M15 gee) era ete alereg ee cea anitaeUrban settlement - opportunity for our learners to score/earn good marks PowerPoint developed for teaching purposes - a variety of sources used Al die skyfies se woorde is in teksbokse en vertaal maklik Teaching must be integrated with Mapwork We cannot discuss everything in detail. Please stop for questions /comments Expect one short question (7/8 marks) & 2 data-response questions of 15 marksCURT Cy cM Clee ey Urban Structure and Pe Urban Settlement IssuesWhat is it? What does it look like? Where is it? Why is it there? eer aed What happened?/ How does it work? What is the impact? [EESyys7 rT (tor) How is the impact EITTETSIESTS managed? strategiesMlitsiatcyi¢a [he arrangement of roads in a settlement. Rectangular/ Radial Roa@éiditersect at Roads radiate Irregular Few intersections Wiiasctys] right angles. outwards from a 4 4 central point like a spider webs. and curve a lot. No clear pattern.Rectangular/ Radial Irregular Older parts of ‘ Ancient parts of | + Modern parts of towns towns towns Pedestrian traffic | - Build around D To was important places of accommodate before historical value relief or Easy to plan & e.g. place of topography — extend worship, steep slopes, mManiimant ar mal intainniie ArWhat is UT) Tule Rectangular / Radial Irregular me | ) aa y/ Si affic conge stops at every intersection Intersections- More accidents Steep roads result where slopes are steep +Easy to subdivide plots *Shoter travelling distance Wes ela central point - all roads lead to central point (no shortcuts) 9 Wasted space : *Free-flowing traffic - fewer stops Ww Not easy to subdivide *Less throughflow of traffic *Saves fuel and time — less stops *Fewer accidents eoWhat is a settlement? — Settlements consist of 4 elements: People Buildings Activities Communication networks a (Concept and definition) mgoleae 2 isdeterminedby ite SETTLEMENT Tree ee _ f Fou muatbe 1 RURAL SETTLEMENTS |r"! URBAN SETTLEMENTS u [_senernent pes g a + One function (unifunctional) + Many functions (multifunctional) + Primary economic activities + Secondary & Tertiary economic + Examples of primary economic activities are: activities 2 E re — DEFINITION: . ) t ¥} Function refers to the r “f |} economic activity py ee eee Agriculture || Mining Fishing || Forestry een Ty fatiay & waaay+ Multi-functional BC ee Ca Le are Secondary, Tertiary and CTE TCU Ie tai b loRURAL SETTLEMENTS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE AND COMPLEXITY ‘Whatis i? What does it look like? What is size and complexity (definitions)? Size refers to how large the settlement is and th amount of people that live there. Complexity refers to the purpose of the buildin the amount and nature of the services rendered Whatisit? What does it look like? NvaunUrban SettlementsUrban settlements + The origin and development of urban settlements Urbanisation of the world population Concepts (definition, identification and Urbanisation, Urban growth, Urban expansion, Urban sprawl, Rate of urbanisation, Level of urbanisation, Counter-urbanisation + How site and situation affect the location of urban settlements . Classification (identification, description and purpose) of urban settlements according to function Central places Trade and transport towns (Break-of-bulk points, Junction towns and Gateway/Gap towns) + Specialised townsLEVEL OF URBANISATION RATE OF URBANISATION Percentage (%) of the total Annual speed or pace (%) at which the population living in urban population become urbanised e.g., 2% per settlements e.g., 50% year URBAN GROWTH Increase in the actual number of people living in urban areas % 300 people Roo, 600 people URBANISATION COUNTER - URBANISATION When large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding rural areas 4. Whatia it? URBAN SPRAWL = Uncontrolled outward EXPANSION (22) growth ofa city Increase in physical siz | / | (area) of urban areasFactors that influenced the Site and Situation of Cape Town2. TRADE/TRANSPORT TOWNS1. CENTRAL PLACES: Supplies urban goods and services to surrounding rural areas Lower order goods and services Higher order goods and services Z Need often (bread, milk docto| Ee a Need less often (car, furnitur eae i Smaller threshold population a Larger threshold population Several shops/services ~ i _ Less shops/services 2. TRADE/TRANSPORT TOWNS OR CITIES Develop where transport routes meet Break of bulk Junction Transport ch: 2 1 Intersection of Point of access es e.g from seal toy main transpor barrier (mountain f land ff I De Aar Worcester Cape Town 3. SPECIALISED TOWNS OR CITIES cause of omer: inction in the Mining i Industrial Welkor 7 Secunda; \ Resort “88 Margate=x x Central Place: Ceres . ( Break of bulk: Cape Town eae Al, CAPE TOWN. ‘Supplies urban goods and services to Transport changes from land to ‘surrounding rural areas sea Function on Topo mapDe eon heel ee ee Cape Town is a break of bulk cityGap Town: Worcester = 7 7 Point of access at physical barrier (mountain nace)Function on Google Earth Point of access at p sical barrier (mountainUrban HierarchiesUrban hierarchies: Concepts (identification, description and interpretation) of: Urban hierarchy, Central place Threshold population Sphere of influence, Range of goods . Concepts (identification, description and interpretation) of: Low- and high-order functions/services Low- and high-order centres% BS mS S x A = = Sy — =) the smallest to the largest depending on the number and order of functions in the settlement The ranking of urban settlements from t= ADD ... opp oor high sohoot collage, cinema, theatre, spar See | "shoe shop, resteurent, hotel. rent grows, larger and more eervices appear. For example... village shop, chureh, post office .. e — ex football stadium, alrport epartment store, eathedral, university, =p Large village Primary school, small supermarkat, hoalth centre, café...LOWER- AND HIGHER ORDER CENTRES Hierarchy: refers to a ranking of urban settlements according to size, umber of functions and specialization of functions LARGE LESS IN NUMBER Primate Metropolitan Johannesburg Pretoria conurbation Major Metropol Cape Town Bloemfontein, PE ‘Suo};uN|JpI0 ‘uBtH sureww0 Pail, Grahamstown Upington, Ermelo Bredasdorp Wildemess Decrease in number of settlements Stonpuny 10p10 mo} sUIPaUOD, Matjesfonteit SMALL é ) MORE INNUMBER Increase in size of settlement, population and serviceswo BS rr iS a A = © RY _ =) tA CENTRAL PLACE A town that supplies urban functions to the surrounding rural area CONCEPTS 2 02 THRESHOLD POPULATION The number of people a function must serve to be profitable 03 SPHERE OF INFLUENCE The area served by a central place[ LOWER- AND HIGHER FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES Definition Functions/services Threshold population Range Sphere of influence Distance travelled Number of shops or services Examples A function or goods you need to buy often Less specialised Smaller number of people Small Small Near Many — needed ona regular basis Bread, milk, petrol station, bottle store, doctors, mechanics A function/goods not needed regularly Highly specialised Larger number of people Large Large Far Few — not needed very often Lounge suites, cars, computer hardware, health ‘spas, specialist doctors[Nov 2028] Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Must work through Choose the answer and write only the letter (A-D) next to the question this question.Good numbers (1.2.1 ta 1.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.9 D. short questions 1.2.4 Acentral place town offers high-order goods and services. offers only rural functions. services the surrounding rural area services only the urban area vomP> 12.2 Ais classified as a low-order good compared to B because A is a luxury item and not needed daily. has a lower price and is consumed regularly is non-perishable and not consumable. has a higher price and is purchased less often. vom> [Source: lips: Twmv.google.commow high-order:123 124 Range refers to the ... to buy a product A minimum distance travelled B_ minimum customers required C maximum distance travelled D maximum customers required The range of a high-order good is .. small due to its daily use. large due to its daily use. small due to its high cost large due to its high cost- vour125 ... fefers to the minimum number of customers needed to make a business profitable. A Central place B_ Threshold population © Range of goods D_ Sphere of influence 1.2.6 The threshold population of a grocery store is A B c D low because it has more high-order goods. high because it has more low-order goods ¥“ high because it has more high-order goods. low because it has more low-order goods.1.2.7 The area from which a settlement draws its customers is its .. threshold population. sphere of influence service area. ‘maximum range cow, 1.2.8 — The sphere of influence of a city is greater than a village because ithas a SPHERE OF INFLUENCE (i) population of 1 000. Metropolis | (ii). Smaller radius. (iii) population of 100 000. (iv) larger radius. A (i) and (ii) B (ii) and (ii) Cc i) and (iv) BD diiband (iw Radius in Population 1000 10000 100.000 1.000000 [Souree: hipssThwwe goodie com/search sphere of influence)Urban Structure and patternsUrban structure and patterns + Internal structure and patterns of urban settlements (includes shape of urban settlements) + Land-use zones, including reasons for location, purpose and charact s, Commercial (CBD, OBD, types of commercial decentralisation), Residential, Industrial, Transition zone/Zone of decay, Rural-urban fringe . Factors influencing the morphological structure of a, city, Street patterns (plan), Building density + Urban profiles OConcept (definition, identification and application of urban profile OReasons for shape of urban profile + Models of urban structure (description and characteristics)Rey me mrad Linear shape of Paarl 3 as TTT)2 iy = = o (=) Ss S & > J i) & Fy a)Transition zone rr aus ral EE ea aul Rural-urban fringeWhere is it? Why is it there? What does it look like? What happened? What is the impact? How canit be managed?Central o business S district ) CBD i] o 7) > Where? Characteristics a=) Mostaccessible {Highest land values = { Where transport routes 8 Highest building density Pi meet Tallest buildings 2 Inthe city centre 2 Concentration of shops and offices 2 High-order commercial functionsINDUSTRIES Land use zone Where? Characteristics 1] (a) Light 2 Often near CBD or {Little noise and air n| industry residential areas pollution d {In planned industrial @ No heavy machinery u estates s| Near road transport t (b) Heavy 1 Onoutskirts of the city | 2 —_Lots of airand noise ‘| industry on cheap land pollution s {Near major road and rail] | = Dangerous networks On flat land Near water sourceECONOMIC Explain why the ACTIVITIES industries are located Farming at X on the Al (Raw Material) topographical map ? NB QUALIFYER ETTLEMENT Labor Reliet Market Drainage Infrastructure RELIEF Settlements +e| Contours far apart Gentle sl Economic (Gentle slope) activities DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE Dam * Road River + Railway line Reservoir + PowerlineRESIDENTIAL Land use zone Where? Characteristics R] (a) Middle to ® Foundaway |! Larger properties es| high income from CBD Good services id| & Good view Recreational areas en! (b) Low it asertoCBD | Houses close together a! Fewer facilities Poor services a Smaller properties (c) Informal 2 Onthecity 1 Houses built out of plastic, settlement outskirts wood, zine : = Unhealthy conditions No service delivery Poverty Crime NB also positive characteristics ” o iS LX o o i ao] aCOMMERCIAL CBD the commercial heart of the city ” o iS LX PA i ao] ¢ bi JLand-use Zones ZONE OF DECAY / TRANSITION ZONE Land use zone] Where? Characteristics Zone of decay Just Mixed functions (residential, (Transition outside commercial, light industry) zone) the CBD Decayed buildings Renewal Valuable land HOW MANAGED? + Renovation + Renewal + Reduce housing densityTransition Zone: Adjacent to the CBD (ZoneSECA Commercial functions Ol ildii "WayFunctions in rural-urban fringe Land use zone Where? Characteristics Urban functions invade rural area Both Urban and rural functions Large properties - cheaper land Plots and small holdings Airports, cemeteries, power stations, golf courses, sewage works Rural-urban fringe | | On edge of urban areaRural-urban fringe LOCATION Transition zone between rural and urban area FUNCTIONS Power station Cemetery Golf course Cricket Power station small holdings National road INTRUSION Commercial Mall Offices Gated communityLand-use Zones Fn ny poe aS Ht oie yr ita fr.1.4 Refer to the infographic below on the central business district (CBD) of NOW 2022 Johannesburg as a land-use zone. Must work through this question The CRD of ohannesturg has A cao experienced a decine in economic . Investment over the past 20 years. Tis Licker cio has been due to problems such as © bighincome residential | crime, inefficient publ anspor. D ouuying business aisuiet| decay, decreased accessibilty, etc These factors force businesses lo relocate la oulying business distri, ging ise to commercial decentralisation. In spite of this, the land values remain high in te CBD The tansiton zone Is generally dlapidated, but mainiains high land values 1. State TWO characteristics of the Johannesburg CBD that is evident inthe photograph, << land Value —s 2. Which landuse zone has the highest land value, as indicated on the graph? 8 (aectod rom business 32a) 3. Howdoes the land value influence the building density of ‘the CBD? 4. Why is the transition zone generally dilapidated despite high land values? 5. Why's the outlying business district (OBD) attractive for the relocation of business.Factors influencing |v orphological Structure of a City Urban Morphology means the SHAPE or FORM of urban settlements ee as UUs) TRANSPORT ROUTES RESOURCES - Rivers Along which urban Location of - Mountains sprawl occurs resources * Coastlines > Roads Minerals + Railway lines Arable soil sa iil ceca tel b Oal las abst ofl isName Gridiron/Rectangular ae Irregular i @ Characteristics Roads intersect at right angles Roads radiate outwards from central point like spider's web No clear structure Can be planned or unplanned ‘Advantages Easy to plan Land divided easily Easy to find way Easier flow of traffic Allroads lead to central point Improves traffic flow Fewer intersections Accommodates topography Disadvantages Traffic congestion Monotonous Accidents Traffic jams Traffic is slow Wasted space Difficult to plan Easy to get lost Not easy to expand or ge aaNeen) OC UCR Dee celalUre imei eta] EG cur cad fr ct ee ee a Urban profile takes note Oe Beem Meare sy The density of the buildings Land valuerm) aa S = ey = S = > Why does the height and density of the buildings decrease as you move further away from the city centre? Industries Transition zone + Cheaper land Land very expensive Competition + Lower density of buildings High density of buildings + Horizontal buildings Vertical buildings + Industries Offices + Residential CommercialtC) CBD in centre Other land uses in concentric circles Low-income close to CBD VE Woars } e CBDin centre Land uses in sectors along traffic routes Industries along railway lines & © CBD not in centre © More than one main area @ Expansion around nodes possible e Additional land use taken into accountUrban Settlement IssuesUrban settlement issues + Recent urbanisation patterns/ trends in South Africa + Urban issues related to rapid urbanisation: (definition, causes, impact, possible solutions like counter-urbanisation) Pollution, Urban blight, Traffic congestion, Lack of planning/urban sprawl Overcrowding, Housing shortages, Service provision (basic services) Social challenges + Informal settlements: Concept (definition and identification), Growth of informal settlements Issues associated with informal settlements, Strategies to address issues relating to informal settlements, Case studies from South Africa and the world + Case studies on how selected urban areas in South Africa are managing urban challenges + Injustice issues in urban areasno ci) |) Cr a Pay i a = PS = = o ao is oS a =) * Synchronise traffic lights Improve services CONGESTION URBAN DECAY ‘OVERCROWDING Too many carson the road Where part ofthe city orare | Too many people moving into over-used the city | ¢ Toomany people using» Toomany people livingin | High demand for land in city @ owncars the city ‘* Too many people living in 3 « Not enough public + Empty buildings the city transport + Oid street pattern a * Airpollution + Slums develop + Increased pollution 5 + More accidents + Services deciine ‘= Health problems 1d « Stress, health problems «Increased pollution ‘+ Destruction of environment road rage + Area becomes dirty ‘* Production of foo much waste @ | « Improve publictransport + ‘Renovation ‘© Decentralisation of & «Litt schemes + Renewal functions E | « Decentralisation of + Reduce housing density | * Green belts 3 |“ businesses : Stricter control of pollution 3 aNOV 2023 Must work through this question 1. According to the source, which type of transport would create the most traffic congestion? 2. Givea reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.5.1 3. How can improved public transport systems decrease traffic congestion? 4. Ina paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain why the use of public transport such as minibus taxis and buses could be an economic injustice (concern) to commuters. a === Refer to the source below on the influence of public transport systems on Uae congestion initeare—InBminoue int bue ‘THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION ‘The use of public Uansport (© encouraged because it reduces tac angeston In South Aca, the most common form of public tanspott is the use of nus te Ainowgh pute ranspor eg. minibus ts and ses) Pays = valuable role in reducing the rumer of private vehioes on the road, tis ecooiaiee wits a number of challenges. These chalenges are assoostes ‘ni econome mjistces to conmirets™ TOUS: peo no ree moe oo ty Soe CaS oSno ci) |) Cr a Pay i a = PS = = o ao is Py = =) INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS Sometimes illegal settlement of make-shift dwellings made from scrap materials On the edge of cities. Some can be up to 30 km away from the CBD. Lack of infrastructure No proper sanitation, clean water, electricity, refuse removal. Lack of amenities. Fire High population densityUrban Ayer ae iTg Case studies Case studies from South Africa and the world Case studies on how selected urban areas in Se se SSAi ee era CASE STUDY? A case study is a research paper to generate an in-depth and multi-faced understanding of any Teh RCM M esr aE ucts 1) design that is very eT MRE} range of disciplines.a RCM Dp) Na 7 TTT | Not a COMPREHENSION TEST Pes ou os gk Be f=} rs sre) Eee orCoen eee cad