor construction, nominal mixes for concrete grades like M15, M20, and M25 are frequently

employed. Large constructions need to be extremely strong, thus greater grades of concrete, such

as M30 and higher, are used. These concrete mixing ratios depend on the mix design.
The concrete kinds M15, M20, M25, etc. are typical types. M15 is often utilized for routine

cement concrete work. The concrete class must be at least M20 for constructions made of

reinforced concrete. MPa (N/mm2)psi mixed grade concrete compressive strength

DESIGN MIX FOR 100 PERCENT REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE

USING RED BURNED BRICKS.

Assumptions:

Mix Ratio: 1;2;4 (Cement: fine Aggregate: Broken Burned Red Brick)

Water-Cement Ratio: 0.70

Volume of one cube: 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm =3.375×10-3 m3

Considering 10% wastage, effective volume for one cube:

3.375×10-3 m³ x 1.10 = 3.7125×10-3 m3

Cement content:
1 x 3.7125 x 10-3 m3 = 1
Cement volume = x 3.7125 x 10-3 m3= 0.5303 x 10-3 m3
1+2+4 7
Considering the density of cement = 1440 kg/m³:

Mass of Cement = 0.5303× 10-3 m3 × 1440 kg/m3 = 0.7632kg

Fine Aggregates Content:

Sand Volume = 2/7 ×3.7125×10-3 m3 = 0.10671×10-3 m3

Considering the density of sand 1600 kg/m³:

Mass of Sand=0.10671×10 −3m 3×1600kg/m 3=1.697kg

Burned brick Content:

Burned brick Volume=4/7 × 0.37125×10-3 m3 = 0.2121×10-3 m3

Considering the density of burned bricks = 7200 kg/m³:

Water Content:

Water-Cement Ratio=0.70

Water Mass=0.70×0.534kg=0.3738kg

SUMMARY FOR THE 12 NUMBERS OF SPECIMENT.

a. CEMENT =0.7632 X 12 CUBES = 9.158KG

it an ideal building material for a wide range of applications. Here are some of the most

important properties of concrete:

1. Workability

This refers to the ease with which the concrete can be mixed, transported, and placed into

its final position. A high degree of workability is essential for achieving the desired shape

and finish of the concrete.

2. Strength

Concrete is known for its strength and can withstand heavy loads and stresses.

The compressive strength of concrete can vary widely depending on its composition and

curing time.

3. Durability
 Concrete is highly durable and can withstand exposure to elements, including water, wind,

and extreme temperatures. Proper curing and maintenance can extend the lifespan of

concrete structures.

4. Creep

This refers to the gradual deformation of concrete under sustained loads over time. Creep

can result in structural damage if not accounted for during the design and construction

process.

5. Shrinkage

Concrete can shrink as it dries, which can result in cracking and other damage. Proper

reinforcement and curing can help minimise the effects of shrinkage.

6. Unit weight

The unit weight of concrete refers to its density and can vary depending on its composition

and strength. A higher unit weight can result in stronger, more durable concrete.

7. Modular ratio

This refers to the relationship between the elastic moduli of concrete and the steel

reinforcement used to reinforce it. A higher modular ratio can result in stronger, more

durable structures.

Poisson's ratio -

This is a measure of the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain when a material is stretched or

compressed. Poisson's ratio can affect the overall strength and stability of concrete

structures.

Uses of Concrete

Driveways and patios

maintenance, and versatility. Concrete can be stamped or coloured to match the aesthetics

of the surrounding area, making it an attractive option for homeowners. Additionally,

concrete can withstand heavy loads and is resistant to cracking, making it a long-lasting

and reliable choice.

Sidewalks

Concrete is a popular choice for sidewalks due to its strength, affordability, and ease of

installation. Concrete sidewalks can withstand heavy foot traffic and can be easily repaired

if damaged. They are also low maintenance and resistant to weathering and erosion.

Parking

Concrete is a common material used for parking lots due to its strength and durability.

Parking lots made of concrete can withstand heavy traffic and can last for many years with

proper maintenance. Additionally, concrete is slip-resistant and can be painted with visible

markings for safety.

Streets

Concrete is a preferred material for street paving due to its durability, skid-resistance, and

ability to withstand heavy loads. Concrete streets are low-maintenance and can last for

many years with proper care. They are also resistant to oil and gas spills, making them an

ideal choice for high-traffic areas.

Footings/Foundation -

Concrete is commonly used for building foundations and footings due to its strength,

durability, and ability to resist water. Concrete foundations can support the weight of a
 building and protect it from moisture and water damage. Additionally, concrete can be

reinforced with steel bars to further increase its strength and durability.

Mid-Rise and High-Rise Buildings -

Concrete is an ideal material for constructing mid-rise and high-rise buildings due to its

strength, durability, and ability to resist natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes.

Reinforced concrete structures can withstand high winds and seismic forces, making them

a reliable choice for tall buildings. Additionally, concrete buildings can be designed to be

energy-efficient and can have a long lifespan with proper maintenance

What is Grade of Concrete?

Grade of concrete is defined as the minimum strength the concrete must poses after 28 days of

construction with proper quality control. Grade of concrete is denoted by prefixing M to the

desired strength in MPa. For example, for a grade of concrete with 20MPa strength, it will be

denoted by M20, where M stands for Mix. These grade of concrete is converted into various mix

proportions. For example, for M20 concrete, mix proportion will be 1:1.5:3 for cement: sand:

coarse aggregates.

Choosing the right concrete grade for the construction job:

So what can these grades be used for and which is best for the job at hand? Below is a list of a few of

the initial concrete grades and what they are best used for.

C10

Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non-structural work

Type: Domestic & commercial use

Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding

Type: Domestic & Commercial

C20

Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (where the weight of structure will be lighter). Also good for

workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs.

Type: Domestic

C25

Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpose concrete mix, usually used for foundations.

Type: Domestic & Commercial

C30

Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for this

purpose). More durable than the grades that have come before, and thus is much more weather-resistant

and can take heavy road traffic.

Type: Commercial

C35
Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating external walls

and slabs, as well as for structural piling.

Type: Commercial

C40

Used for: Commercial construction sites, creating foundations and beams for structural support and

roads. The most durable in this list, C40 can withstand chemical corrosion also, so is frequently used on

farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic tanks.

Type: Commercial

Regular Grade of Concrete and There Uses

Regular grades of concrete are M15, M20, M25 etc. For plain cement concrete works, generally

M15 is used. For reinforced concrete construction minimum M20 grade of concrete are used.

Compressive Strength
Concrete Grade Mix Ratio
MPa (N/mm2) Psi

Normal Grade of Concrete

M5 1 : 5 : 10 5 MPa 725 psi

M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 MPa 1087 psi

M10 1:3:6 10 MPa 1450 psi

M15 1:2:4 15 MPa 2175 psi

Standard Grade of Concrete

M25 1:1:2 25 MPa 3625 psi

M30 Design Mix 30 MPa 4350 psi

M35 Design Mix 35 MPa 5075 psi

M40 Design Mix 40 MPa 5800 psi

M45 Design Mix 45 MPa 6525 psi

High Strength Concrete Grades

M50 Design Mix 50 MPa 7250 psi

Types of Mixes

(i) Nominal Mixes

(ii) Standard/Prescribed Mixes

(iii) Designed Mixes