BADMINTON

1. INTRO-
Sport Overview:
• Badminton is a racquet sport played with racquets and a
shuttlecock.
• Common game forms: "singles" (one player per side) and
"doubles" (two players per side).

Gameplay:
• Played on a rectangular indoor court, though also enjoyed
casually outdoors.
• Points are scored by landing the shuttlecock in the opponent's
half of the court.
• Each side can only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes
over the net.
• Play ends when the shuttlecock hits the ground or a fault is
called.

Equipment:
• Shuttlecock: Can be feathered or plastic, with feathers creating
higher drag.
• Shuttlecocks decelerate rapidly and have a hightop speed
compared to balls in other racquet sports.
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Origins and Popularity:

• Developed in British India from battledore and shuttlecock.
• Dominated by European players initially, especially Denmark.
• Extremely popular in Asia, with China being a dominant force
in recent competitions.

Olympic Sport:
• Debuted in the 1992 Summer Olympics with men's singles,
women's singles, men's doubles, and women's doubles events.
• Mixed doubles were added in the subsequent Olympics.

Physical and Technical Demands:

• Requires aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed, and precision.
• Technical aspects include advanced motor coordination and
sophisticated racquet movements, particularly involving wrist
flexibility.

2. HISTORY-
Origins and Early Development:
 o Badminton evolved in the mid-19th century among British
expatriates in India, based on the game battledore and
shuttlecock.
o The game's exact origins are unclear, but it is named after
Badminton House in Gloucestershire, England.
o By the 1870s, it became popular among British expatriates
in India and was known as "Poona" after the town of Pune.

Rules and Standardization:

o The first rules were drawn up in Pune in 1873.
o The game was initially played with a wool ball in windy or
wet weather.
o In 1893, the Badminton Association of England (BAE)
published standardized rules and organized the first All
England Open Badminton Championships in 1899.

International Growth and Governance:

o The International Badminton Federation (now the
Badminton World Federation, BWF) was founded in 1934,
with founding members including England, Denmark, and
several other countries.
o India joined the BWF in 1936.
o The IBF organized its first tournament, Thomas Cup in
1948.
o Badminton became part of the Commonwealth Games in
1966.
o Badminton was included as an Olympic sport at the 1992
Barcelona Games with four events: men's and women's
singles, men's and women's doubles. Mixed doubles were
included in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.
o Only six countries have won gold medals at the Olympics
since Badminton was introduced in 1992 - China, Indonesia
and Korea, England, Denmark and Spain.
Global Popularity and Dominance:
o Denmark and other European countries were early leaders
in the sport.
o Asian countries, particularly China, Indonesia, Malaysia,
South Korea, and Japan, have dominated international
competition in recent decades.

3. GROUND DIMENSIONS-

Court Layout:
• The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net.
• Courts are typically marked for both singles and doubles play,
with doubles courts being wider.

Dimensions:
 • Full court width: 6.1 meters (20 feet).
• Singles court width: 5.18 meters (17 feet).
• Full court length: 13.4 meters (44 feet).

Service Courts:
• The service courts are divided by a center line.
• A short service line is 1.98 meters (6 feet 6 inches) from the net.
• In doubles, a long service line is marked 0.76 meters (2 feet 6
inches) from the back boundary.

Net Specifications:
• Net height at edges: 1.55 meters (5 feet 1 inch).
• Net height at center: 1.524 meters (5.00 feet).
• Net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even for singles
play.

Ceiling Height:
• There is no specified minimum ceiling height, but it should be
high enough to avoid interference with high serves.

4. RULES OF THE GAME

Scoring system:

• All singles and doubles matches are the best-of-three games.

• The first side to score 21 points wins the game.
• A point is won if the shuttlecock hits the ground in the opponent's
half of the court, including the lines.
• A point is scored on every serve and awarded to whichever side
wins the rally. The winning side gets the next serve.
• If the score is 20-20, a side must win by two consecutive points to
win the game. If it reaches 29-29, the first to get their 30th point
wins.
• The side winning a game serves first in the next game.

Interval and change of ENDS:

• When the leading score reaches 11 points, players have a 60-

second interval.
• A 2-minute interval between each game is allowed.
• In the third game, players change ends when the leading score
reaches 11 points.

Serve:

• The shuttlecock must be hit below waist height, with players

serving diagonally into their opponent's service box.
• Both players must remain stationary until the service is made.

-Singles:
• The player starting the game (hitting the first serve)
starts from the right service court.
• When the server's score is even, the server serves from
the right service court. When the server's score is odd, the server
serves from the left service court.
* For example, if the player has 2 points, he will
serve from the right box of his court, and if she/he has 11 points,
she/he will serve from the left box of his court.
• If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and
then serves again from the alternate service court.
• If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point
and becomes the new server.
 • They serve from the appropriate service court – left if
their score is odd, and right if it is even.
- Doubles:
• A Badminton Doubles match consists of 4 players
divided into two teams of two players each.
• Doubles matches are of three types: Men's doubles (all
male players), Women's doubles (all women players) and Mixed
doubles (one male and one female player in each team).
• A side has only one' ' service',' and the service passes
consecutively to the players.

• At the beginning of the game and when the score is

even, the server serves from the right service court. When it is
odd, the server serves from the left court.
• If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a
point and the same server serves again from the alternate service
court.
• If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side
scores a point. The receiving side becomes the new serving side.
• The players do not change their respective service courts
until they win a point when their side is serving.

5. EQUIPMENTS
Racket Specifications:
 • Overall Dimensions: The racket's frame must not exceed 680 mm
in length and 230 mm in width.

• Components:

o Handle: The part intended for gripping.

o Stringed Area: The area used to hit the shuttlecock, not
exceeding 280 mm in length and 220 mm in width.
o Head: The frame around the stringed area.
o Shaft: Connects the handle to the head.
o Throat: An optional part connecting the shaft to the head.

Shuttle Specifications:
• Materials: Can be made from natural and/or synthetic materials.
• Feathers:
o Typically consists of 16 feathers.
o Feathers should have a uniform length between 62 mm and
70 mm, measured from the tip to the base.
o The tips of the feathers should form a circle with a
diameter between 58 mm and 68 mm.
o Feathers are fastened with thread or another suitable
material.
• Base: The base should be 25 mm to 28 mm in diameter and
rounded.
• Weight: The shuttle should weigh between 4.74 and 5.50 grams.
• Changing the Shuttle: Players may request to change the
shuttle during a match, but the change must be agreed upon by
the umpire and the opponent.

6. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH

BADMINTON
Court Terms:

• Alley: The area between the singles and doubles sidelines.

• Back Alley: The area between the back boundary line and the
long service line in doubles.
• Base Position: The central position a player returns to after each
shot.
• Baseline: The back boundary line at each end of the court.
• Center Line: The line dividing the service courts into left and
right sides.
• Center Position: Another term for base position, where players
position themselves centrally.
• Divorce Area: The gap between two doubles partners, typically
exploited by opponents.
• Forecourt: The front area of the court near the net.
• Long Service Line: The line that marks the farthest point for a
valid serve in doubles.
• Service Court: The area into which a serve must land.
• Short Service Line: The line marking the minimum distance a
serve must travel.
• Side Alley: The narrow strips on either side of the court used in
doubles play.
• T (T-Junction): The intersection of the center line and the short
service line.
• Tape: The top edge of the net, often used to gauge net height.
• Test Mark: Used to check shuttlecock speed and trajectory.
• Tramline: Another term for alley, referring to the space
between the singles and doubles sidelines.

Equipment Terms:

• Balance Point: The point along the racket where it balances;

affects maneuverability.
• Battledore: An old term for a badminton racket.
• Bird (Birdie): Slang for shuttlecock.
• Cross: The horizontal strings in the racket stringing pattern.
• Face: The stringed area of the racket used to hit the shuttlecock.
• Feathers: The natural or synthetic materials on a shuttlecock
that provide stability in flight.
• Four-Knot Stringing: A stringing method involving four knots
to secure the strings.
• Graphite: A common material used in modern rackets for its
lightness and strength.
• Grip: The part of the racket handle covered to improve hold and
comfort.
• Grommet: Small rings or sleeves in the racket frame protecting
strings from wear.
• Gut: Traditional string material made from animal intestines,
now often replaced by synthetic alternatives.
• Head: The top part of the racket that encircles the stringed area.
• High Modulus: A term describing the stiffness and strength of
graphite materials.
• Hybrid Stringing: Using two different types of strings in one
racket, often for durability and control.
• Main: The vertical strings in the racket's stringing pattern.
• One-Piece Racket: A racket constructed as a single unit without
a separate throat.
• One-Piece Stringing: A stringing method using a single length
of string.
• Press: A device used to maintain a racket's shape and tension.
• Pre-stretch: Stretching strings before installation to reduce
tension loss.
• Racket (Racquet): The equipment used by players to hit the
shuttlecock.
• Rough Side: The side of the racket stringbed with a rougher
texture, affecting shot spin.
• Shaft: The part of the racket connecting the handle to the head.
• Shuttle (Shuttlecock): The projectile used in badminton, made
of feathers or synthetic materials.
• Skirt: The feathered or synthetic portion of the shuttlecock.
• Smooth Side: The smoother side of the racket stringbed.
• Tension: The tightness of the strings in the racket, influencing
control and power.
• Two Knot Stringing: A common method of stringing rackets
using two knots.
• T-Joint: The part of the racket connecting the shaft to the head.
• Throat: The part of the racket frame between the head and the
shaft, providing additional stability.
• Towel Grip: A type of grip covering made of towel-like
material for moisture absorption.
• Trim: Decorative or protective edging on the racket frame.

Play Terms:

• Angle of Attack: The angle at which a player approaches a shot.

• Angle Of Return: The angle at which the shuttlecock returns
after hitting the racket.
• Attack: Aggressive play aimed at pressuring the opponent.
• Back and Front: A doubles formation where one player is
positioned near the net and the other near the back of the court.
• "Bird On": A call indicating the shuttlecock is still in play.
• "Clear": A high shot sent deep into the opponent's court.
• Deception: Using misleading movements or strokes to confuse
the opponent.
• Doubles: A game played with two players on each side.
• First Serve: The first serve in a sequence, especially in doubles.
• Fixed-Height Serve: A serving technique where the shuttle is
served from a consistent height.
• Footwork: The movement and positioning of a player on the
court.
• Free Point: A point won without active play, often due to an
opponent's error.
• Front and Back: Similar to "Back and Front," a strategic
positioning in doubles.
• Game Point: The point that, if won, will end the game.
• Hand In: Indicates which player is serving in doubles.
• Hand Out: Indicates a change of server in doubles.
• Level Doubles: A doubles game with players of similar skill
levels.
• Match Point: The point that, if won, will end the match.
• Mixed Doubles: A doubles game with one male and one female
player on each side.
• Offense: Aggressive, attacking play.
• Patty-Cakes: A casual, cooperative exchange of shots without
competitive intent.
• Placement: The strategic positioning of shots to challenge the
opponent.
• Rally: The sequence of shots exchanged between players until a
point is won.
• Receiving Side: The team or player receiving the serve.
• Rotation: A strategy in doubles involving switching positions
with a partner.
• Second Serve: The next serve in a sequence, often in doubles.
• Serving Side: The team or player serving.
• "Set": Refers to setting up for a shot or a set of games in a
match.
• Setup: Positioning the shuttlecock for an advantageous shot.
• Side by Side: A doubles formation where players stand parallel
to each other.
• Split Step: A quick, small jump used to prepare for a fast
movement.
• Unforced Error: A mistake made by a player that is not due to
an opponent's play.
• Touch: A player's control and feel for the shuttlecock.
• Up: Indicates the shuttlecock is still in play.

Shot Terms:

• Ace: A serve that the opponent cannot touch or return.

• Air-Shot: A swing and miss at the shuttlecock.
• Attacking Clear: A clear hit with more speed and less height to
pressure the opponent.
• Kill: A decisive, fast shot aimed to end the rally.
• Backhand: A stroke played with the racket across the body.
• Block: A defensive shot used to counter a smash or fast drive.
• Carry: Holding the shuttle on the racket during a shot, which is
illegal.
• Clear: A high, deep shot to the opponent's backcourt.
• Closed Face: A racket position with the face angled downward.
• Cross Court: A shot that travels diagonally across the court.
• Cut (Slice): A shot with sidespin or slice.
• Cut Drop: A deceptive drop shot with slice.
• Dab: A gentle push shot with little power.
• Danish Wipe: A deceptive motion resembling a wipe, used to
fake a shot.
• Defensive Clear: A high, deep shot used to gain time or reset
the rally.
• Double Hit: An illegal shot where the shuttle is hit twice in
succession.
• Drive: A fast, flat shot that travels parallel to the ground.
• Drive Serve: A fast serve aimed at catching the receiver off
guard.
• Drop: A shot that barely clears the net and falls close to it.
• Drop Serve: A serve designed to drop quickly over the net.
• Flick: A quick wrist shot used to change the shuttle's direction
or speed.
• Flick Serve: A deceptive serve that appears low but is sent high
and deep.
• Forehand: A stroke played with the racket arm in a natural
position.
• Hairpin: A net shot that rises close to the net and drops sharply.
• Halfcourt Shot: A shot played from mid-court.
• Holding a Shot: Delaying the shot to deceive the opponent.
• Jump Smash: A powerful smash executed while jumping.
• Lift: A high shot aimed to gain time or push the opponent back.
• Lob: A high shot intended to clear the opponent's reach.
• Long Serve: A serve intended to land near the back boundary
line.
• Net Shot: A soft shot played close to the net.
• Offensive Clear: A fast, deep shot used to pressure the
opponent.
• Open Face: A racket position with the face angled upward.
• Passing Shot: A shot that passes the opponent and lands inside
the court.
• Pop-Up: A shot that is lifted too high, allowing the opponent an
easy smash.
• Push Shot: A gentle, controlled shot often used in net play.
• Round-The-Head: A forehand shot played with the racket over
the head.
• Serve: The act of starting play by hitting the shuttlecock over
the net.
• Short Serve: A serve aimed to land close to the short service
line.
• Smash: A powerful downward shot used to finish a rally.
• Slice (Cut): A shot with spin, causing the shuttlecock to move
unpredictably.
• Sling: An illegal shot where the shuttlecock is slung or thrown.
• Toss Serve: A serve where the shuttlecock is tossed higher
before being hit.
• Wood Shot: A shot where the shuttlecock hits the racket frame,
often unintentionally.
General:
• Backhand Grip: A way of holding the racket for backhand
strokes, with the thumb supporting the back of the handle.
• Balk: An illegal feinting motion before serving, meant to
deceive the opponent.
• Dead Bird: A shuttlecock that has stopped flying and is no
longer in play.
• Fault: A violation of the rules, resulting in a point for the
opponent or loss of serve.
• Feint: A deceptive movement intended to mislead the opponent.
• Flexible Wrist: A technique in badminton where the wrist is
kept relaxed to allow quick and varied strokes.
• Flight: The trajectory of the shuttlecock through the air.
• Follow Through: The continuation of a swing after the
shuttlecock has been hit.
• Foot Fault: A violation occurring when the server's feet are not
in the correct position during a serve.
• Forward Swing: The motion of the racket moving forward to
hit the shuttlecock.
• Frying Pan Grip: An informal term for a grip where the racket
is held as if one were holding a frying pan.
• Hammer Grip: A grip resembling the way one holds a hammer,
often used for powerful shots.
• Home: The position a player returns to after each shot, usually
near the center of the court.
• Let: A rally that is stopped and replayed due to some form of
interference or error.
• Locked Wrist: Holding the wrist firm and stable during a
stroke, often to maintain control.
• Love (Luv): A score of zero in badminton.
• Lunge: A quick step or movement forward, often used to reach
a shuttlecock.
• Match: A series of games played to determine a winner,
typically best of three in badminton.
• On-Guard Stance: The ready position with knees slightly bent,
weight balanced, and racket up.
• Poaching: In doubles, one player aggressively taking a shot that
could be played by their partner.
• Rush A Serve: To quickly move towards the net after serving to
put pressure on the opponent.
• Setting: Determining the number of points needed to win a
game when the score is tied near the end.
• Stance: The position of the player's feet during play, affecting
balance and movement.
• Straight Games: Winning a match without losing a game.
• Thumb-Up Grip: A grip where the thumb is placed along the
back of the racket handle, often used for backhand shots.
• Tipping: A technique where the shuttlecock is lightly hit,
causing it to drop close to the net.
• Turnover: Rotating the racket to switch between forehand and
backhand grips.
 • Waist: In serving, the shuttlecock must be struck below the
server's waist to be legal.

7. GOvERNING bOdIES:
• The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally
recognized governing body of the sport responsible for conduction of
tournaments and approaching fair play.

• The International Badminton Federation was formed in 1934 with

nine founder members, England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark,
Holland, Canada, New Zealand and France. India joined as an affiliate
in 1936.

• On 24 September 2006, its new name Badminton World Federation

(BWF) was adopted.

• Headquarters of BWF: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

• Five regional confederations are associated with the BWF:

o Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)

o Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa
o Americas: Badminton Pan Am (BPA)
o Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
o Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

8. INTERNaTIONal
TOURNaMENTS:
• World Championships
• World Junior Championships
• Para-Badminton World Championships
• BWF Men's World Team Championships (Thomas Cup)
• BWF Women's World Team Championships (Uber Cup)
• BWF World Team Championships (Sudirman Cup)
• BWF World Junior Team Championships (Suhandinata
Cup)
• BWF World Tour Finals

-Super 1000 Tournaments:

o All England Open
o China Open
o Indonesia Open

- Super 750 Tournaments:

o Denmark Open
o Fuzhou China Open
o Japan Open
o French Open
o Malaysia Open

- Super 500 Tournaments:

o Hong Kong Open
o India Open
o Indonesia Masters
o Korea Open
o Malaysia Masters
o Singapore Open
o Thailand Open

-Super 300 Tournaments:

o Australian Open
o Taipei Open
o German Open
o Korea Masters
o Macau Open
o New Zealand Open
o Spain Masters
o Swiss Open
o Syed Modi International
 o Thailand Masters
o US Open

9. badMINTON IN INdIa:
• Badminton in India has become the second most popular
sports after Cricket.
• The modern version of the Badminton had its origins in
Poona, from where it travelled to England.
• The Badminton Association of India was formed in
1934.
• Dipankar Bhattacharya was the first badminton player
from India to have participated in the Olympics.
• Prakash Padukone was the first Indian Badminton player
to achieve the world no. 1 ranking.
• Saina Nehwal became the first female player from India
to achieve World no. 1 spot in April 2015.
• The Indian Badminton team has won:
o 3 Olympic
medals (1 Silver and 2 Bronze) Player Medal Event
Olympics Saina Nehwal Bronze Women's Singles 2012
London Olympics PV Sindhu Silver Women's Singles
2016 Rio Olympics and bronze in Tokyo Olympics (2020)

10. PROMINENT INdIaN

badMINTON PlaYERS:
Woman: Saina Nehwal, PV Sindhu, Jwala Gutta,
Aparna Popat, Ashwini Ponnappa, and N. Sikki Reddy

Men: Nandu Natekar, Prakash Padukone, Pullela Gopichand, Syed

Modi, U Vimal Kumar, Sanave Thomas, Kidambi Srikanth, Chetan
Anand, Parupalli Kashyap, B. Sai Praneeth, Prannoy HS, Chirag Shetty,
Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and Valiyaveetil Diju.