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Physics Class Notes

The document outlines the fundamentals of physics, covering key topics such as motion, Newton's laws, energy, momentum, circular motion, waves, and thermodynamics. It emphasizes the importance of observation, experimentation, and mathematical modeling in understanding the universe. Overall, it provides a foundational understanding of how physical principles govern natural phenomena.

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27 views2 pages

Physics Class Notes

The document outlines the fundamentals of physics, covering key topics such as motion, Newton's laws, energy, momentum, circular motion, waves, and thermodynamics. It emphasizes the importance of observation, experimentation, and mathematical modeling in understanding the universe. Overall, it provides a foundational understanding of how physical principles govern natural phenomena.

Uploaded by

azizfarian9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class: Fundamentals of Physics

Lecture 1: Introduction to Physics

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature. It explores the

behavior of the universe from subatomic particles to galaxies. Physics is based on observation,

experimentation, and mathematical modeling.

Lecture 2: Motion and Kinematics

Kinematics describes motion without considering its causes. Key quantities include displacement,

velocity, acceleration, and time. Equations of motion for uniformly accelerated systems are derived

using calculus and algebra.

Lecture 3: Newton's Laws of Motion

1. First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or moves in a straight line unless acted upon by a

force.

2. Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).

3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Lecture 4: Energy and Work

Work is done when a force moves an object. Energy is the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy

depends on motion, while potential energy depends on position. The law of conservation of energy

states that total energy remains constant in a closed system.

Lecture 5: Momentum and Collisions

Momentum (p = mv) is conserved in isolated systems. Inelastic collisions conserve momentum but
not kinetic energy. Elastic collisions conserve both. Impulse is the change in momentum due to force

applied over time.

Lecture 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation

Objects moving in circles experience centripetal acceleration. Newton's law of universal gravitation

describes the attraction between two masses: F = G(m1m2)/r^2. This law explains planetary orbits

and tides.

Lecture 7: Waves and Sound

Waves transfer energy through vibrations. Mechanical waves require a medium; electromagnetic

waves do not. Sound is a longitudinal wave. Properties include wavelength, frequency, amplitude,

and speed. The Doppler effect describes frequency shifts due to relative motion.

Lecture 8: Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics studies heat, work, and energy flow. The first law (conservation of energy) and the

second law (entropy tends to increase) govern thermal systems. Heat engines, refrigerators, and

entropy are central concepts.

Summary:

Physics lays the groundwork for understanding natural phenomena and technologies. It relies on

precise measurement, logical reasoning, and experimentation. From Newtonian mechanics to

thermodynamics, it helps explain the world around us.

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