EXPERT pu college
belagavi
II PUC – BIOLOGY
SUMMARY NOTES
expert science and commerce pu college, belagavi
COLLEGE: DR. B.D. JATTI COLLEGE CAMPUS, CIVIL, HOSPITAL ROAD, AYODHYA NAGAR, BELAGAVI
COACHING: KANGRALAKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL, GROUND, BELAGAVI KARNATAKA
CONTACT: 9035346343, 9449206343
EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343, 9449206343
EXPERT SCIENCE AND COMMERCE PU COLLEGE BELAGAVI
DD - 0409
Subject : Mathematics (35) Blue Print Class - II PUC
MARKS
NO. TOTAL
DISTRIBUTION
[Link]. CHAPTER NAME OF
HRS. MCQ(1M) FIB(1M) SA(2M) SA(3M) LA(5) LA(6) LA(4) MARKS
1 RELATIONSAND FUNCTIONS 9 2 1 1 10
INVERSE
2 6 1 1 1 1 7
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3 MATRICES 9 1 1 1 9
4 DETERMINANTS 12 1 1 1 1 1 13
CONTINUITYANDDIF
5
FERENTIABILITY 20 2 1 2 1 1 19
6 APLLICATION OFDERIVATIVES 10 1 2 1 8
7 INTEGRALS 22 2 2 1 1 1 20
8 APPICATION OFINTEGRATIO N 5 1 5
9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10 1 1 1 9
10 VECTORALGEBRA 11 2 1 2 10
11 THREEDIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 8 1 1 1 1 9
12 LINEARPROGRAMMING 7 1 1 7
13 PROBABILITY 11 1 1 2 1 9
TOTAL NO. OF HOURS & MARKS 140 15 5 11 11 8 12 8 135
TOTAL NO. OF QUESTIONS 15 5 11 11 8 1 1 52
NP/HOTS 3 MCQ ST
EXPERT SCIENCE AND COMMERCE PU COLLEGE BELAGAVI
DD - 0409
Subject : Mathematics (35) Blue Print Class - PUC - II
NO. OF QNS
QP
QUESTION TYPE NO. OF QNS TO BE SET MARKS TO BE MARKS ALLOTED
PART ANSWERED
A
MCQ 15 15 15 15
FILL IN THE BLANK 5 5 5 5
B SA ( 2M ) 11 22 6 12
C SA ( 3M ) 11 33 6 18
D LA ( 5 M ) 8 40 4 20
LA ( 6 M )INTERNAL CHOICE 2 12 1 6
E
LA ( 4 M )INTERNAL CHOICE 2 8 1 4
TOTAL 52 135 38 80
EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343, 9449206343
EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343, 9449206343
Mr. Nagesh S. D
MR. NAGESH S. D BORN ON 31ST JULY 1993, COMPLETED HIS BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) FROM VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
BELAGAVI IN 2019.
HE IS A FOUNDER OF AN ORGANIZATION (SANJEEVINI SOCIAL WELFARE RURAL AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY) AND ALSO FOUNDER OF EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
EXPERT SCIENCE & COMMERCE PU COLLEGE BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA.
HE STARTED HIS JOURNEY AS A DIPLOMA MATHEMATICS LECTURER AND PERSUADED
ADDING STUDENTS TO TRAIN FOR DIFFERENT COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION IN SCIENCE
STREAMS (NEET, JEE, NDA) HE BEING FOUNDER OF THE INSTITUTE IS KEEN INVOLVING
STUDENTS TO TEACH PHYSICS TO YOUNG MINDS. HE HAS TRAINED THOUSAND OF
STUDENTS AND HELPED THEM REACH GREAT SUCCESS IN THEIR CAREER. HE HAS
PUBLISHED A RESEARCH PAPER IN A REPUTED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL.
COLLEGE COACHING ACADEMY
Dr. B. D. Jatti College Campus Kangralkar Building
Civil Hospital Road, opp. Sardar High School Ground,
Ayodhya Nagar, Belgaum Belgaum, Karnataka
Contact no. 9035346343, 944920634
EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343, 9449206343
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CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
PRE-FERTILISATION: STRUCTURES & EVENTS
STRUCTURE OF A FLOWER A mature pollen grain has 2 cells: Vegetative cell (food
reserve) & generative cell.
A typical flower has 2 parts: Androecium & Gynoecium.
Economic importance of pollen grains:
Androecium (male reproductive part) o Rich nutrients. Pollen tablets are used as food supplements.
It consists of a whorl of stamens (Filament+ Anther). Each o Pollen grains are stored in liquid N2 (pollen banks).
lobe of anther has 2 thecae ( dithecous). o Pollen grains of some plants (e.g. Parthenium) are allergic.
Anther consists of 4 microsporangia. They develop to
Gynoecium (female reproductive part)
pollen sacs.
- It is monocarpellary (single pistil) or multicarpellary (>
one pistil).
- In multicarpellary, pistils may be fused (syncarpous) or
free (apocarpous).
- Each pistil has 3 parts: Stigma, Style & Ovary (consists of
ovules).
I
.1
Transverse section of anther A. Hibiscus pistil.
Epidermis B. Multicarpellary,
,--...,__...__ Endothcclwn syncarpous pistil
of Papaver.
Middle layers
Syncarpouo C. Multicarpellary,
ovary
apocarpous
��-i--r-'>-1 :��:i:�s I gynoecium of
Michelia
-ovary
nmmrus
A
Structure of Megasporangium (Ovule):
Structure of a microsporangium: 4 layers: epidermis,
endothecium, middle layers & tapetum (nourishes Ovule is attached to Hllum
Funlcle
developing pollen grains). Outer 3 layers give protection. placenta by a stalk Micropyle
Mlcropylar pole
Young anther bears sporogenous tissue. It consists of (funicle). Outer Integument
pollen mother cells (PMC). - Hilum: Junction between Inner Integument
ovule & funicle.
Microsporogenesis: Formation of microspore tetrads Nucellus
- One or two integuments ,--,.--.--,-Embryo sac
(cluster of 4 microspores) from a pollen mother cell.
encircle the ovule except
Microspores develop into pollen grains.
at the micropyle (a small Chalazalpole
opening). Ovule
- Opposite the micropylar end is the chalaza (basal part).
- Enclosed within the integuments, there is nucellus. Its
cells contain reserve food materials.
- Located in the nucellus is the embryo sac (female
gametophyte).
Megasporogenesis: Formation of 4 megaspores from a
megaspore mother cell (MMC).
Megaspore
telrad
Formation of Female gametophyte (embryo sac):
Pollen grain (male gametophyte): It has two layers:
- One megaspore is functional and other 3 degenerates.
o Exine: Outer layer made up of sporopollenin. It can
- Embryo sac formation from a single megaspore is called
withstand high temperature and strong acids and alkali.
monosporic development.
o Intine: Inner wall made up of cellulose and pectin.
8
- Nucleus of megaspore ➔ mitosis ➔ 2 nuclei ➔ move to - In Vallisneria, the female flower reaches the surface of
opposite poles ➔ 2-nucleate embryo sac ➔ 4-nucleate ➔ water by the long stalk and the male flowers or pollen
8-nucleate ➔ cell walls are laid down ➔ organization of grains are released on to the surface of water.
female gametophyte. - Wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful
and do not produce nectar.
Anllpodals
2. Biotic agents (animals)
- E.g. Bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, moths, birds, bats etc.
c::-t:.�---H--Polar nuclei
- Pollination by insects (Entomophily) is more common.
Central cell - Features of insect-pollinated flowers: Large, colourful,
Egg
fragrant. Rich nectar. The flowers secrete foul odours to
Antipodals
Synergtds
attract flies and beetles. Sticky pollen grains.
�ii,;!'£�-Filiforrn
2, 4 & 8 nucleate stages apparatus Nectar & pollen grains are floral rewards for pollination.
embryo sac & a mature embryo sac
Pollen/nectar robbers: Insects that consume pollen or
Distribution of cells in embryo sac: 8-nucleate & 7- nectar without bringing about pollination.
celled.
Outbreeding Devices
o 3 cells (2 synergids + 1 egg cell ➔ egg apparatus) at
Continued self-pollination results in inbreeding depression.
micropylar end.
To avoid this, there are some devices in plants:
o 3 cells (antipodals) at the chalazal end.
a. Avoid synchronization: Avoid release of pollen and
o A large central cell with 2 polar nuclei.
receptivity of stigma at same time.
POLLINATION b. Arrangement of anther & stigma at different positions.
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a c. Self-incompatibility: Prevention of self-pollen from
pistil. 3 types: fertilization.
■ Autogamy (self-pollination):
d. Production of unisexual flowers.
Transfer of pollen grains from Pollen-pistil Interaction
the anther to stigma of the - A process in which pistil recognizes
same flower. Plants like compatible or incompatible pollen
Viola, Oxalis & Commelina by producing some chemicals.
produce 2 types of flowers: - Pistil accepts compatible pollen
o Chasmogamous flowers: and promotes post-pollination
They have exposed anthers events.
and stigma.
Polar
Clcistogamous
flowers
Pollen grain germinates on stigma nuclei
Egg cell
o Cleistogamous flowers: to produce a pollen tube ➔ contents
They do not open at all. Anthers & stigma lie close to of pollen grain move into the pollen
each other. Cleistogamy leads to inbreeding depression. tube ➔ Pollen tube grows through Longttudtnal section of a nower
showing growth of pollen tube
■ Geitonogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma & style ➔ reaches the ovary
stigma of another flower of the same plant. It is ➔ micropyle ➔ ovule ➔ enters one synergid through
functionally cross-pollination but genetically like autogamy. filiform apparatus. Filiform apparatus guides the entry
• Xenogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to of pollen tube.
stigma of a different plant. It brings genetically different Central
Pol ct
pollen grains to the stigma.
cell
Egg --=. ...-Y
Plasma
nuclcu"
�gents of Pollination Syneri:td
1. Abiotic agents (wind & water) apparatus
Male gametes
Pollination by wind (anemophily): More common abiotic VcgctaUve nucleus
agent. Common in grasses. a) Entry of tube into (b) Discharge of male gametes into a
I
a synergid synergid, then to egg & central cell j
- Such flowers have a single ovule in each ovary. Numerous
flowers packed into an inflorescence. E.g. Corncob. Artificial hybridisation
- Ways for effective pollination: Pollen grains - many, A crop improvement programme in which desired pollen
light & non-sticky. Exposed stamens. Feathery stigma. grains are used for pollination. The steps are:
Pollination by water (hydrophily): Rare. Mostly o Emasculation: Removal of anthers from the bisexual
monocots. E.g. Vallisneria & Hydril/a, Zostera (marine). flower of female parent.
- In lower plants, water is a regular mode of transport for o Bagging: Emasculated flowers are covered with a butter
the male gametes. Distribution of some bryophytes & paper to prevent unwanted pollen.
pteridophytes is limited because they need water for the o Pollination: Dusting of pollen grains (collected from
transport of male gametes and fertilisation. male parent) on the stigma.
o Rebagging of the flowers. It is allowed to develop fruits.
9
- Pollen tube releases 2 male gametes into the cytoplasm of the synergid.
- One male gamete+ egg cell nucleus (syngamy) ➔ zygote (Zn) ➔ embryo.
- Other male gamete+ two polar nuclei in the central cell ➔ triploid
primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). As it involves fusion of 3 haploid
DOUBLE
nuclei, it is called triple fusion. It becomes primary endosperm cell
FERTILISATION (PEC) and develops into the endosperm (3n).
- Since 2 types of fusions (syngamy & triple fusion) take place in an embryo
sac, it is called double fertilisation. It is an event unique to flowering
plants.
POST- FERTILISATION: STRUCTURES & EVENTS
Post-fertilisation events: Endosperm & embryo Seed from Ovule
development, ovule into seed & ovary into fruit. - Seed is the fertilized ovule. It is the final product of sexual
Endosperm development reproduction.
Primary endosperm cell divides repeatedly to form a - It consists of seed coat, cotyledon & an embryo axis.
triploid endosperm tissue. - Mature seeds are 2 types:
- Endosperm cells are filled with reserve food materials for o Non-albuminous (Ex-albuminous) seeds: Have no
nutrition of developing embryo. residual endosperm. E.g. pea, groundnut, beans.
- In endosperm development, PEN undergoes nuclear o Albuminous seeds: Retain a part of endosperm. E.g.
divisions to give free nuclei. This is called free-nuclear wheat, maize, barley, castor, coconut.
endosperm. E.g. Tender coconut water. - In some seeds (black pepper, beet etc.) remnants of nucellus
- Endosperm becomes cellular due to cell wall formation. are also persistent. It is called perisperm.
The white kernel of coconut is cellular endosperm. - Integuments of ovules harden as tough protective seed
coats. It has a micropyle through which 02 & water enter
Embryo development
the seed during germination. As the seed matures, its
- Embryo develops at micropylar end of the embryo sac. water content is reduced and seeds become dry. Under
Zygote favourable conditions, they germinate.
q)W
t Mtcropylc
Seed coat
Pro-embryo
Endosperm
t
Zygote Cotyledon
Globular
t Cotyledons
Heart-shaped
t Globular Embryo Mature
Mature embryo � S_tages in embryo developme!!!_in a di_co_
_ _t _
_ Endospc
Dicotyledonous embryo Shoot apical
meristem
olcopUlc
- It has an embryonal axis and 2 cotyledons. Hypocotyl
� _ _ _ ----� ·•::/,'<·
· .,-; root axis
- Part of embryonal axis above the level Root Up
Endosperm
of cotyledons is the epicotyl, which "' Structure ofsome seeds
Cotyledons ·�
ends with the plumule (stem tip).
Hypocolyf ] Advantages of seeds:
- Cylindrical portion below the level of 0
i:::"
.&l • Helps the species to colonize in other areas.
cotyledons is hypocotyl that
Rddicle W • Have food reserves.
terminates with radicle (root tip). Root up
• Seed coat protects the young embryo.
- Root tip is covered with a root cap.
Atypical • Generate new genetic combinations and variations.
Monocotyledonous embryo dicot embryo
• They can be stored and used as food.
- Only one cotyledon. Scutellum Viability of seeds after dispersal:
- Cotyledon of the grass family is called (cotyledon)
- The oldest viable seed is that of a lupine (Lupinus arcticus).
scutellum. Coleoptile
It germinated after 10,000 years of dormancy.
At lower end, embryonal axis has
2000 years old viable seed is of the date palm (Phoenix
radicle and root cap enclosed in Epiblast
dacty/ifera ).
coleorhiza (an undifferentiated
sheath). Fruit from Ovary
-Radicle
- Portion of embryonal axis above the Root cap
Coleorhlza
- The ovary develops into a fruit.
level of attachment of scutellum is the - The wall of ovary develops into pericarp (wall of fruit).
LS of grass
epicotyl. It has a shoot apex and a few embryo (monocot) - Fruits are 2 types:
leaf primordia enclosed in coleoptile.
10
o True fruits: Fruit develops only from the ovary. E.g. - Parthenocarpy can be induced through the application of
most plants. growth hormones. Such fruits are seedless.
o False fruits: In this, the thalamus also contributes to
APOMIXIS AND POLYEMBRYONY
fruit formation. E.g. apple, strawberry, cashew etc.
- Apomixis is the production of seeds without fertilisation.
- In some species, fruits develop without fertilisation. Such
E.g. Some species of Asteraceae and grasses.
fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. E.g. Banana.
- In many species (e.g. Citrus & Mango) some nucellar cells
divide, protrude into the embryo sac to form embryos. Thus
each ovule contains many embryos. Occurrence of more
Achene than one embryo in a seed is called polyembryony.
- Importance of apomixis in hybrid seed industry: If the
hybrids are made into apomicts, there is no segregation of
1,1<-socarp
characters in the hybrid progeny. So farmers can keep on
False fruits of apple and strawberry using hybrid seeds to raise new crop.
11
