EEE 3103 Fall 19
Complements
There are two types of complements for each base r-system: the radix complement (r’s complement)
and the diminished radix complement(r-1)’s complement.
The two types are referred to as the 2’s complement and 1’s complement for binary number.
And the 10’s complement and 9’s complement for decimal number.
R’s complement
Rn-N Where,
n= Total no of integer digit
N= the number itself
R= base
10’s complement (First Method)
(52520)10 = 105 -52520 = 47480
(25.639)10 = 102 – 25.639 = 74.361
10’s complement (Second Method)
52520
First is 0 will be 0
First digit except 0 subtract from 10
Subtract from 9
=47480
2’s complement (first method)
(101100)2= 26-101100 = 1000000 -101100 = 10100
(10111)2= 25 -10111 = 100000 – 10111 = 01001
EEE 3103 Fall 19
2’s complement (second method)
101100
First is 0 will be 0
First is 1 will be unchanged
Then 1 will be 0; 0 will be 1
010100
(R-1)’s complement
Rn-R-m – N Where,
n= Total no of integer digit
N= the number itself
R= base
m= no of fractional digit
9’s complement (First Method)
(52520)10= (105 -10-0 – 52520) = 47479
(25.639)10= (102- 10-3-25.639)=74.360
9’s complement (Second Method)
Every digit subtract by 9; so (52520)= 47479
1’s complement (First Method)
(101100)2= 26- 20 - 101100 = 1000000 – 01-101100 = 10011
1’s complement (Second Method)
Every digit subtract by 1; so 101100= 010011
EEE 3103 Fall 19
Binary Subtraction using 2’s complement
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps:
(i) At first, 2’s complement of the subtrahend is found.
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend.
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1, it is dropped and the result is positive.
(iv) If there is no carry over, the two’s complement of the sum will be the result and it is
negative.
Evaluate:
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution:
The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 5 while that of minuend is 6. We make the number of
bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0’ in the sixth place of the
subtrahend.
Now, 2’s complement of 010110 is (101101 + 1) i.e.101010. Adding this with the minuend.
110110 Minuend
101010 2’s complement of subtrahend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of addition
After dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000.
EEE 3103 Fall 19
(ii) 10110 – 11010
Solution:
2’s complement of 11010 is (00101 + 1) i.e. 00110. Hence
10110 Minuend
00110 2’s complement of subtrahend
11100 Result of addition
As there is no carry over, the result of subtraction is negative and is obtained by writing the 2’s
complement of 11100 i.e.(00011 + 1) or 00100.
Hence the difference is – 100.
(iii) 1010.11 – 1001.01
Solution:
2’s complement of 1001.01 is 0110.11. Hence
Minuend 1010.11
2’s complement of subtrahend - 0110.11
Carry over 1 0001.10
After dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction as 1.10.
(iv) 10100.01 – 11011.10
Solution:
2’s complement of 11011.10 is 00100.10. Hence
Minuend - 10100.01
2’s complement of subtrahend - 01100.10
Result of addition - 11000.11
EEE 3103 Fall 19
As there is no carry over the result of subtraction is negative and is obtained by writing the 2’s
complement of 11000.11.
Hence the required result is – 00111.01.
