CHAPTER: 3 and 4 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER Matrix: It is an ordered rectangular arrangement of numbers (or functions). The numbers (or functions) are called the elements of the matrix. Horizontal line of elements is row of matrix. Vertical line of elements is column of matrix. Numbers written in the horizontal line form a row of the matrix. Number written in the vertical line form a column of the matrix. Order of Matrix with ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns is m * n (read as m by n). Types of Matrices A row matrix has only one row (order:1xn) A column matrix has only one column (order: mx1) A square matrix has number of rows equal to number of columns (order: m x m orn xn.) A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all non-diagonal elements equal to zero and diagonal elements not all zeroes. A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal. An identity matrix is a scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is 4 (unity). A zero matrix or null matrix is the matrix having all elements zero.Equal matrices: two matrices A = [a,]., and B = [ b,,] m * n are equal if (a) Both have same order (b) — ayj= byW iandj Operations on matrices Two matrices can be added or subtracted, if both have same order. IEA= [aij]m xn aNd B =[bij]mxn » then A+B= [ay +t bijlmxn AA = [A dijlmxn Where is a scalar Two matrices A and B can be multiplied if number of columns in A is equal to number of rows in B IFA = [aijlmxn and [Djclnxp Then AB = [cizlmxp where Cx= Yai, jal Properties If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then @ A+B =B+A (ii) (A#B)+C= A+(B+C) (ili) ~~ AtO = OFA=A (iv) A#-A)=O. If A, B and C are matrices and A is any scalar, then a. AB#BA b. (AB) C= A(BC) c. A(B+C) = AB+AC d. AB=O need not necessarily imply A=O or B=O ° A (AB)= (MA) B=A (AB) Transpose of a Matrix: Let A be any matrix. Interchange rows and columns of A. The new matrix so obtained is transpose of A donated by A'/a’. [order of A= m xn = order of A’ =n x m] Properties of transpose matrices A and B are: (i) Ay =A (ii) (kA)! = kA! (k= constant) (iii) (A+B)! =4'+B' (iv) (AB) =B'A’ Symmetric Matrix and Skew-Symmetric matrix . Asquare matrix A = [aj] is symmetric if A’ = Ai.e. .aj = avi and j . A square matrix A= [aj] is skew-symmetric if A’ = —Aii.e. aj = - aj iand j (All diagonal elements are zero in skew-symmetric matrix) Determinant: to every square matrix A= [aj] of order nxn, we can associate a number (real or complex). This is called determinant of A (det A or |A|).Properties of Determinants ) |ABl = |A| |B| MN) \4‘1=A| Ml) If we interchange any two rows (or columns), sign of |A| changes. Iv) Value of |A| is zero, if any two rows or columns in A are identical (or proportional). vy ee x ja x bx c+d ele yl ta I vi) R, > R; + aR; or C; > C; + bCjdoes not alter the value of |A| VII) [Kk Alaxn = kK" Al axn(k= scalar) Vill) | K|A| means multiplying only one row (or column) by k. IX) Area of triangle with vertices(x,, y;), (x2, ¥2) and(x3, y3)is: 4) uM 1 A= 3 x2 yz 1 x3 3 1 The points(x,, V1), (2, ¥2), (3, ¥3)are collinear if area of triangle is zero Minors and Cofactors . Minor (M;,,;) of a;jin Matrix A is the determinant of order (n-1) obtained by leaving i*"row and j“"column of A. : Cofactor ofajj , Ajj = (—1)'*/M,j Adjoint of a Square Matrix adj A= transpose of the square matrix A whose elements have been replaced by their cofactors.Properties of adj A: For any square matrix A of order n: (i) Aladj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I (i) ag Al = Al" (iii) aaj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A). (iv) kadjAl= JA" Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is singular if |A| = 0. Inverse of a Matrix: An inverse of a square matrix exists if and only if it is non-singular. aod At= Tada Properties of Inverse matrix (i) AAT=ATAT (() a A (ili) (ABY* = BA" jv @yt= (ty 1 ™ lA’ =7) Alo Solution of system of equations using matrices: If AX = Bis a matrix equation, then AX=B =A7! AX = A'B =1X = A'B =X = AB gives the solution. Criterion of consistency of system of linear equations (i) If |A] # 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.ONE MARK QUESTIONS 1 3 2x 05 nip 0 3 2)t-2 If [1x 1] = 0,then What is the value ofx? For what value of A, the matrix A is a singular matrix where 13 At+2 A=|2 4 8 3.5 10 Find the value of A°, if 10 0 a-[p 1 | ab -1 14 =[f P]and a? =[j 2), then find the value of e and p. If A is a square matrix such that A* = J, then write the value of (A — 1? + (A+ 13 —7 Ain simplest form Write the value of A, if x+y ytz zt+x z x y 3 -3 -3 thy xy wl i io {]fing the value of xty.10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. If Ais a 3 x 3 matrix, |A] # 0 and |3A| = K|Al, then write the value of K. = x42), 7 7 P fas Le —3 xt ‘| is a symmetric matrix, then write the value of x. 0 2a -2 Matrix A = [: 1 3 | is given to be symmetric, find the value of 3b 3 -1 aand b. For any 2 x 2 matrix A, if A (adjoint A) = ir Pe then find |4| Find X, if A + X = 1, where Z a fu=[2 -3 4|V= [z}x- fo 2 3]andy= [} then find UV+XY. 1, 4. 2 -3)71 0)_j-4 -9) fe sll aloe 15 write the equation after applying elementary column transformation Cy > Cy +20, 20 0 lfA=]0 2 OJ, then find the value of A’. 00 2 Find the value of az3 + asa in the matrix 12i-j] ifi>j A= [aiJsxawhere ay = +243 ifi 2 ce (a+b)? 0-1 2 on Given A = | and B=|1 0). Find the product AB and also 2 -2 0! 1. find (AB)~? Using properties of determinants, solve for x: Ix—2 2x—3 3x-4 ix—4 2x-9 3x—- 16) ix—8 2x—27 3x— 64 xt+a a? as Ix+b b? 53 Inte ce? c3 If = Oanda + b ¥c then find the value of x. Express the following matrix as the sum of symmetric and skew- symmetric matrices and verify your result. 3-2 A=|3 -2 -1 1 x 2 3 Ifx=—4isarootofaA=]1 x 1] =0, then find the other two roots. 3 2 x Using properties of determinants. Find the value of ‘x’ 4x dex dex 44x 4x 44x 4x dex 44x Using proportion determinants prove that 1 x xH1 2x x(2x-1) x(X+1) *’) Bx(1-x)— x(K-1)(x-2)_x(x#1)(X-1)